
K..I. I'OALE. 



MNEMONIKA 



TABLET OF MEMORY, 



REGISTER OF EVENTS 



FROM THE 



EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE YEAR 1829, 



COMPREHENDING 



AN EPITOME OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY? 



chronology: biography and geography, 



SERVING AS A BOOK FOR DAILY REFERENCE. 



THE MATTER FURNISHED 

BIT WXX.LXA.2& BAEBY, 

Author of the Universal! hazetccr. 



REVISED, WITH ADDITIONS, 

BY THE PUBLISHER AND OTHER PERSONS. 



BALTIMORE: 

PUBLISHED BY EDWARD J. COALE. 

BENJAMIN KDES, PRINTER. 

1829. 






District of Maryland, to wit: 




BE 1 1 REMEMBERED. That on the sixteenth day of February, in the fifty- 
third year of the Independence of'the United Statesof America, 
Edwaid J. Coale. ol the said District, has deposited in this office 
4^Si«bwS£?» tne l ' l ' e °^ a k° ol< - the right whereof he claims as proprietor, 
~* in the words following, to wit: 

"Mnemonika or the Tablet of Memory, being a register of 
events from the earliest period, to the year 1829, comprehen- 
ding an epitome of universal history; chronology; biography and 
geography, serving as a book far daily reference." 
In conformity with the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled, "An 
Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, chaitsand 
books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein 
mentioned." and also to the Act, entitled, -An Act Supplementary to the Act, en- 
titled, 'An net for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of 
maps, charts and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during 
the times therein mentioned,' ami extending the benefits thereof to die arts of 
designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." 

5 fc ' b 6 PM1LIP MOORE 

Clerk of the District of Maryland, 



BY TRANSFER 

MAR « tlftt 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



The objects of the publisher of this work, were to render the 
book accurate and useful, and to economise space as much as pos- 
sible, all which required much more labour, time and attention, 
than he anticipated. The matter furnished by Mr. Darby, would 
have made a large octavo volume, it therefore became neces- 
sary to abridge it; more especially as it was deemed expedient 
to insert several articles upon subjects of great interest, which 
escaped the notice of Mr. Darby, able and vigilant as he always 
is in works of this kind. The reduction of his copy was with 
his permission, and has been done with the strictest attention to 
the preservation of every thing of interest, both of fact and de- 
tail, so that while the work will be a duodecimo.it will contain 
all the valuable matter of an octavo volume. The publisher ap- 
prehends that some inaccuracies may be detected, which it has 
been impossible to avoid in a work so multifarious; notwith- 
standing -which, he flatters himself it will be found a valuable 
and useful book of reference. To the learned, it wiil save the 
trouble of turning over voluminous authors to refresh their mem- 
ories; to the unlettered, it will convey much instruction, and to 
all classes it will, at a small expense, give important and in- 
teresting information. The Biography and Chronology com- 
prise brief notices of the eminent men and principal events of 
the known world. The work also contains, not only statistics 
of this country, but likewise of Europe. In it will be found an 
outline of the constitution of each state in the Union, with its 
Chronology; in fine, neither labour nor expense has been spared 
in its preparation, and the publisher confidently hopes that these 
have not been bestowed in vain. The work is embellished with 
a handsome engraving by the late Col. Fairman, from an appro- 
priate design and drawing by our distinguished artist Leslie, 
made a few days before he left this country. 

The publisher desires to make his grateful acknowledgements 
to Gen. Swift, Col. Lontg, and Hez; kiah Niles, Esq. for in- 
teresting articles furnished by them for this work. 



\ 



V 



TABLET OF MEMORY 



ABB— ACH 

Abbeys and Monasteries, pillaged by William the Conqueror, 
1069; one hundred suppressed in England by order of council 
1414, at a time when general throughout Europe. Dissolved 
by Henry VIII. of England, to the value of £2,850,000, in 
1540 — suppressed by the emperor of Germany in 1785; and 
by France, in 1790. 

Abbeville, in France, nearly destroyed by an explosion of gun- 
powder, when a hundred and fifty of the inhabitants perished, 
and one hundred houses were destroyed; the loss sustained was 
estimated at 472,917 livres, November 1773. 

Abdications: of Sylla as perpetual dictator of Rome, ante Gi 
79; of the emperor Dioclesian, A. D. 304; of Chevalineking 
of the West Saxons, 593; Amurathll. emperor of the Turks, 
1447; of Charles V. as emperor of Germany, and as Charles 
I. of Spain, 1556; Christiana queen of Sweden, 1654; Cassi- 
mer V. king of Poland, 1668; James II. of England, but really 
dethroned 1688; Philip V. of Spain, 1724, January 15th, but 
resumed the sceptre in about fourteen months afterwards, 
on the death of his son Louis, in whose favor he had 
abdicated; Victor Amadeus king of Sardinia, 1730; Fran- 
cis II. resigns his title as emperor of Germany, August 6th, 
1806; Charles IV. of Spain, March 19th, 1808; Gustavus 
AdolphusIV. king of Sweden, March 19th, 1809; Napoleon 
deposed, 1814, and again in 1815. 

Aberdeen, University, founded A. D. 1477. 

Abo, in Finland, University of, founded 1640. 

Aboukir, bay and castle in iEgypt, Turks and Mamelukes de- 
feated thereby the French, July 25th, 1799; English, under 
admirallord Keith, land there March 7th, 1801; take the 
castle on the 18th, and defeat the French on the 21st. 

Academies — see Colleges. 

Acapulco Galleon, taken by admiral Anson, June 20th, 1744. 

Achai, ancient kingdom of, in Greece, founded B. C. 1800. 

Achsean League, or republic of, in Greece, formed ante C. 284, 
which greatly influenced the history of Greece. Rome, and 
Macedonia, until its final dissolution, ante C. 147. 
2 



14 ACR— MG 

Acre, St. John, the acho of the scriptures, and Ptolemais of the 
Greeks and Romans, taken by Richard I. and other crusaders, 
July 12, 1191, after a siege of two years, with the loss of six 
archbishops, twelve bishops, forty earls, five hundred barons, 
and three hundred thousand soldiers; attacked by the French 
under Buonaparte, July 1. 1798, and relieved by sir Sidney 
Smith, March 6, 1799, when the French were totally routed. 

Aculco, battle of, in Mexico, patriots defeated, October 29th^ 
1810. 

Adda, battle of, April 28th, 1799, between French and Russians, 
former defeated. 

Adeline, United States' schooner, engages the British schooner 
Lottery, near Gwiner Island, Chesapeake Bay, in the night 
of March 10th, 1S13. British vessel supposed to have sunk, 
as it was never again heard of. 

Adrianople, city of Europe, in Thrace, iormerly Orestia, receiv- 
ed its present name from the emperor Hadrian — taken by the 
Ottomans 1360, and made the capital of their empire in Eu- 
rope, 1396. 

Adrianople, taken by the Turks 1360; and became tli3 European 
seat of their empire to 1453, when Constantinople was taken 
by Mahomet II. 

Adelphi, buildings, London, erected 1770; Aits and Sciences, 
house in the Adelphi buildings, erected 1772. 

Adige, river, passed March 22d, 1797, by the French under ge- 
neral Joubert, who defeated the Austrians under Laudon. — 
The French ae;ain defeat the archduke Charles on the banks 
of, October 28th, 1805. 

Admirals, first known in France, A. D. 1286, in England 1297. 

Admiralty, courts of, erected in England, 1337, incorporated 
1768. 

AFRICA, one of the great land sections of the earth, the ancient 
Lybia, received its modern name from that of a small province 
on its northern coast, of which Carthage was the capital. — 
Area about eleven millions of square miles; and in proportion 
to extent and geographic position, the least habitable part of 
the earth. 

African Company, in England, established 1618, 1672. In 1676 
government owed the company £11,686,800, and its divided 
capital amounted to £10,780,000 — both of which continued to 
1776. 

Affirmation of the Quakers first accepted as an Oath, 1702 — 
alteration made in it, December 13, 1721. Made legally equal 
to an oath in most, if not all the states of the United States. 

Agaric of the Oak first known as a styptic, June 1750. 

iEgypt, kingdom of, begins under Misraim, B. C. 2188, and 
lasted 166 ■?, until conquered by Cambyses B.C. 525. Remains 
under the Persians with some intervening revolts, 193 years, 
until reduced by Alexander the Great, 332, when Alexandria 
is built. In the division of the Macedonian empire, iEgypt 



AGA— AJA 15 

fell to Ptolemy Lagus in 323, who founded the Lagide family, 
who ruled that country two hundred and ninety-three years, 
to the battle of Actium, and death of Cleopatra, 30. At the 
last epoch, ./Egypt became a Roman province, and continued 
to form a part of the fragments of that empire until A.D. 635, 
when it was overran, and conquered by the Saracens under 
Amron. Since overran by the Saracens, ./Egypt has had only 
a provincial importance in history, though for some ages ruled 
by a race of Califfs, different and hostile to those of Bagdad* 
In the ages of the crusades, from. A.D. 1100, to about 1260, 
this country became frequently the scene of content between 
the Christians and the Mahometans, but the latter were ulti- 
mately expelled. In 1525, the Mameluke power in ./Egypt 
was broken by that of the Turks; but in the gradual subse- 
quent decline of the latter, that of the former regained 
strength, and in 1798, when invaded by the French, were the 
ruling people. From 1798 to 1801, the French and English 
made this devoted country the theatre, of a very severe content 
which terminated in favor of the latter, and again left the 
country a nominal pachalic. of Turkey, but really under the 
authority of the Pacha, which is its actual state, 1828. 

Agathocles, seizes the government of Sicily, and in particular of 
Syracuse, B.C. 317, is defeated by the Carthagenians 310, 
and carries the war into Africa, compels his enemies to 
peace, and maintained his authority to his death 289. 

Agincourt, battle of, 1415, October 25th. 

Agra, city of, in Indostan, taken by the British, October 17th, 
1803. 

Agrarian Law first introduced at Rome, ante C. 486. 

Aghrim, battle of, in Ireland, July 12th, 1591, between the 
English, and the French and Fish; latter defeated. 

Agricultural Societies formed in Great-Britain, 1787. Many 
societies now exist in the United States, 1828. 

Air Balloons, invented by Gusmae, a Jesuit, in 1729, and reviv- 
ed in France, by Montgolfier, 1782, and first sent up at Paris, 
August 27th; introduced into England by Mr. Lunardi, who 
ascended from Moorfields, September 15th, 1784. Mr Blan- 
chard and Mr. Jefferies, went from Dover to Calais in about 
two hours, January 7th, 1785. Since the first ascension in 
France, Garnerin, Blanchard, and others, have made familiar 
the phenomena of this once astonishing performance. — See 
Balloons. 

Air Guns, invented 1646. 

Air Pump*, invented by Otto Gnirick, in 1654. 

Aix, in Provence, built by the Roman Consul, C. Sextius Calvi- 
nus, B. C. 124. It was the first city founded by that people 
out of Italy. 

Aix-la-Chapclle, built or re-named, and enlarged by Charle- 
magne, A. D. 795. and made Ihe capital of his empire. 

Ajax, British ship of the line, burnt near the Island of Tenedos, 
and more than 350 men perished, February 14th, 1807. 



16 ALA— ALD 

Alabama, stale of the United States — bounded by the state of 
Mississippi, W; Tennessee, N; Georgia, E; and by West Flor- 
ida and the Gulf of Mexico, S. Extends from N. lat. 30° 12', 
to N. lat. 35% or 334 miles; with a mean width of 155 miles, 
extending oyer 51,770 square miles = 33,132,S00 acres. The 
country included in Alabama, formerly constituted a part of 
Western Georgia; which, in 1800, was erected into a territo- 
rial government, and called "The Mississippi Territory.' 1 This 
was again divided, by an act of Congress, 1st March, 1817; 
when the western part was authorized to form a constitution 
and state government, and the eastern erected into a territory, 
and received the name of Alabama. In 1818, the number of 
inhabitants being sufficient to authorize its admission into 
the Union, as a state, a bill was passed to that effect, March 
1819, and a convention met at Huntsville in July, where a con- 
stitution was formed, and approved by Congress in December, 
1819. Progressive population — In 1820, by the Marshal's re- 
turn, 127,901 ; but by subsequent information, laid before Con- 
gress, the real numbers exceeded 143,000. In 1827, this state 
contained, whites 152,178; free coloured 555; slaves 91,863; 
total 244,041. Government of— general assembly, house of 
representatives, and one third of the senate chosen annually, 
governor, by the people, biennially, and is not eligible for any 
term in six; sends two representatives to Congress. Judges 
hold their offices during good behaviour, and elected by the 
assembly. 

Alba de Tormes, battle of, between the French and Spaniards ; 
latter defeated, 28th of November, 1809. 

Albany, city of the United States, and seat of government of 
New-York; founded by the Dutch about 1612, and called Fort 
Orange; surrendered to the English, September 24th, 1664; 
incorporated "a few months," says Spafford, "before New- 
York," 1686; and has now the oldest Charter of any city in 
the United States. 

Albufera, battle of, May 16th, 1811, the British general, Beres- 
ford, defeated by Marshal Soult. 

Aldea de Ponte, in Portugal, battle of, between the French un- 
der Marmont, and the British under General Cole; the former 
defeated. 

Aldermen, Eoldermen,or Elder-men, first made an order of ma- 
gistry, England, A. D. 882. 

Alderne, battle of, near Inverness, Scotland, May 16th, 1645, in 
which the Earl of Montrose defeated the Scotch, under Gene- 
ral Urrey. 

Alderney, Race of, channel on the coast of France, between 
Cape la Hogue and the Island of Alderney; passed for the first 
time with a fleet of men of war, by admiral earl Hood,. June 
1st, 1758. 

Aldorf— See Altorf. 



ALE— ALL 17 

Alexandria, city of, in iEgypt, founded by Alexander, B. O. 
332: taken by the Romans, B. C. 30; by the Saracens, A. D. 
642; by the Turks. 1515; by the French, 1798; by the British, 
1801. 

Alexandria, city of the United States, in the District of Colum- 
bia; taken by the British on the 30lh of August, and evacuat- 
ed by them on the 6th of September, 1814. 

Alexandrian Library — See Library. 

Alfred, age of, in English history, A. D. 871—900; when the 
best parts of the constitution and laws of England had their 
incipient principles established. 

Algebra, or the Arithmetic of Symols, invented, it is supposed, 
in India, was introduced into Europe about A. D. 1300, by 
the Saracens of Spain. Had gained extensive use 1500. 

Algerine vessel arrived in the harbour of Baltimore, March 5th, 
1798; the first -hip ol that nation, which it is probable ever 
was navigated across the Atlantic ocean. 

Algiers, city of, and Mahometan state, on the Mediterranean 
coast of Africa, aboutSOO miles a little north of east from Gib- 
raltar, rises into consequence in the middle ages; was attack- 
ed, unsuccessfully, by the emperor, Charles V. 1541; bom- 
barded by the French, 1653, October 28th; by the Spaniards, 
August 1783; and by the British and Dutch fleets, August 27th, 
1816. \\ ar between, and the United States, commences 
March, 1815; \lgerine frigate of 44 guns taken June 18th, 
which, with other energetic movements of the United States' 
navy, procured a peace in August of the same year. 

Alien Law of the United Stales, passed June 25ih, 1798; repeal- 
ed, 1800. 

Aliens, in Eng and, forbidden to hold church livings, and juries, 
for their trials, to be half forcigne s, 1430. In 1483, prevent- 
ed from exereisi ig any trade or handicraft by retail. 

Aliens, British, ordered by the United States' Government, to 
report themselves t > the marshals of the district \. here they 
respective y reside, July 10th, 1812. 

Alkman, battle (if, between the British and French; the former 
defeat d, October 2nd, 1799. 

Allegiance, oath of first administered, 1G0G; altered, 1689. 

Allegredes, battle of, French and Spaniards; latter defeated Juno 
2d, 1794. 

AJlia, battle of, near Rome, July 18th, B. C. 363; Romans do 
feated by the Gauls 1689, and Rome taken, plundered and 
destroyed, except 'he Capitol. 

Alliance, Holy, a treaty called the Holy League, formed at Paris, 
September 26th, 1815, between Alexander, emperor of Rus- 
sia, Francis 1. emperor of Austria, and Frederick William III. 
king of Prussia, as the contracting parties avowed, "for the 
protection of religion, peace, and justice, &c." In 1817, the 
kings of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, the Netherlands, and 
the Swiss Cantons, aceeeded to this compact. 

9* 



IS ALLIANCES. 

Alliances, the most remarkable were — between the confederate 
Greeks, against Troy, B. C. 1194 — 84. Between the Romans 
and the Carthagenians, B. C. 508. Between the Athenians, 
Thebans, Corinthians and Argives, against the Lacedemoni- 
ans, B. C. 395. It is not a little remarkable, that in the long 
course of Roman conquest, not one well arranged and con- 
ducted alliance was formed and contributed to restrain her 
power. In modern ages, alliances in the true sense of the 
term, are recent The Crusades were really a species of al- 
liance, but with very little of the system of modern alliances. 
The League of Cambray, formed December 10th, 1508, be- 
tween Louis XII. king of France, the emperor of Germany, 
Maximilian I. and the Pope, Julius II. against the Venetians, 
was the first of those coalitions so disastrous or beneficial, as 
the case may be, which have so deeply influenced modern Eu- 
ropean policy. Those of most importance after the league of 
Chambray, have been, a league between Henry VIII. of Eng- 
land, and the emperor Charles V. against Francis I. king of 
France. In 1523, by the Pope, the emperor and the Venetians, 
against the king of France. Of the present states of Germany, 
atSmalcalde, December 22d, 1530, to maintain the reformed 
religion; between Francis I. king of France, and Sultan Soly- 
man, against the emperor Charles V. 1536. The latter con- 
federation renewed, 1542; between the emperor Charles V. 
and Pope Paul III. against the Protestants, 1546; between 
Spain, Venice, and Pope Pius V. against Turkey, 1570; be- 
tween England, and the States General of Holland, 1578, 
against the Spaniards; union of Utrecht, 1579, which begins 
the republic of the Seven United Provinces; the Evangelical 
League, formed 1626, between the Protestant princes of Ger- 
many and Denmark, to which Sweden afterwards acceded, 
against the emperor Ferdinand I. — this was a very important 
compact, which in 1648, produced the treaty of Westphalia, 
triple alliance between Britain, Sweden, and the States Gene- 
ral, against France 1668; of the empire and Holland, against 
France, July 15, 1672,- league of Augsburg against France, 
July 11, 1686; the grand alliance between the emperor Leo- 
pold I. the States General of Holland, and William III. king 
of England, against France, May 12th, 1689; first treaty of 
partition, between France, England and Holland, August 19, 
1698, seoond treaty of partition, 1700. March 3d, at Landen, 
and 25th at the Hague; alliance of Germany, England and 
Holland, on one side, and France, Spain and Portugal, on the 
other, 1701; barrier treaty of Antwerp, November 15, 1715, 
between Germany and Holland; quadruple alliance between 
Great-Britain, France, Germany and Holland, August 2nd, 
1718; defensive alliance between Great Britain and Prussia, 
1742; quadruple alliance of Warsaw, January 8, 1745, be- 
tween Great Britain, Austria, Holland, Poland; defensive al- 
liance of Stockholm, May 29th, 1747, between Prussia, Po- 



ALL— ALT 19 

land and Sweden; between Great Britain and Prussia, Febru- 
ary 16, 1756; renewed April 11th, 1758 — without any regular 
compact, France, Austria, Russia, and Sweden, were at the 
epoch of the last mentioned alliance between Great Britain 
and Prusssia, actaally in the field against Prussia. To the 
United States, if not the world, the most important of all alli- 
ances or confederations was that of the British North Ameri- 
can colonies. This great union, not for war, but defence, 
after many incipient steps, was formed in 1775; announced 
to the world as free and independent, July 4th, 1776; received 
the general name of UNITED STATES, by a resolution of 
congress, September 1776, and consummated by the adoption 
of a federal constitution of government, March 3d, 1789. 
First coalition against France, by GreatBritain, Prussia, Aus- 
tria, Sardinia, &c. 1793; second coalition, April 8th, 1799; 
third, 1805. Holy Alliance hetween Francis I. emperor of 
Austria, Alexander emperor of Russia; the king of Prussia, 
and to which Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands, after- 
wards acceded, formed 1815, and still subsists. 

Allied Powers, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, &c. 
March 13th, 1815, declare Napoleon to be without (he pale of 
civil and social relations, and agree to aid Louis XVIII. 

Alligator, United States' 1 schooner, action between, and a flotilla 
of British barges, January 29th, 1814 — lost near Charleston, 
South Carolina, July 1st, same year. 

All Saints, feast of, November 1st. 

Almanacks, first published by Martin Tlkus at Buda 1470, 
stamps for in England increased in 1781. 

Almarez, town of, in Portugal, taken by the English, under ge- 
neral sir Rowland Hill, April 19th, 1811, and again under the 
same general, May 19th, 1812. 

Almanza, town of Spain in New Castile, battle at, April 5th, 
1707; British, Dutch and Portuguese defeated by the French. 
This victory secured the crown of Spain to the Bourbons, in 
the person of Philip V. 

Almeida, in Portugal, invested by the French, under Massena, 
August 5lh; surrenders on the 27th of the same month, 1810; 
evacuated by general Brennier, May 10th, 1811. 

Alphabetic writing introduced into Europe by Cadmus, ante C. 
1493. 

Altafalla, battle of, in Catalonia, Spain, January 24th, 1812; 
Spaniards defeated by the French. 

Altaveda, Buenos Ayrean schooner, blown up in the Chesapeake 
bay, May 5th, 1817. 

Altenheim, battle of, July 28th, 1675. 

Altenhoffen, battle of, March 1st, 1793. 

Altenkirchen, battle of, June 4th, 1796; French defeat the Aua- 
trians. 

Altorfin Franconia, Germany, University of, founded 158L 



aa ALU— AMB 

Alum, first discovered at Rocha in S\ria, A D. 1"00; in Tuscany 
1460; first made to perfection in England, 1608, discovered 
in Ireland, October 22d, 1757; in Angiesia, 1790. 

Altar, a place on which sacrifices were offered in ancient times, 
but in christian churches the place where the communion is 
administered — first used in the latter A, D. 135; consecrated 
271; first in Britain, 634 A Roman altar dug up near Car- 
lisle, England, April, 1803. 

Alizinzen. battle of, June 4th, 1796; French defeat the Austiians. 

Altona, town of the kingdom of Denmark, on the Elbe, and 
adjoining Hamburgh, taken and burnt by the Swedes, under 
general Steiubock, 1712. 

Ambassadors and ministers plenipotentiary, have been from 
time immemorial, considered in some measure, privileged 
characters. Those of king l)a\id, about 1030, B. C. being 
insulted by the king of the Ammonites, led to a war destruc- 
tive to the aggressors. The Roman ambassadors at Clusium 
B. C. 390, mixing with the inhabitants in battle .vith the 
Gauls, Brennus, king of 1'ie latter, considered their conduct 
an act of hostility on the part of their country, raised the siege 
of Clusium, matched towards Rome, defeated the Romans at 
Allia, and took, plundered and burned Rome. In modern 
times the privileges of ambassadors have been more distinctly 
defined. In England during the protectorship of Oliver 
Cromwell, Don Pantaleon Sa, brother to the Portuguese am- 
bassador in London, committed a murder in open day, and 
sought refuge in his brother's house; but the Protector refused 
to sanction such an asyltfm in a case of murder, and .^a was 
seized, confined, tried and hanged, 1653. Abuut twenty years 
afterwards, the prince of Furstenljurg was arrested at the diet 
of Ratisbon, for murder, by order of the emperor of Germany, 
and the case of Sa, given as a justification. In 1709, in Eng- 
land, the Russian ambassador was attested for debt by a lace 
merchant, which led to an aci of parliament exempting am- 
bassadors, or their immediate suit, from arrest in civil cases. 
The following tabic shews the respective salaries paid to the 
British, and United States' ambassadors, at the principal states 
of Europe, amount reduced to dollars, and even numbers: 

English Embassadors United Slates Ji7nbassadors. 

France <48,000 ^9,000 

Spain 52. 0U0 9.000 

Holla nd 52 000 4,500 

Russia 52.000 9.01) ) 

British in U. S. - .26,000 U. S. in Engl 9,000 

The first ambassador from Russia to England, arrived in Lon- 
don 1556. First from India to any part of Eur< pe, was from 
Tippo Saib to France, 1778. First from the United Slates 
was Silas Deane to France, 1776. First from the Ottoman 
emperor to Great-Britain, 1793. First from the new Spanish 



AMERICA, 21 

states of America, were received by the United States, and 
reciprocated by ministers sent to Buenos Ayres, Mexico, &c. 

Amboyna, English massacred there by the Dutch, 1623; taken 
by the English November 28th, 1796; it was afterwards given 
up, and now belongs to the kingdom of the Netherlands. 

Ambuscade, L' French frigate, action between, and the British 
frigate Boston, August 1st, 1793, off Sandy Hook. British 
captain, Courtney, killed, both vessels much damaged, neither 
taken. 

Amelia Island, on the coast of East Florida, taken by a United 
States force, under general Mathews, December 24th, 1817. 

America, or as called relatively to the Atlantic Ocean, and to the 
western coasts of Africa and Europe, "Western Continent," 
was supposed to have been first discovered from Europe, by 
the Normans who reached some of the shores of Labrador or 
Newfoundland, about A. D. 1,000. Those early discoveries 
were, however, forgotten, and left the glory undiminished, to 
Columbus, who reached the West Indian Archipelago, in con- 
sequence of a persevering determination to solve a problem, 
previously and profoundly laid down. This event took place 
October 11, 1492, and was rapidly followed by disclosing to 
Europe, that a continent lying to the west of the Atlantic 
ocean, stretched with varying width, from the frozen regions 
towards the polar extremities of the earth, in continuity 
through great part of the southern temperate zone, entirely 
across the torrid and northern temperate zone, until lost in the 
icy regions of the arctic circle. In 1496, the Cabots under 
Henry VII. of England, discovered and explored that part of 
the coast of North America, now forming the oceanic front of 
the United States. Columbus prosecuted his discoveries un- 
til 1504, and was quickly followed by numerous adventurers 
from Portugal, Spain, England, France, and still more parti- 
cularly from Italy. It is in a singular manner remarkable, that 
with the exception of Martin and Alonzo Pinzon, all the first 
great seamen who traversed the atlantic shore of America, 
and who contributed to give it a name were Italians. Such 
were Columbus, the Cabots, Verrazzani, and Americus Ves- 
pucci. The latter who gave his name to the continent, sailed 
from Europe, May 20th, 1499, and the contemporaneous and 
subsequent discoveries were made 1498; the continent by 
Columbus, 1500, April 24th; Brazil reached by Cabral, and 
the coast explored same year by Vincente Pinzon; also same 
year Columbus explored the coast of New Grenada. 1502, 
Odeja explored the coast of what is now Venezuela. 1504, 
Amerigo Vespucci made his first settlement. 1503-4, Darien 
explored. 1508, Guatemala granted to Ojeda. 1515, the 
River de la Plata and Buenos Ayres discovered. 1518, Pana- 
ma colonized. 1519, the Aztec kingdom ol Mexico discover- 
ed, and invaded by Cortez. 1520, the city of Cumana found- 
ed, Mexico taken, and the Aztec kingdom subverted. 1530,. 



22 NORTH AMERICA. 

Audiencia of Mexico established. See Audiencia. J530, 
Brazil divided into captain generalships. In 1524, Peru had 
been discovered; in 1531, first Spanish settlement made, and 
the lnka Atahualpa captured, and from that until 1542. Spa- 
nish power fully established. 153 5, the city of Carthagena 
founded. 1534, the city of Buenos Ayres was founded by 
Pedro de Mendoza. I5i>5, first vice roy sent to Mexico, and 
city of Lima founded. 15 G, the cities of I'.weu Esperanaa 
and Assumption founded, and California discovered. 1551, 
University off Mexico founded. 1554, city of Santa Martha 
built, and Santa Fee of New Mexico established. 1555, city 
of Valencia founded. 1567, royal audience established in 
Chili. 1571, Maracaybo, colony at. 1595, Monterey, city 
of, now capital of New California, founded. 1607, first 
English permanent colony arrive in Chesapeake bay; and in 
1G08, the first French colony formed in Canada. See Canada 
and United States; and also the respective other parts of Ameri- 
ca, under their respective heads. The great outlines of Amer- 
ica, had generally become known, and the natu:al subdivision 
of the whole into two minor continents, determined in the 
first century of discovery, as now known, peopled, and politi- 
cally subdivided, America presents the following features: 
AMERICA, continent of, one of the great subdivisions of the 
terraqueous globe. Taken in its fullest extent, America ex- 
tei ds from S. Jat. 50°, to the utmost known land towards the 
North pole, and is naturally divided into two immense sec- 
tions, which have received the relative adjective names of 
North America and South America. 

North America extends from the Isthmus of Darien, N. rat, 
8°, to the utmost known regions of the N and spreads from 
Bhering's Straits to those of Belhsle, or rather, to embrace 
Greenland. Its breadth is very irregular, not exceeding fif- 
teen or twenty miles, near Panama; whilst from Bhering's 
Straits to the Straits of Bellisle, it extends to a distance of 
three thousand three hundred geographical, or three thou- 
sand eight hundred English miles, bearing N. 7G° W. From 
the Straits of Bellisle to the Isthmus of Darien, is four thou- 
sand five hundred geographical, equal to five thousand two 
hundred and twelve English miles. North America is travel scd 
by two great chains, and several minor ranges of mountains. 
The Apalachian or Alleghany mountains, extend through the 
United States from N.-E. to S. W. from the state of New- 
York to Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, with a mean 
width of about fifty miles. Several detached ranges or groups 
rise N. E. of the Hudson, and S. E. of the St. L.urence. The 
Masscrne or Ozark mountains extend from the centre of the 
state of Missouri, toward Texas, ai d the other Spanish inter- 
nal provinces, in a direction nearly parallel to the Appalachi- 
an chain. The length of the Appalachian is about nine hundred 
miles, with a inesn elevation of, from one thousand twohun» 



SOUTH AMERICA. 23 

(Sred to two thousand feet- The extent of the Masseme 
chain, is not very accurately known, but must exceed six 
hundred miles. The great spine of North America, is the 
Chippewan, Rocky, or as it is termed in Mexico, that of An- 
ahuac. This immense chain reaches from the peninsula of 
TehuantepecN. lat. 16°, to the Frozen Ocean, at N. lat. 68°, 
or through upwards of fifty degrees of latitude; encircling 
near one-seventh part of the globe. In neither the Appala- 
chian, or Masserne chains, nor in any of their neighbouring 
groups, have any actual or extinct volcanoes been discovered; 
but in the southern part of the great central chain, an immense 
range of volcanoes, or volcanic summits rise to from ten thou- 
sand to seventeen thousand seven hundred feet. 

South America reaches from Cape Vela, N. lat. 12°, 15', to 
Cape Horn, S. lat. 56°, or through more than 68° of latitude 
in nearly a N. and S. direction, exceeding four thousand seven 
hundred miles in length. Its greatest breadth is nearly at 
right angles to its greatest length; the former stretching from 
Cape St. Rcque, in the Atlantic ocean, to Cape Blanco in the 
Pacific Ocean, through 35° of long, on S. lat. 5°, or over up- 
wards of two thousand seven hundred and sixty miles. South 
America is traversed by three great chains of mountains; the 
Andes, ranging along the western coast; the mountains of 
Brazil; and those of Caraccas or Venezuela. The Andes are 
commensurate with South America in its utmost length. Like 
the Appalachian, the Andes chain is composed of a number of 
collateral or rather parallel ridges. Those of the Andes rise 
to. enormous volcanic summits of from ten thousand to up- 
wards of twenty thousand feet, and are those of the Asiatic 
chain of Himmalaya excepted, the highest on the globe. — 
The Andes also similar to the chain of Anahnrc, rise into and 
extend wide elevated habitable vallies from two thousand to 
nine thousand feet elevation. From this vast system of moun- 
tains, the largest rivers of the earth have their sources, pour- 
ing their mighty volumes, however, from the position of the 
mountains, all toward the Atlantic Ocean. The chain of 
Caraccas, seems to be rather an embranchment of the general 
chain of the Andes, than a distinct system. The course of 
the Caraccas chain from W. to E. appears to form its most dis- 
tinguishing feature, whilst the general range of the Andes, are 
fromN. to S. nearly. The Caraccas chain in no part rises 
above about eight thousand four hundred and fifty; it extends 
along the coast at no great distance from the sea, and expires 
toward the gulf of Coro, or mouth of the Orinoco river. — 
The Brazilian chain is distinct, rising about S. lat 30°, and 
stretching towards the equator, expires near the Atlantic 
Ocean, between the mouth of the Amazon ri-er, and Cape St. 
Roque. This chain extends upwards of two thousand miles, 
tout is in no place very elevated. South America exhibits fou» 
systems of rivers; that of the Pacific Ocean; that of the Cart- 



4 SOUTH AMERICA. 

bean sea; the great central system, and that of Brazilia. Thft 
Pacific system of South American rivers, presents in a distance 
of near five thousand miles, an innumerable list of small 
streams; but from the approximation of the Cordilera, to the 
Pacific Ocean, no single river of any considerable magnitude. 
The Calicalla, Imperial, Biobio, Quillota, and a few others in 
Chili, with the Guaquil in Quito, are the principal streams 
discharged westward from the Andes. Atrato, Magdalena, 
and Tacuya, in the Republic of Colombia, are the only rivers 
of the Caribbean system, of any magnitude worthy of notice. 
The most interesting river system, not only in America, but 
upon the globe, is that of the centre of South America. This 
vast system extends from the 52° S. lat. to the 10° N. lat. 
through upwards of four thousand three hundred miles in 
length, with a breadth from the extreme western sources, to 
the mouth of the Amazon river, through 30° of Ion. on the 
equator, or above two thousand miles. Over this immense 
surface flow, besides innumerable smaller streams, the Orino- 
co, Amazon, and Plate, with their various branches, many of 
which are themselves rivers of great length and magnitude. 
An elongation of this system reaches beyond the Plate, and 
stretches to the river Galegas, or Cape Fair weather, S. lat. 
51° 30'. In this space is included the rivers, Colorado, Negro, 
St. Mathias, Camerones, Point Desire, and Gallegos. The 
fourth and last of the river systems of South America extends 
from Cape Santa Maria S. lat. 34° 30', to S. lat. 1°, and is 
bounded W. by the Brazilian mountains, or dividing line be- 
tween the waters of the Amazon, and Plate rivers, and those 
included within itself, and on all other sides by the Atlantic 
Ocean. This system may be correctly designated the Brazili- 
an, and contains the streams of the Rio Grande, Parayba, Do- 

ce, Patuxo, St. Francisco, Parnaiba, Pinare, and Gurupy . 

The islands of the West Indies, form a part of America, but 
it is difficult to assign any point of division in this Archipela- 
go, to mark the line of separation between the two great sec- 
tions of the continent. Indeed any such division must be arbi- 
trary. In common estimation, the Caribbean Islands, from 
Barbada to Trinidad inclusive, are viewed attached to South 
America, whilst the Leeward Islands, and St. Domingo, Ja- 
maica, Cuba, and the Bahamas, are joined with North Ameri- 
ca. Each great section has, however, numerous islands une- 
quivocally belonging to it. To North America may be added 
the vast but desolate expanse of Greenland, together with a 
nameless maze of frozen islands along the entire northern ex- 
tent of the continent. Iceland, from its proximity to Green- 
land, is decidedly an American island. In the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence are the islands of Newfoundland, Anticosti, the 
Magdalen islands, Prince Edward, Cape Breton, and some of 
lesser note. Along the Pacific side of North America, are 
found a few small islands in the gulf of Panama; the group of 



GENERAL REMARKS ON AMERICA. 25 

Revillagigedo, W. of Mexico, and S. of the Peninsula of Cali- 
fornia; Quadra and Vancouvre, Queen Charlotte, Prince of 
Wales, and King George, with many smaller islands, lie oppo- 
site and close to the coast between N. lat. 48°, and N. lat. 58°. 
In the great bay between the Peninsula of Alaska and Prince 
William's sound, besides several others, are the islands of 
Montagu and Kightak. The Fox or Aleutian islands, extend 
S. W. and W. from the point of Alaska towards Asia. Along 
the North American coast, and within the sea of Kamschatka, 
some unimportant islands exist, and completes the list of 
North American islands. South America compared with its 
extent, is in a remarkable manner unaccompanied with 
islands. However, independent of those already noticed, are 
found along the Colombian coast, Curracoa, Buenos Ayres, 
Orchilla and Margaritta. In the mouth of the Amazon and 
Tocantinos, and the Delta of the Orinoco, are an immense 
number of nameless islands, with a few of sufficient impor- 
tance to merit designating terms. Joannes in the estuary of 
the Amazon, is the most extensive of those two groups. From 
the mouth of the Amazon to the straits of Magellan, are in- 
numerable small and interesting islands, but no one of the 
size of which would entitle it to particular notice in a gene- 
ral view. Separated from the continent by the straits of Ma- 
gellan, spreads the large but desolate island of Terra del Fue- 
go; and about three hundred miles to the N. E. of the latter, 
stands the still more barren and inhospitable group of the 
Falkland islands. Passing the straits of Magellan into the 
Pacific Ocean, and following the South American coast, are 
first met the group of the Toledo islands; farther N. the 
island of Madre de Dios: the fine Archipelago of Chiloe opens 
between S. lat. 42° and 44°. The group of Juan Fernando, 
S. lat. 34°, W. Ion. W. C. 3°, is generally considered as Amer- 
ican. Beyond the latter, proceeding N. at a long interval, we 
find a few small islands in the bay of Guaquil; and under the 
equator, W. Ion. W. C. 13°, the Galipagos group closes the 
list of South American islands. 

The general resemblance, between the eastern and western 
continent, is in no other circumstance more striking, than in 
their respective inland seas. South America, like Africa, is an 
immense continuous body of land, whilst North America, simi- 
lar to Europe and Asia, is deeply indented by inland seas. The 
Caribbean sea, extends between South America, North Ameri- 
ca, and the West Indian Archipelago. This fine sheet of wa- 
ter stretches upwards of two thousand miles from the island 
of Trinidad, to the straits between Cuba and Yucatan; with a 
mean breadth of five hundred miles. The Gulf of Mexico, lies 
in form of an immense ellipse, about one thousand miles in 
length, with a mean width of six hundred miles. This gulf is 
a real Mediterranean sea, having only two outlets toward the 

o 



$« GENERAL REMARKS ON AMERICA. 

main Atlantic. The space between North America and Green* 
land, is occupied by the immense gulfs of Hudson's and Baf- 
fin's bays. On the Pacific coast, North America is again pen- 
etrated by the long and narrow Vermillion sea, or gulf of Ca- 
lifornia. See those seas under their respective heads — See 
also article Earth. 

America, and its islands, including Greenland, now (1828) 
advancing from north to south, is held exclusive of the abori- 
gines, by Denmark, Russia, GreatBritain, United Slates, Spain, 
Mexico, Central America, (Guatemala,) France, Netherlands, 
Sweden, Colombia, Republic of Bolivar, Peru, Brazil, United 
Provinces of La Plata, and Chili. See each of these subdivi- 
sions, under their respective heads. 

Russian America extends, agreeably to the claims of that 
government, along t'ne coast of North America, from N. lat 51°, 
to the utmost known lands north, extending indefinitely in- 
land, and embracing all the islands within one hundred miles off 
the coast; and must include 1,1 GO, 000 square miles of land. 
British America consists of all the northern parts of the con- 
tinent, east of the Russian territories, and north from those 
of the United States, with the islands of Newfoundland, Anti- 
costi, Cape Breton, Prince Edward, Bahamas, Virgin Islands, 
Jamaica, Trinidad, and some others of lesser note. Mexi- 
can America extends from the confines of the kingdom of Gua- 
temala, west of the gulf of Mexico, and south-west of the 
United States, as far as N. lat. 42°. The republic of Colom- 
bia, embraces the vast regions, formerly included in the cap- 
tain-generalship of Venezuela, and the viceroyalty of New 
Grenada, with a part of northern Peru. Spain yet retains Cu- 
ba and Porto Rico. Danish America includes Iceland, Green- 
land, and the small islands of St. Croix and St. Thomas. The 
kingdom of the Netherlands, claims St. Eustatius, and some 
other islands of little note, with extensive territories on the 
South American coast in Guyana. France holds Guadaloupe, 
Martinico, and a part of Guyana The wide spread regions, 
held by the Portuguese in America, extend from the 4° of N. 
latitude, to the 35° of S. latitude, along the Atlantic Ocean, 
and inland to the 72° of longitude, W. of London, and em- 
bracing a territory of two thousand seven hundred miles in 
length from north to south, and two thousand six hundred 
miles in breadth from east to west. The United Provinces of 
Buenos Ayres, or La Plate, claim all that formerly appertain- 
ed to Spain, upon the waters of that mighty river, as do Chili 
and Peru along the Pacific Ocean, from the limits of New Gren- 
ada, to the utmost bounds of civilized settlement, toward the 
southern extremity of the continent. 



POPULATION OF AMERICA. 37 



SUMMARY, No. I. 

Square Miles* Inhabitant*. 

Russian America, .1,160,000 200,000 

British America, 2,660,000 1,850,000 

Danish America, 500,000 60,000 

United States, 2,200,000 10,000,000 

Spanish America, entire, 5,250,000 18,000,000 

Portuguese America, 3,000,000 6,000,000 

Swedish, Dutch, French, 216,000 590,000 

Negroes of St. Domingo, * • • • 20,000 700,000 

37,400,000 



If taken nationally, this mass will stand thus:— 

Whites in the English, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, 

French, and United States territories, 9,110,000 

Spaniards, and their white Creoles, 10,900,000 

Portuguese, and their white Creoles, 3,000,000 

Indians in all America, 10,800,000 

Blacks entire, on the continent and contiguous 

islands 3,590,000 

37,400,000 



The following table was extracted from the National Intelli- 
gencer of June 30th, 1825. The table No. 1, 1 compiled for my 
Geographical Lectures, and published In 1821. It was after- 
wards inserted in the first edition of my Dictionary. As the 
two tables were framed without concert between the authors, 
they may afford some interesting points of comparison. The 
enumeration given by M. de Humboldt, was probably founded 
on data collected as early as 1805, and if so, accounts for his 
estimate of the aggregate population, being lower than mine. 



POPULATION OF AMERICA, No. II. 

The Paris Journal des Debats, has copied from the Revue 
Protestante, an interesting letter from Humboldt, the celebra- 
ted traveller, to M. Ch. Coquerel, Pastor at Amsterdam, of 
the proportion which the Catholics and Protestants of 
America bear to each other, on the different races in Ameri- 
ca, and the languages spoken in that continent. The following 
are a few of his statements: 



33 POPULATION OF AMERICA. 

Total Population of America is 34,284,000 

I. Roman Catholics, 22,177,000 

a. Spanish Continental America, 15,985,000 

Whites, 2,937,000 

Indians, 7,530,000 

Mixed races and negroes,. • 5,518,000 



15,985,000 



b. Portuguese America, 4,000,000 

Whites, 920,000 

Negroes, 1,960,000 

Mixed races and Indians, . .1,120,000 



4,000,000 



c. United States, Lower Ca- 
nada, and French Guyana 536,000 

Hayti, Porto Rico and the 

French West Indies 1,656,000 



22,177,000 



II. Protestants, 11,287,000 

a . United States, 9,990,000 

&. English Canada, (Upper) 

Nova Scotia, Labrador,. . . .260,000 

c. English and Dutch Guyana,. .220,000 

d. English West-Indies, 734,500 

e. Dutch and Danish West-Indies 82,500 



11,287,000 



III. Independent Indians not Christians, 820,000 

34,284,000 



The English Language is spoken in America by. . . .11,297,500 

The Spanish by 10,174,000 

The Indian language by 7,800,000 

The Portuguese by 3,740,000 

The French by 1,058,000 

The Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and Russian, by 214,500 



Since the preceding matter was prepared for press, the fol- 
lowing comparative estimate was republished in the Philadel- 
phia Evening Post. Willing to condense every document 
deserving notice on this very important subject, I have con- 
cluded to give it a place in the article America. I may, how- 
ever, repeat the remark, that evidently M. de Humboldt 



POPULATION OF AMERICA. #> 

founds his estimates on data of an earlier dale, than the pre- 
sent epocit. It may be seen by reference to the article United 
States, Chat the ratio of increase is within a small fraction, of 
three an I a half per cent.; and if so, there must have been in 
the United States, at the end of 1825, 11,876,000 inhabit- 
ants. By reference to the two a'r ieles on Upper and Lower 
Canada, it will be also seen, that at the end of 1825, these two 
provinces had a collective population of 500,000 nearly. — 
Consequently, the United States, and the Canadas, are now 
peopled by 12,376,000 inhabitants. 

POPULATION OF AMERICA, No. III. 

The following estimates of the population of the American con- 
tinent, and the islands S. of the United Stales, by M de Hum- 
boldt, we derive from the "Bulletin Universal des Sciences et 
lie l'Industrie," for July and September, 1827. 

Mexico— W hites, 1,230,000; Indians, 3,700,000; mixed races, 
viz. Mestizoes, Mulattoes, Zamboes, and mixture of mixtures, 
(melange des melanges) 860,000; negroes, 10,000. Total 
6.. 8 00, 000. 

Guatemala.— Whites, 280,000; Indians, 880,000; mixed races, 
420,000; negroes, 20,000. Total, 1,600,000. 

Colombia.— Whites, 642,000; India, s, 720,000; mixed races, 
1,256,000; negroes, 167,001). Total 2,785,000. 

Peru and Ciiiii — Whiles, 465.000; Indians, 1,030.000; mixed 
race,, 853 000; negroes, 152,000. Total of Peru, 1,400,000. 
Total of Chili, 1,100,000. 

Buenos Ayres, and the new Republic of Bolivar — Whiles, 
320 000; Indians, 1,200,000; mixed races, 742,000; negroes, 
38,000. Total 2,300,000. (The population of the Republic 
of Bolivar, does not probably exceed half a million.) 

Brazil— Whites, 920,000; Indians, 260,000; mixed races, 
860,000; negroes, 1,960,000. Total, 4,000,000. 

Guinea. — English, Du:ch, and French whites, 10. COO; mixed ra- 
ces,20.000; slaves and free blacks, 20 6,000. Total, 236,000. 

West-India Islands. — British, Spanish, French, Dutch, Danish, 
and Swedish, and Independent Hayti. Whites, 482,600; free 
blacks, and mulatto slaves, 1,147,500. Total, 2,543,000. 

Indians. — Independent tribes, 420,000. 

RECAPITULATION. 

Whites 4,350,000 

Indians, 8,210,000 

M xed races, 6,398,000 

Negroes, .4,526,000 

Total Population, 23,484,000 

tf I ■ - I . It 

3* 



SO AME-ANA 

M. de Humboldt estimates the population of the rest bf America, 
viz. the United States and British North American possessions 
as follows: Whites. 9,125,000; Negroes, 1,920,000; Mixed 
races, 30,000; Independent Indians 420,000. Total 11,475,000. 
According to his calculations, the total population of America 
is about 35,000,000, of which the whites compose thirty-eight 
per ceut. Indians 25, negroes 19, and mixed races 18. Of 
this population, 22,486,000 are supposed to be Catholics; 
17,636,000 Protestants, and 820,000 pagans. The English 
language is spoken by 11,647,000; the Spanish by 10,504,000; 
Indian language by 7,59:5,000; the Portuguese by 3,740,000; 
the French by 1,242,000; and the Dutch, Danish, Swedish, or 
Russian, by 216,000. 

From the preceding data it is rendered more than probable 
that the aggregate population of all America, (1828) is in 
round numbers about forty millions. Rejecting the frozen 
extremities, that part of this continent admitting dense popu- 
lation, is about ten millions of square miles; it is therefore 
evident that the existing inhabitants amount to only four to 
the square mile, and that the continent is only commenced to 
be inhabited. A few comparisons will render this truth in a 
peculiar manner striking. America, if peopled, equal to Eu- 
rope entire, would contain 660,000,000. If equal to that 
of the British islands in Europe, 1,700 million. If equal to 
France or Germany, about 2,000 million. 

American Coinage. See United States Mint. 

American Paper Currency. See United States. 

American Philosophical Society instituted, 1762. 

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts, incor- 
porated, 4th May, 1780. 

Amiens, Treatv of, between England, France and Spain, March 
27th, 1801. See Luneville. 

Amphipoli9, city of, in Thrace, founded B. C. 437. 

Amphitheatre at Rome, built A. D. 69. Fourteen modern cha- 
pels erected within its walls — that of Verona next in size; and 
that of Nismes next — at Fidonia fell, and killed 50,000 people*. 
Its ruins still exist at Castel Gimbelio 

Amphyctionic Council, or General Assembly of Greece, estab- 
lished B. C. 1497. This is the first instance on record, of a 
free representation of independent states, meeting to deliber- 
ate and settle their concerns by the force of reason, in place of 
arms. 

Amsterdam, first mentioned A. D. 1272. Previous to that epocEt 

the site was a morass at the junction of the Amstel and Y 

City walled 1482. Bank of, established 1609— Stadthouss 
touilt 1638; exchange 1644; Bank of, resumed its operations 
1812. 

Anabaptists, rise of the, in Germany, during the 16th centiffy 
their first meeting house in England established 1640. 



ANA— ANT 31 

Anathema, first used by the Christians as a punishment, A. D, 
387. Anatomy, as a science, restored about 1550; anatomy 
of plants observed 1680. 

Andover, Theological Seminary at, founded 20 miles N. from 
Boston, 1808. During the first ten years after its institution, 
it received upwards of 300,000 dollars from seven individuals. 

Andreanofskoi, or western part of the long group of islands 
which stretch from North America, toward the peninsula of 
Kamschatka, were discovered by the Russians, from 174V— 60. 

Annapolis, city of, capital of Maryland, founded 1692; made the 
seat of the General Assembiy of Maryland, 1699, and has re- 
mained so since, or 129 years; St. John's College at, founded, 
1784 — funds of, withdrawn by the Legislature of Maryland, 
1804. 

Annapolis — Royal, town or sea-port of Nova Scotia, found- 
ed by the French under the sieur de Monts, in 1603, is 
the oldest town, except St. Augustine, on the Atlantic coast 
of North America. 

Angles, a people of Jutland, who invaded Britain in the fifth cen- 
tury, and from whom the name of England is derived. 

Angola, province or kingdom of, on Western Africa, taken pos- 
session of by Portugal, 1482. 

Anglesea, Island of, part of Carnarvonshire, Wales, subdued by 
the Romans, A. D. 78, by the English 1295. 

Anglo-Saxons, first land in Britain, A. D. 449. See English. 

Angria, a notorious pirate in Indostan, his family and himself 
seized 1750, forts destroyed 1756. 

Animal Magnetism, one of those impostures hat humiliate hu- 
man reason, made its appearance, as epidemic in France, 

1788, but soon disappeared there, and broke out in England^ 

1789. It passed thence over the Atlantic, and committed 
some ravages on the people of the United States in 1793. 

Annuities or Pensions first granted in England, 1512, when 20L 
was given .to a lady of the court for services done; and in 
1536, 6/. 13s. 4d. thought sufficient to maintain a gentlewoman: 
again in 1554, 13/. Qs. 8 i. deemed a competent sum to sup- 
port a student at law. Annuities for life were regulated by 
law, 1777. 

ANNUNCIATION of the Virgin Mary, feast of, March 25th. 

Anointing first used at Coronations in England, 872; in Scotland 
1097. 

Anson, admiral, expedition to the Pacific Ocean, set out 174oV 

Antigua, island of, settled by the English, 1632. 

Antioch, city of, in Asia, founded B. C. 300. 

Antwerp, city of, or as the French write the name, Anvers., 
first noticed in history, A D. 517. This city affords a most 
remarkable instance of the vicissitudes of commerce. la 
the middle ages, Antwerp became the great emporium of the 
trade and manufactures of the Netherlands, and as late as 
1568 ; was supposed to contain 200,000 inhabitants, but as raa- 



3£ APO-AilK 

ufactures became on- ci .ed in Great-Britain, the conse- 
quence of Antwerp fie lined, and does not contain at pre* 
sent above 60,000 pe< pie. 

Apothecaries, first menti ned it; profane history, ate. C. 1 345, 
by Solomon in Ecclesiastic, ate. C. 977. Exempted from 
civil offices in EnglamK 1702; act for better regulating thd 
practice of, passed 1815. 

Appeals to the Pope, :it R<« ne, from England, first made 1138jj 
abolished by He ry \ III 1533. 

Apricots first planted in England 1540. This fruit originally 
came from Epivu*. 

April, from the Latin A per'iendo; opening, because in this month, 
flowers, &e. open, the fourth month of the Juuan or common 
year. 

Aquitiinc, or Guiennc, see Re-Unions, article, Fran e. 

Arbela, or Guagamela. biiltle of, B. C. 331. Persians under 
Darins Codamnnu>, defeated by Alexander. 

Archdeacon, the fin-! appointed in England, 1075. 

Archangel, in Russia, the most im porta t seaport in the world 
in so high latitude. English first reach round the North Cape 
of Europe in 1553. It was then the only port of ilussia. 

Arcot in Indostan, taken by the British 1759. 

Areopagus, court of, at Athens, estubhshe I before Christ, 1379^ 
according to some, and hy others at a much later date. 

Areta, battle of, Angus'. 27l!i, 181i>, French defeat the Spaniards* 

Argand's lamps introduced into genera! use in London, 1785. 

Argentine Republic. Sec Buenos Ayres. 

Argonautic expedition, B. C. 12(i3. 

Argos, kingdom of, in Greece, founded B. C. 1586. 

Argus, United States' ve-sel of 20 guns, captain William H. 
Allen, taken August 14th, 1813, and captain Allen killed, by 
the British brig Peiliean, 21 guns. 

Arithme ic, by the Arabian figures, introduced into Europe by 
the Saracens of Spain, in the ninth and tenth centuries of the 
christian era. 

Arkansas, territory of the United States, formed out of a part 
of the ancient Louisiana, hounded east by the Mississippi ri- 
ver, north by iVtissouri, south by Louisiana and Texas, and 
west by the hundredth decree of long. \V. lyinz between lati- 
tudes 33° and 36 ,° N. In 1820, it was politically divided 
into counties, which had a population of 14,273. 
This population is composed of 

Free white males 6,971 

Do. do females ....•• 5,611 

Total whites 12,582 

Free people of color, males 44 

do. do. females 15 

Male slaves 820 

do. female 797 

AH other persons except Indians, not taxed,. .. .19 



ARK—ARM 38 

If the whole territory is taken into view, the above ab- 
stract will yield about seven square miles to an individual. 

CHRONOLOGY AND GOVERNMENT OF ARKANSAS. 

1685 — First settlement made on Arkansas river, by the French. 

1805 — Included in the territory of Louisiana. 

1812 — Made part of a separate territory by the name of Mis- 
souri. 

1819 — Separated from Missouri, and is now under the second 
grade of territorial government. 

Armada, Spanish name for a fleet of men of war, of great mag- 
nitude, collected in 1588, to invade England. Consisted of 
about one hundred and thirty-five large vessels, and forty 
transports, having on board, offieers, volunteers, soldiers, and 
sailors, about 30,000 men. This great armament sailed from 
Lisbon, May 20th. The English fleet, though small, consist- 
ing of twenty-eight frigates, were much superior to the Spa- 
nish ships in every thing which could produce effect, was com- 
manded by Howard, earl of Effingham, who had under him, 
the two Drakes, sir Walter Raleigh, Hawkins, Frobisher, 
and many more of the best seamen. The Armada entered the 
Channel* on June 21st, and onv that and the four following 
days were harassed by the English, until finally, the former 
reached Calais, where, in the night of the 28th, the entire 
"Invincible Armada'''' was dispersed by English fire ships and 
a violent storm. Very few of either the vessels or men com- 
posing this once formidable fleet, escaped; nor did the Spa- 
nish naval power ever recover the blow inflicted by its des- 
truction. 

Armed Neutrality of the Northern Powers, of Europe, against 
England, suggested and headed by the empress of Russia, 
1780; renewed 1800, December 16; and again 31st October, 
1807. 

Armenia, country of Asia, known in history, as a separate and 
independent kingdom, B. C. 600; and became in after ages, a 
part of the empires of Media, Persia, Rome, and Parthia, and 
again of the second or Sassanide kingdom of Persia; subdued 
by the Saracens, A. D. 687, and by the Turks, 1522. 

Armistice, or suspension of arms, between two or more belli- 
gerent states, but with an agreement, that all things shall re- 
main in statu quo, to the termination of the agreement. The 
first armistice or provisional articles of peace between the 
United States and Great Britain, was signed November 30th, 
1782; between Naples and the French general Charnpionet, 
January 7th, 1799; at Steyer in Austria, between the Austrian 
government and general Moreau, December 25th, 1800; of 
Treviso, January 16th, 1801; at Tilsit, June23st, 1807, be- 
tween France, Russia, and Prussia, 



34 ARMY. 

Arms of England and France first quartered by Edward III. 1358. 
French arms discontinued by the English kings, 1801. 

Arms, or armorial ensigns, were of great antiquity, and in soma 
form very general, but as now understood, coats of arms ori- 
ginated with the northern nations who overturned the Roman 
empire. They were used both individually and nationally by 
the Saxons of England, during the heptarchy, and becamo 
about the same period general in Europe. Used on sepulchral 
monuments in England, 1144; on surcoats, from which "Coats 
of Arms," 1186— 1296; upon plate, 1334. See "College of 
Arms." 

ARMY, standing, a body of men exclusively set apart and em- 
ployed in the profession of arms, as distinguished from militia. 
See militia. Philip II. king of Macedonia, formed the first 
regular standing army on record, and the effects were to 
change the political aspect of the world. The second stand- 
ing army was that of Carthage, fromB. C. about 260 — 202, 
under Hamilcar, Asdrubal, and Hannibal. The Carthagenian 
army forced the more steady Romans to resist them by ano- 
ther standing army; the battle of Zama, B. C. 202, October 
19th, annihilated the former, and left the latter master of the 
world. There is nothing in history so remarkable, as that 
from the battle of Zama, except in the instance of Parthia, no 
regular force which deserved the name, was raised to resist 
the Roman arms. Those terrific legions, however, yielded to 
time, and was not followed by another attempt to form a sys- 
tem of organised armies, until under Charles VII. king of 
France, 1445. Since that epoch, the whole features of war 
has changed; most nations have now a regular standing mili- 
tary force. The proportion between the troops in service and 
men able to bear arms in modern times, has been assumed as 
1 to a 100 — but it is much too low an estimate. At this 
time (1828) there is about forty millions of men fit to bear 
arms in the European and American nations, and though ge- 
neral peac 1 - prevails, there is at least one million of men in 
arms, or about one to forty. 

ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES— In 1785, was fixed at 
one regiment of infantry, :md two companies af artillery, in 
all about 800 men. In 1787, Avas augmented to 1500. After 
the adoption of the federal constitution, it was fixed at one 
regiment of infantry, and one battalion of artillery, em- 
bracing 1200 men. In 1791, it was augmented by another re- 
giment of infantry, and the president empowered to raise 2000 
levies. In 1792, the infantry was again augmented by three 
regiments and four troops of li^ht dragoons. In 1794, 800 
men was added to the artillery, which including all former ad- 
ditions, raised the army to 6000 men. In May, 1796, the mi- 
litary force was again fixed at three thousand men. Hitherto 
a singular mistrust had kept the defensive force in actual ser- 
Tice, extremely low in number, but in April or May, 1798, 



ARMORIES. 3i 

the president was authorized to raise an army of 10,000 menu 
for three years service. About one year after this, the presi- 
dent was conditionally authorised, in the language of the acf, 
'to organize and cause to be raised an additional military force*, 
to consist of 24 regiments of infantry, one regiment and ono 
battalion of riflemen, a battalion of artillerists, and engi- 
neers, and three regiments of cavalry. The same act limited 
the number of volunteers which could be accepted by the pre- 
sident, under the indefinite act of 1798, to 75,000. Tha 
amount of force, including regulars and militia, which the se- 
veral foregoing acts empowered president Adams to raise, un- 
der certain exigencies, supposed, no doubt, to exist, consider- 
ably exceeded 100,000 men. In 1802, the army was reduced 
to 3000 men. The number varied, but it is probable, at no 
time from 1802 to 1812, were there 8000 men in service. But 
early in 1812, congress passed an act authorizing an additional 
military force of 25,000 men, to consist of ten regiments of 
infantry, two regiments of artillery, and one regiment of light 
dragoons. In the beginning of 1813, twenty additional regi- 
ments of infantry, or 20,000 men, were authorized; and in the 
beginning of 1814, three additional regiments of riflemen. — 
No further augmentations were lmde to the regular force dur- 
ing the war. 

It would appear from the foregoing acts, that the nominal 
regular force on foot, during the war of 1812, was between 
60,000 and 70,000. It is not probable, however, that the es- 
tablishment ever approximated to an efficient fulness. 

Peace was ratified with Great Britain in February, 1815; 
and among the subjects which first engaged the attention of 
congress, was that of reducing the army to the proper stand- 
ard of peace. Accordingly on the tl.ir'd of March following, 
the military establishment was fixed at 10,000 men. Again, 
in 1821, it was still further reduced, being diminished to 6000, 
which is the number on foot at the present time. 
Armories and Arsenals — There are now in the United States two 
national armories, and eleven national arsenals. The armo- 
ries are at Springfield, (Mass.) and at Harper's Ferry, (Vir.) 
The arsenals are at VVatertown, Massachusetts; Watervliet 
and Rome, New-York; Baltimore, Maryland; Washington, 
District of Columbia; Richmond, Virginia; Augusta, Georgia; 
Frankford and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania; Baton Rouge, Louisi- 
ana; and Detroit, Michigan Territory. Arms and accoutre- 
ments are manufactured at the two armories, 79,259 of th* 
foimer, having been made in the course of the last three 
years. Accoutrements, gun carriages, &c. are made at many 
of the arsenals, while some of them are used merely as de- 
pots. There are no public foundries for ordnance, the supply 
being obtained by contracts, from private foundries, of which 
there are a sufficient number in the United States to answer 
all demands. Lead is obtained in ample quantities from the 
public mines. 



36 ARR—ASS 

Arragon, erected into a kingdom, by Ramirez, I. A. D. 1035, and 
continued a separate royalty until united under the descend- 
ants of Ferdinand and Isabella, to Castile and Leon. It is a 
common mistake to suppose the rival kingdoms of Spain 
were formed into one monarchy by Ferdinand and Isabella; 
the union of these kingdoms under one sceptre, was consum- 
mated by the children of this marriage claiming their inheri- 
tance from both parents. 

Arts and Sciences, society of, established at New-York, 1765. 

Aruba, island of, colonized by Holland, 1634. 

Articles of Religion, six published by Henry VIII. 1536; 42 pub- 
lished without consent of parliament, 1552; the 42 reduced 
to 39, January, 1563; received the authority of parliament, 
1571; 104 drawn up by archbishop Usher, for Ireland, 1615; 
established 1634. 

Artichokes first planted in England, 1487. 

ASCENSION DAY, or commemoration of Christ's Ascension, is 
a moveable feast held ten days before Whitsuntide. 

Asp, United States' schooner, taken and re-taken, July 14th, 
1813; her commander, sailing master Segourney, killed. 

Asparagus first introduced in England, 1608. 

Asperne, or Esling, battle of, May 21 and 22, 1809, Austrians 
defeated by the French. 

Assassins, a nation or sect of Persia and Phoenicia, which rose 
into notice about A. D. 891; about 1090, they were settled in 
Persia. These wretches were the common enemies of man- 
kind, and have given their name to the most atrocious species 
of murder; they were extirpated about 1258, by Hulacu, the 
conqueror of Bagdad. Their chief was called "Sheikl Al Je- 
bal," or Old Man of the Mountain. 

Assaying gold and silver legally established in England, 1299. 

Assay-master first appointed at Sheffield and Birmingham, 1773. 

Assignats first ordered by the national assembly of France, 
April 17, 1790. 

Assiento, or contract for supplying America with slaves from 
Jamaica, began 1689; vested in the South-sea company 1713; 
given up to Spain by the peace of 1748. 

Assaye, battle of Indostan, September 23d, 1803; Scindea's army 
defeated by the marquis of Wellcsley, now duke of Welling- 
ton. 

A size of bread first appointed 1528; every alteration of a farth- 
ing in increase or decrease of the price for a quartern loaf 
makes the difference of £2,200 in the sum expended for bread 
within the bills of mortality of London (exclusive of West- 
minster) in one week. A quartern loaf sold for Is. 6d 5 each, 
March, 1800, when bread was forbidden to be sold till twen- 
ty-four hours old. 

ASSUMPTION of the VIRGIN MARY, August 15th; instituted 
813. 



ASTRONOMY, 37 

Assyria, kingdom of, began under Ninus, 2059 before Christ; 
lasted about 1264 years, ended with Sardanapalus. Out of its 
ruins were formed the kingdoms of Babylon, of Nineveh, and 
theMedes. 

Aunedelian Marbles — These celebrated chronological tables, 
were brought from Greece to England, in 1627, by Thomas, 
earl of Arundel. They were composed of a large number of 
marble sfibs or blocks, which were, however, mutilated, and 
in part lost during the civil wars in England, in the middle of 
the 17th century. Fortunately they have been at different 
times, and partly whilst the collection was complete, edited by 
Seldon, Iredeaux, Mattaire, Chandler, &c. and though by some 
their genuineness has been doubted, they are now by the best 
critics, considered real and invaluable remains of the litera- 
ture of ancient Greece. They contain a connected chronolo- 
gy in Greek capital letters, from the reign of Cecrops, king 
of Athens, ate. C. 1582, to the archonship of Astyanax in Pa- 
ros, and of Diognetus at Athens, ate. C. 264. What remains en- 
tire are in the possession of the university of Oxford 

Astronomy, the science of the Heavens, the history of which 
dates backward into the morning of time. Observations on 
the apparent and real revolutions of the siars must have been 
made, and a really great advance in the science long before 
any form of record preserved the fruits >f discovery. Some 
of the principal constellations, as they are now named, is 
mentioned in the book of Job. The Chaldeans observed and 
recorded eclipses, both lunar and solar, B 0.719 — 20, and 
then knew the Luni — Solar period of 223 lunations, or 6585 
days 8 hours nearly. It is probable, that as far backwards in 
lime a* eight or nine centu ies before the christian era, that 
the real length of the tropical or solar year, was known in 
China, Indostan, Chalden, and iEgvpt; and in China and In- 
dostan, their authenticated records reach to B. C. 3102 The 
following brief tabular history of this noble science, was com- 
piled from Rees' Cyclopaedia, art. Astronomy, and will save 
much reference. 

Ate. C 721. March 19th, 8 h. 40 min. p. m. 1st lunar 
eclipse on record; 720, March 5, 11 h. I m. p. m 2d do: Sep- 
tember 1, 7 h. 40 m. p. m. 3rd do; 648, the Thoth of the era of 
Nabonassar, was on February 1st, having shifted 25 da\sin 
one hundred years; 621, Aprn22nd, 3 hours after midnight; 
the 1th eclipse of 'he noon on record; 585, May 28th, jan 
eclipse of the moon predicted by Thales, and brought the Ly- 
dian war to an end; 502, November 19th, 11 h 36 min. p. m. 
the 6th lunar eclipse on record, observed at Babylon; 491, 
April 25th, seventh lunar eclipse on record observed at Baby- 
lon; 359, obliquity of the ecliptic, found, 23° 49' 10"; 310, 
August 15th, s ,lar eclipse, 11 didts 10', observed between Si- 
cily and \frica, by the fleet of A atho-les. Comet seen in 
China same year; 294, March 9th, conjunction of the moon 
4 



'38 ASTRONOMY, 

with Spica Virgin is, 8° W. from the equinoctial point, obsert- 
ed by Timocharis; 285, Dionysius of* Alexandria, began his 
sera June 26th, being the lirst who determined the real 
length of the solar year to be 3C5 days, 5 hours and 49 mi- 
nutes; 282, Timocharis observed another conjunction of the 
moon with Spica Virginis, November 9th, 3£ hours after mid- 
night; 262, transit of Mercury over the Bull's Horn observed} 
Mercury 23° in Taurus, and the Sun 29° 30' in Aries; 241, 
September 3rd, Jupiter observed in 7° 33' Virgo; 230, Era- 
tosthenes, observed the obliquity of the ecliptic to be 23° 51' 
80"; 162, HipparchuB began his astronomical observations at 
Rhodes, and continued them to 128, or 34 years; 146, this as- 
tronomer observed the vernal equinox, March 24th, at mid- 
day. A remarkable comet appeared in Greece; 143, Hippar- 
ohus observed the autumnal equinox, September 26, about 
sunset. From the new moon of September 28th, he began 
his new lunar cycle; 141, January 17th, 2 hours before mid- 
night an eclipse of the moon at Alexandria; 128, Hipparchus 
observed the vernal equinox to be on Thursday, March 23rd, 
about sunset; and the star Cor Leonis, 29° 50' from the sum- 
mer solstitial colune; 127, May 2nd, about sunrise Hippar- 
•hus observed the sun 7° 35' in Taurus, the moon 21° 40' in 
Pisces, and their mean distance, to be 312° 32'; and Spica 
Virginis 6° W. of the autumnal equinoctial point; 49, comet 
appeared in China; 44, great comet, supposed the same which 
appeared again A. D. 531, 1106, and in 1680; 25, the iEgyp- 
tians adopt the Julian year, and fix their Thoth, or New 
Tear day, August 29th. 

A.D. 13, a comet appeared in China; 39, conjunction of 
Saturn, Jr.piter and Mars; 55, comet appeared in China; 92, 
Agrippa observes in Armenia, a conjunction of the moon with 
the pleiades, November 29th, 5 hours before midnight; 130, 
Ptolemy observed Mars in opposition, December 14th, 3 
nours P. M; 132, September 25th, 2 h p. m. Ptolemy observ- 
ed the autumnal equinox ; 133, May 6th, 11 h. 45 m. p. m. Pto- 
lemy at Alexandria, observed an eclipse of the moon. May 17th 
11 h p.m. he observed Jupiter in 13° 15' Taurus; and Saturn in 
9° 40' Sagitarius on June 4th, 4 h. p. m.; 134, February 16th 
in the morning, Ptolemy observed Venus, 21° 05' in Capricorn, 
and on October 3d in the morning, Mercury in 20° 12' of Vir- 
go; 138, Ptolemy observed Cor Leonis 2° 30 of this sign, and 
32° 40' from the summer solstice; 140, Ptolemy observed 
Venus on July ISth, to be in 18° 30' of Gemini, and 47° 15' 
frooi the mean place of the sun. Observed the vernal equi- 
nox at Alexandria, March 22nd 1° p. m. ; 212, a comet ap- 
peared in China; 222, August 29th, a conjunction of some of 
the planets observed at Alexandria; 373, a comet appeared 
in China; 400, a comet appeared in China; 729, two comets 
appeared, one before sunrise, the other after sunset. This 
TV*s no doubt a deception ; it was one comet apparently in 



ASTRONOMY. 39 

different parts of the Heavens; 807, January 31st, 3 h. after 
midnight, Jupiter was eclipsed by the moon. March 17th, a 
spot observed on the sun; 816, astronomy revived under the 
Caliph Almamun, and the obliquity of the ecliptic found 23* 
34'; 819, degree of the meridian measured on the plains of 
Sinjar, near Babylon, and found to be 5'<'.% Arabian miles; 
825, Benimula observed the obliquity of the ecliptic, to be 
23° 35'; 837, a comet appeared in China and in Europe, 
which moved in 25 days through 1223 SI, and disappered in 
y ; 880, September 19th, 11 h 45' a. m. Albategnius, or Ma- 
homet of Aractus, an Arabian astronomer, observes the obli- 
quity of the ecliptic to be 23° 35'; 882. Sept. 19th, 1 h. 15' after 
midnight Albategnius observes the autumnal equinox; and in 
883, the sun's apogee in 22° 27' of Gemini; the first star of 
Aries distant from the equinoctial point 18° 02'; 911, Thebit 
ben Cdora, found the obliquity of the ecliptic to be 23° 33'30"; 
999, Aboul Wafi, and Abu Hamed, found the obliquity of the 
ecliptic, 23° 35'; 1070, Arzachel, found the obliquity of the 
ecliptic to be 23° 34'; 1076, the same astronomer found the 
sun's apogee, 17° 50' in Gemini; 1079, March 14th, 2 h. 9' p. 
m. the vernal equinox observed by Arzachel; 1186, Septem- 
ber 16th, great conjunction of all the planets in Libra, about 
sunrise, Mercury 4° 10'; Venus 3° 49'; Mars 9° 08' Jupiter 2© 
03; saturn 8° 06'; 1252, Alphonso X. had those astronomical 
tables, which bear his name, published. In this school the 
sun's apogee was found 28° 40' in Gemini; 1264, July 6th, a 
comet reached its perihelion, inclination of its orbit to the 
ecliptic, 36°, 30'; 1269, Cosah Nasirodni observed the obli- 
quity of the ecliptic, 23° 30'; 1273, Cheouching in China, 
found the obliquity of the ecliptic, 23° 33' 39'; 1299, a co- 
met reached its perihelion in February, ascending node 25° 
in Gemini, inclination 20°; 1337, first comet, whose course 
was observed and recorded with astronomical exactness, 
reached its perihelion, June 2nd, 6 h. 25' a. m. ascending 
node 24° 21' in Gemini, inclination 32° 11'; 1341, a comet in 
Libra, first seen near SpicaVirginis, and disappeared near Si 
Leo; 1437, Ulugh Beigh, observed the obliquity of the eclip- 
tic, 23° 30' 17"; 1460, Resriomontanus, found the obliquity of 
the ecliptic, 23° 29'; 1472, February 29th, 10 h. 23' a. m. 
comet reaches its perihelion, ascending node 11° 46' 20" in 
Capricorn; inclination of its orbit 5° '20'; 1476, Waliherus 
found the obliquity of the ecliptic, 23° 30'; 1478, Waltherus 
found the vernal equinox on March 11th, 8 h. 05' a. m.; 1503, 
Wpltherus found the summer solstice to be on June 12th, 12 
h- 46° 34' at Nuremberg, and the sun's apogee 4° 09' in Can- 
cer; 1510, Wernerus fouud the obliquity of the ecliptic, 23° 
28' 30'; 1515, Copernicus observed the vernal equinox, 
March 11, 4 h. 30', a. m. at Frauenburg. He observed Spica 
Vir?r.n : s in 17° 03' 02" in Libra, and the sun's apogee, 6° 40' 
in Cancer; 1530, CopernicuB completed his immortal work, 



4% ASTRONOMY. 

"ASTRONOMTA INSTAURATA,"&c. but it was not publish- 
ed until the year of his death, 1543. This work alone did 
more for astronomy than was e* er done for any other science 
by a single production; 1540, September 27th, Copernicus 
found the obliquity of the ecliptic 23° 28' 08"; 1556, April 
22d, 8 h 3' a. m a comet reached its perihelion, ascending 
node 25° 42' in Libra; inclination of its orbit 32° 06' 30"; 
1577, October 27th, 6h. a. m. a comet reached its perihelion; 
1582, Calendar reformed by p pe Gregory XIII; 1584, Tycho 
Brahe found the vernal equinox, March 10th, 1 h. 56' p. m. at 
TJrirmiburg; 1588, Tycho observed the summer solstice, June 
11th, 1 h. 36' p. m. at Urianiburg; the sun's apogee 5° 30' in 
Cancer; 1595, Tycho Brahe f und the obliquity of the ecliptic, 
23° 29' 25"; 1610, telescopes introduced into use by Galli- 
leo; 1626, Kepler published his Rudolphine tables, and form- 
ed an sera in the history of man. Copernicus had shown near 
a century before, that the planets moved round the sun, and 
now Kepler in his "ASTRONOMIA NOVA CELESTIS, &c." 
shewed in what manner, and by what laws they moved, and 
paved the way for Newton to shew why they moved; 1631. 
November 17th, 9 h. 37' a. m. Gassendi first observed a tran- 
sit of Mercury over the sun's disc; 1639, November 24th, old 
style, or December 4, new style, 3 h. 15' p. m. Mr. Horrox, an 
Englishman, was the first who ever observed a transit of Venus 
over the sun's tlitc; 1670, Mengoli observed the obliquity of the 
ecliptic to be 23° 28' 24"; 1672, Richer found the obliquity of 
the ecliptic, 23° 28' 54"; 1676, rings of Saturn discov- 
ered by Haygens, 1687, Newton's "PRINCIPIA" were pub- 
lished, and consummated what Copernicus and Keppler 
had began; 1680, December 18th, h. 6' p. m. a comet 
reached its perihelion, ascending node 2° 02' in Capricorn, 
inclination of its orbit 61° 22° 55". This is supposed to be 
the same comet which reached its perihelion B. C. 44, and 
A. D. 531 and 1105, and to have aperiodid time of 575 years. 
In its perihelion it almost touches the sun's surface, being on- 
ly about 570,000 miles from its centre, and moves in that 
part of the orbit, above 880.000 miles hourly; 1682, Septem- 
ber 22nd, 6 h. 34' a. m. autumnal equinox observed at Pa- 
ris; 1691, Flamstead found the obliquity of the ecliptic, 23° 
28' 32"; 1703, Bianchini, found the obliquity of the ecliptic, 
23° 28' 15"; 1732, the summer solstice observed at Paris, 
June 21st, 7 h. 28' 30" a. m.; 1752, new style introduced in- 
to England, September 3rd, called the 13th; 1759. March 13th, 
1 h. 50' a. m. a comet reaches its perihelion. The elements 
of the orbit of this cometary body are much more accurately 
known than that of any other of those erratic masses. As- 
cending node 23° 45' :5" in Taurus — inclination of its orbit 
17° 40' 15". The same comet reached its perihelion 1531, 
1607, 1682, and 1759— periodic times 76 years «3 days; 74 



ATHENS. 4i 

years 322 days, and 76 years 178 days, and may be expected 
again in the latter part of the year 1835; 1761. June 5th, 
transit of Venus over the sun's disc, extensively observed; 
1769, June 3rd, transit of Venus over the sun's disc, still 
more extensively and accurately observed than that of 1761. 
The next transit will be, December 8th, 1874: 1781, March 
13th, Dr. Herschel discovered the most distant, and third 
largest planet in the solar system, to which he gave the name 
of Georgium Sidus, it is, however, more commonly in the 
United States, called "the Herschel," and on the conti- 
nent of Europe, Uranus; 1801, January 1st, Mr. Piazzi, at Pa- 
lermo, discovered a primary planet, which he named Ceres; 
1802 March 28th, Dr. Olbers of Bremen, discovered a pri- 
mary planet to which he gave the name of Pallas. Obliquity 
of the ecliptic found iLi« V ear at Pans, 23° 28' 06"; 1804, 
September 1st, Mr. Harding ai Lilienthal, nea« Bremen, dis- 
covered a primary planet, to which ric gave the name of Ju- 
no; 1807, March 29th, Dr. Olbers of Bremen, <3i<»covered a 
primary planet, to which he gave the name of Vesta. These 
four planets revolve in interfering orbits, between Mars and 
Jupiter, and as far as observation has exposed its parts to hu- 
man view, the discovery of Vesta completed our knowledge 
of the solar system. 

The "MECHANIQUE CELESTE'' of LaPlace, published This 
immortal monument of human genius, has, it may be safely 
said, completed the science, rendered astronomy the most 
perfect, as it is the most sublime, of all the sciences. 

Astley's theatre, London, and 19 houses destroyed by fire, Au- 
gust 17th, 1794; again, September 2nd, 1803, with 40 houses. 

Attaquia, in Syria, destroyed by an earthquake, ,vith 3000 inha- 
bitants. 

Athanasian Creed, said to be written about A. D. 340. 

Athens, kingdom of, began ate. C. 1556 or 1586, under Ce- 
crops, and with some interruptions, continued 486 years, to 
its final termination, under Codrus, 1091. The kings were 
sixteen. At the death of Codrus, 1070, the regal power was 
abolished, and the government of perpetual archons substi- 
tuted. The archons for life, were thirteen in succession. — 
After continuing perpetual, or for life, 316 years, to the 
death of Alcmaeon, in 754, by another revolution the ar- 
chonship was made decennial, and remained so 70 years un- 
der seven rulers in succession. At the death of Euryxias, 
the supreme magistracy of Athens assumed its final form, 
as annual archons, nine in number, the principal of 
whom gave name to the year. No other city of the earth 
has underwent, as far as history has preserved human ac- 
tions from oblivion, so many or so interesting revolu- 
tions, as the capital of Attica; where it is prrbable the arts, 
science, and high civilization of Europe, «onu&enced wore 
4* 



42 ATHENS. 

than thirty centuries past. Such was then the power, wealth 
and commerce of Athens, that B. C. 658, a colony from, found- 
ed or enlarged Byzantium, in Thrace. Received the laws of 
Draco, 623. Those of Solon, 5 ( J4. Submit to Pisistratus, 
560; expel him; again restore him 556; same year expel him 
once more, but eleven years alter restore him, and with some 
interruptions the family governed until 510, when they were 
ultimately and for ever d iven into exile. In 526, under ihe 
Pisistradidac, the first public library ever formed in Europe, 
w?s opened at Athens. During the regal government, 800 
years before, Ionian colonies had been formed on the western 
coast of Asia, which, in the subsequent increase of Persian 
and Athenian power, became the points where these rival na- 
tions came into contact. The Ionian cities, connected with 
Athens by national affinity, and commercial transactions, and 
pressed upon by the Per«j*«s, naturally sought the alliance of 
the former. Oi>© *k the first consequences of such a state of 
affairs, -"-as the taking and burning of Sardis, 504, by an 
Athenian force, which at once directed the vengeance of Per- 
sia upon their own country, and commenced a most eventful 
war of 55 years. In this war, Athens, though twice taken 
and destroyed, the Athenians were the principals on the part 
of the Greeks in the contest. Under Mi tiades they defeated 
the Persian army at Marathon, 490 Under Themistocles re- 
pulsed the Persian fleet at Artemissium, and were the efficient 
•ontingent in the decisive naval battle of Salamis, 470. — 
Under Themistocles and Aristides they again bore a share in 
Ihe final defeat and destruction of the Persians at Plataaa, 
479. After their retreat into Asia, the Persians were pursu- 
ed by the Athenians, who almost uniformly successful, forced 
their enemies to a most honorable peace for Greece, in 449 — 
JIow the most powerful people of the world, their ambition 
involved them in almost unremitting contests with the other 
©reek states. Engage in war with the Boetians, 447, and 
with the Lacedaemonians 432 The latter called the Pelopon- 
nesian war, with innumerable reverses of fortune, terminated 
by the taking of Athens, 404. Amid war and violence, 
however, the arts of peace, and embellishment of social life, 
advanced rapidly at Athens, and enabled her citizens to be- 
come the teachers, when too weak to become the tyrants of 
the world. They were the allies of Thebes in the Corinthian 
war, 397— were defeated by Philip of Macedonia, at Methon, 
360; and again at Charonea, 338 Taken by Cassander, 318. 
Prom this period, for upwards of 1000 years, Athens main- 
tained her intellectual rank ; but finally sunk with the barbarism 
of the middle ages, and in more modern imes shared the 
ruin and degradation of all Greece. In the late revolution, 
this city attempted to shake off the Turkish yoke In the 
summer of 1827, the citadel or the Acropolis was invested by 



AUSTRIA. 43 

Besehid Pacha, a Turkish general. On the Oth of May, the 
Greeks were utterly defeated in an attempt P r it relief, and 
on the 5th of June, the exhausted garrison surreudeted to the 
Turks. 

Attonues' General of the United States.' 

First — Edmund Randolph, commissioned . 

Second — VY m. Bradford, commissioned January 27th, 1794. 
Third — t hariesLee, commissioned December 10th, 1795. 
Fourth — Levi Lincoln, commissioned March 5th, 1801. 
Fifth — Caesar A. Rodney, commissioned January 20th, 1807. 
Sixth — Wm. Pinkney, commissioned December 4th, 1811. 
Seventh — Richard Uush, commissioned Feb'y 10th, 1814, 
Eighth — William Wirt, the incumbent, commissioned — . 

Augsourg, confession of faitn, ooade 1550. 

Aurora Borealis, fir«t recorded to be seen March Gth, 1716; it 
had been no doubt occasionally observed from time in-memo- 
rial. 

Avignon, city of the south of France, belonging formerly to the 
Pope; where Clement V. fixed the Holy ^ee, in 1309 and 
where it remained until restored to Rome. 1376, by Gregory 
XI. The territory an 1 city still continued part of the domain 
of the Holy See, until the French revolution. It had been se- 
questrated in 1769, but restored in 1773 on the suppression of 
the Jesuits, but finally annexed to France, in 1791 — con- 
firmed to France, 1815. 

Avon, British ship of 19 guns, sunk by the United States vessel 
Wasp, September 1st, 1814. 

Auricular confession, first introduced, 1215. 

Austerlitz, battle of, December 2nd, 1805, the French under 
Buonaparte defeated the Austrians and Russians, under the 
emperors Alexander and Francis. 

AUSTRIA, empire of, has risen to one of the commanding na- 
tions of Europe, the third in population after China, of the 
kingdoms and empires of the earth. According to the best 
thronologers, the two Austrian houses of Lorraine and Haps- 
burgh, derive their origin from Ethi o, count of Alsatia, about 
A. D. 666. In 1273, Rndolph, count of Hapsburgh, was 
elected emperor of Germany, and in 1278 acquired Austria by 
conquest. His successors have been: 

1291, Adolphus of Nasssau, slain in battle at Galheim. near 
Worms, by Albert, son of Rodolph, who became emperor in 
1298, under the title of Albert I. against whom in 1307, the 
Swiss revolted; he was slain by his own ntphew, and suc- 
ceeded in the empire, in 1308, by Henry VII. of Luxemburgh; 
1314, Frederick III. of Austria, and the same year by Lewis 
"V. of Bavaria, who were both in 1347, by Charles IV. of Lux- 
emburgh, who in 1356 issued the famous Golden r hul, and died 
after a reign of 31 years, and was succeeded in 1378, by his 
spn, Winceslaus, who was deposed in 1400, and followed bT" 



44 WARS OF AUSTRIA. 

Robert Count Palatine, and he, in 1410, by Sigismund, bro- 
ther of Win<-eslans, who dying in 1438, the empire again 
fell under the house of Hapsburgh, or of Austria, in the per- 
son of Albert II. who transmitted his sceptre to his family, 
for though nominally elective, the two Austrian families of 
Hapsburgh and Lorraine, with one exception, Charles VII. 
of Bavaria, in the last century, ruled Germany 368 years, 
from 14 8, to August 6th, 1806. See art. Germany. At the 
latter date, Francis II. as emperor of Germany, formally re- 
nounced that title, having previously assumed that of heredi- 
tary emperor of Austria, August 11th, 1804. Francis I. of 
Austria, was born 1768; succeeded his father Leopold II. in 
1792. In 1805, the emperor ot Austria entered into a coa- 
lition with Russia flKmnst France, was defeated at Auster- 
litz, by Buonaparte, made peace iho come year. Engaged 
again in war with France, in 1809, is again worsted, and 
makes peace at Vienna, October 14th. On March 11th, 1810, 
Maria Louisa, daughter of Francis, was married to the 
French emperor; which did not, however, prevent her father 
again taking part against France, in 1813, and still more deci- 
sively in 1815. The following list of the wars of Austria, 
gives a brief view of its military h story, during the two last 
centuries. 

1. The *ar with the Ottoman Porte from 1592 to 1606, termi- 
nated by the peace at Sithvarock, in Hungary, on the 21st of 
October, 1606. 

9. The war, commonly called the thirty years' war, which last- 
ed from 1618 until 1648, terminated by the peace at West- 
phalia, on the 14th of October, 1648, at Munster, in West- 
phalia. 

3. The war respecting the Mantuan succession, which lasted 
from 1629 to 1631, terminated with France by a treaty of 
peace at Ratisbon, on the 13th of October, 1630; and with 
Spain by arrangements made on the 6th of April, 1631, at 
Cherasco, in Piedmont. 

4. The second war with the Ottoman Porte, which lasted from 
1661 until 1664, terminated for twenty years by the peace of 
Vasvar, in Hungary, on the 10th of August, 1664. 

5. War with France from 1672 to 1678, terminated by the 
peace atNimeguen, in Holland, on the 5th of February, 1679. 

6. Third war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1683 to 1698. ter- 
minated by the peace of Carlowitz, in Sclavonia, on the 26tk 
of January, 1699. 

7. Second war with France, from 1688 to 1697, terminated by 
the peace of Riswick, in Holland, on the 30th of October, 
1697. 

8. War with France and Spain, from 1701 to 1713, terminated 
by the peace of Radstadt, in the empire, on the 6th ©f 
March, 1714. 



WARS OF AUSTRIA. 45 

9. Fourth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1716 to 1718, 
terminated by the peace of Passarowitz, in Servia, on the 21st 
of July, 1718. 

10. Second war with Spain, respecting the possessions in Italy, 
from 1717 to 1720, terminated ly the peace of Vienna, in 
Austria, on the 30th of April, 1725. 

11. War with France and Spain, from 1733 to 1739, terminated 
with France 03 the peace of Vienna, in Austria, on the 3d of 
October, 1738; and with Spain, by the peace at Versailles' 
on the 20th of April, 1739. 

12. Fifth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1737 to 1739, ter- 
minated by the peace of Belgrade, in Servia, on the 18th of 
September, 1739. 

13. War of Austrian succession at the death of the emperor 
Charles VI. from 1740 to 1748: it lasted with Prussia (for the 
first time) from 1740 until 1742, and was terminated by 
pe/'ce made at Breslaw and Berlin, on the 11th June and 28th 
July, 1742; it lasted with Bavaria, from 1741 to 1745, and was 
terminated by peace made at Fuspen, in Suabia, on the 22d 
ot April, 1745. It lasted with France and Spain together, 
from 1741 to 1748, and was terminated by peace made at Aix 
la Chapelle on the 18th of ui-toher, 1748. Lastly, it was 
again carried on with Prussia (for the second lime) from 
1744 to 1745, and was terminated by peace concluded at 
Dresden, on the 25th December, 1745. 

14. The seven years war, or third war with Prussia, from 1756 
to 1763. terminated by the peace of Hubertsburg, in Saxony, 
on the 15th of February, 1763. 

15. Fourth war with Prussia, respecting the Bavarian succes- 
sion, from 1778 to 1779, terminated by the peace of Teschen 
in Upper Silesia, on the 13th of May, 1779. 

16. Different wars with the States-General of Holland, from 
1784 to 1785, respecting the opening of the Scheldt, termi- 
nated by the treaty of Fontainbleau, on the 8th of November, 
1785 

17. Sixth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1788, until the ar- 
mistice of 1790, stipulated by the congress at Rerchenbach 
in Silesia, and terminated by peace made at Szistors on the 
4th of August, 1791. 

18. War with France from 1792 to 1797, terminated by peace 
at Leoben, in Upper Styria, on the 17th of April, 1797. 

19. War with France, March, 1799, terminated by the peace 
of Luneville, February 9th, 1801. 

20. VVar with France. 1809, terminated in the same year. 

21. War with France, 1813, terminated May 30th, 1814. 

22. War with France, 1815, terminated same year in July. 

Autossee, battle of, in Alabama, between the troops of the Uni- 
ted States, under general Floyd, and the Creek Indians; latter 
defeated, November 29th, 1813, 



4.6 AUS— BAL 

Austrian Netherlands, or thai part of the ancient Burgundian 
dominions, which remained subject to Spain, after the revolt 
of the seven Dutch pn vinces, in 1571. See Netherlands. 

Ayorbe, 1100 French slain there by the Spaniards, October 17th* 
1811. 

Azores, or Western Islands, discovered by the Portuguese, 1519. 

Azof or Asoph, founded by the Genoese, 1261; taken by the 
Russians, 1697. 



B. 

Babylok, city and kingdom of, founded, ate. C. 2247;becomes 
the capital of the Assyrian monarchy, 747; taken by the 
Medes and Persians under Cyrus, 538; taken by Alexander, 
the great, 333; by Seleucus Nicator, 311. After the rise of 
Selencia, Ctesiphon, and Bagdad, in succeeding ages, Babylon 
gradually sunk to ruin. 

Babylon, battle of, near the ruins of which the Turks were 
defeated with the loss of 20,000 men, by the Persians, under 
KouliKhan, February 2Rth, 1734. 

Badajos, takcu by the French, under marshal Soult, March 11th, 
1811; invested by the English under Wellington, March 16th; 
taken by storm April 6th, 1812. 

Baffin's Bay, separating Greenland from North America, dis- 
covered by captain Baffin, in 1622. 

Bagdad, buiitby Abu Jaafar al Mansur, the 2nd of the Abasside 
Califs, and made the capital of the Saracen empire, A. D. 
762; taken by the Mongols under Hulacu, 1258; by the 
Turks under Morad IV. 1638. It is still a large and com- 
mercial city. 

Bahama, islands of, discovered, 1629; taken possession of by 
the British, 1718, much injured by a storm, October, 1796; 
and again, July 22nd, 1801. 

Baize manufacture first introduced into England, at Colchester, 
1660. 

Ball of fire fell during a thunder storm, upon a public house in 
Wapping, which set fire to it, and the house adjoining, July 
4th, 1803. 

Balloons, said to have been invented by Gusmac, a Jesuit, 
1729, but probably invented much earlier, and first used 
in France by Montgolfier, who ascended in one, attend- 
ed by the marqui3 d'Allande, and M. Rozier, November 
23rd, 1782; another ascent was made the same year, by 
Messrs. Charles and Roberts, on December first, at Paris — 
Mr. Lnnardi, at London, September 15th, 1784, rosr from 
Moorfields, being the first ascent in England. First experi- 
ment with balloons in this country, were made by Dr. Ritten- 
hotise and Francis Hopkiason, December, 1783. They con- 



BALTIMORE, 47 

aected several small baft tier, and thus enabled a 

man to ascend j t of 100 feet, and to float to a con- 

siderable distance Aftej mrds ew ascent was made by 
Blunchard, at Philadelphia, January 9, 1793. 

Balbec, or Tadtnor, found* d by Solomon about ate. C. 1040. 

BALTIMORE, city of the United States, in Maryland* on a 
small bay of Patapsco river, founded 1729=, is extremely well 
situated for commercial connexions with the valley of Ohio; 
it commands thfe tryde of Maryland; more than one half of 
that of Pennsylvania, and a part of New-York. Having the 
advantage of climate, the harbor of Baltimore is not so liable 
to obstruction from ice as that of Philadelphia. The site of 
this city was a farm belonging to the father of Charles Carroll 
of Carollton, now living; and purchased by Dr. George Bucha- 
nan and others. Wm. Buchanan, his son, died about three 
years since, (1828). The increase of Baltimore has been fully 
commensurate with the advantages of its local position. In 
1790 it contained 13,503 inhabitants, and in 1800, 26,514. 
The following table exhibits its subsequent advance. 

Population in 1810. 

Free white males 14,793 

Do females 13,104 

All other persons, except Indians not taxed 3.973 
Slaves 3,713 

Total population in 1810 35,583 

Population in 1820. 

Free white males 23,828 

Do females 24,233 

Total whites 48,055 

Free persons of colour, males 4,363 

Do do females 5,963 

Slaves, males 1,968 

Do females 2,389 

Total population in 1820 62,738 

Banbury in Oxfordshire, had its church and tower fall, for want 
of repair, 1791. 

Bank-mill, Manchester, England, used as a cotton manufacto- 
ry, consumed by fire, October 31st, 1813. Damage estimated 
£30,000. 

Bank, signifying literally a bench, from the custom of Italian 
merchants, exposing money to lend on a banco or bench, or 
tables. Banks commenced about the beginning of the ninth 
century; fhat of Venice 1157; of Genoa 1345: of Amster- 
dam, 1609; of Rotterdam, 1635; of England, 1640; old Scotch 



48 BANK OF ENGLAND. 

bank, 1649; of Hamburgh, 1710; Royal Bank of Scotland, 
1727; of Ireland, 1783. bavmg banks, first established in 
different pla-cs in England, 1816. 

Hank of England was originally projected by a merchant 
of the name of Patterson, and established A. D 1694. The 
following year it was incorporated by king William and the 
parliament, in consideration of .l 1,200. 000 lent to govern- 
ment, which was then its capital. This capital nas, however, 
gone on gradually increasing to the present period, when it 
amounts to <Lll, 686,800 sterling. The. mint in the Tower of 
London, was anciently the deposite for merchants' cash, t ill 
Charles 1. in the year 1640, laid his hands upon the money, 
and destroyed the credit of the mint. This circumstance 
drove the traders to some other place of security for their 
gold, which their apprentices did not fail to rob them of when 
at home, and to run off with it to the army. In 1645, there- 
fore, they consented to lodge it with the goldsmiths, who were 
othei wise obliged to prepare strong chests for the deposite of 
their own valuable wares, and this became the origin of 
banking in England. Payment in cash by the Bank of Eng- 
land, pursuant to an order of council, February 26, 1797. 
February 25, 1797, when th^y were possessed of property to 
the value of J 17,597,280, and the notes issued amounted to 
only j.13,770,390, not including 011,786.800, lent to govern- 
ment. Issued 20s. notes and dollars in p yment, March 9, 
1797 — called in soon after. The hank notes in circulation on 
the 25th of February, in the following years respectively, 
were, 

1793 £11,451,180 

1794 10,965,330 

1795 13,539 160 

1796 11.030,110 

1797 8,640,250 

House built 1732, enlarged 1770. and considerably improved 
and insulated in I79l». Gpod authi rity denies any solid ca- 
pital to the bank of England, but asserts that the whole of 
its funds have been loaned to government, and with no ra- 
tional hope of repayment. The sum of . 17,597,280, so very 
confidently spoken of, is in its very nature, a fluctuating 
amount of individual capital, undivided profits, and dis- 
counted paper, all of which is at the disposal of those Avho 
hold the securiti' s, and may be withdrawn at pleasure. The 
real safety of this enormous monied institution, however, de- 
pends upon the noral conviction of its lebtor and creditors, 
that the ruin of the bank would in the nature of things be on- 
ly a precursor to that of their own 

BanVs in the United States commenced in the early part of 
file revolutionary wa . The 6rs1 by a number »f gentlemen 
in Philadelphia, June 17th, 1780, with a capital of 839,160 



BANK OF THE UNITED STATES. 49 

dollars; instituted for the purpose of supplying the American 
army with provisions. 

Bank of North America, incorporated by congress, Decem- 
ber 31, 1781— first at Boston, 1784, and the bank of New- 
York commenced the same year. The banks of New-Hamp- 
shire and South Carolina, incorporated in 1792. 

Bank of the United States, incorporated March 2, 1793. Ca- 
pital, 10,000,000, in 25,000 shares, of $400 each 2,000,000 
held by the United States, and paid in ten equal annual in- 
stalments. 2,493 shares sold by the United States, in 1796-7, 
at advance of 25 per cent.; 287 more in 1799, at 20 percent, 
advance; and 2,220 in 1802, at 45 advance; making, exclusive 
of dividends, a profit of 671,860 dollars to the United States. 
About 18,000 shares held by foreigners; the resident stock- 
holders in the United States, who had the exclusive control 
over the bank, held only 7000 shares, being little more than 
one fourth of the capital. 

The dividends ince the establishment of the bank, have 
averaged 8 3-8 per cent, a year. 

€r. Debts due to the bank, 1809, viz: 

Six percent, stock of the United States. . $2,230,000 
Loans in notes at 60 days, or bonds, &c. 

taken to secure debts, 15,000,000 

Due by state banks, 800,000 

Specie in the vaults 5,000, U00 

Cost of lots and buildings, 480,000 

Total Cr. 23,510,000 

Dr. 

Original capital stock, 10,000,000 

Amount of deposites by government or 

individuals, 8,500,000 

Bank notes in circulation, 4,500,000 

Total Dr. 23,000,000 

Balance, being the amount of undivided 

profits, $510,000 

From which it appears, to use the language of the secretary 
of the treasury, that the affairs of this bank, considered as a 
monieJ institution, have been wisely and skilfully managed. 
The charter expired 11th of March- 1811, and was not re- 
newed, but the events and necessities of the last war with 
Great-Britain, superinduced the creation of a similar institu- 
tion. "THE UNITED STATES 1 BANK, 1 ' with a capital of 
35,000,000 of dollars, was chartered for 20 years, April, 
1816, and with power to form branches. The mother bank at 
5 



5& BAN— BAR 

Philadelphia, went into operation January 1, 1817. It ap- 
pears, by in official report to congress, 1828, from the treasu- 
ry department, that the average annual amount of public mo- 
ney in the Bank of the United States and its branches, from 
1817 to 1827, inclusive, was 3,554,756 dollars 50 cents. 

Bankers, the first were Lombard Jews, about A. D. 808. In 
England, the mint used formerly by merchants to lodge their 
money in, till the king made free with it in 1640; after which 
trusting to servants, till too many of them ran to the army, 
they lodged it with goldsmiths, whose business was to buy and 
sell plate, and foreign coins; they at first paid fourpence per 
cent, per diem, but lent it to others at higher interest, and so 
became the first bankers, 1645. 

Bankrupts, literally, "seat or bench broker, 1 ' in England first 
regulated by law, 1543. In 1812, enacted that members of 
the house of commons becoming bankrupts, and not paying 
their debts in full, shall vacate their seats. 

Bannockburn, battle of, June 25th, 1314, the Scots under Robert 
Bruce, defeated the English under Edward II. This battle 
retarded the union of Scotland to England, 393 years. 

Barbados, settled 1615. Much injured by fires in May and De- 
cember, 1796. 

Barbary, that part of Africa, opposite Spain, ancient Africa. — 
Numidia and Mauritania; overran by the Vandals from Spain, 
A. D. 429; recovered to the Greek empire in 534, by Belisari- 
us; conquered by the Saracens from 640 to 700, since which 
epoch the Mahometan religion has prevailed. At present, be- 
side some petty interior states, this fine country is divided 
between the empire of Morocco in the west, Algiers in the 
centre, and Tunis and Tripoli east. 

Bark, Jesuit, virtue of discovered 1500; brought to Europe 
1650. 

Barney's flotilla, fitted out in the late war with Great-Britain; 
actions between and two British schooners, June 1st and 10th, 
1814; officers and men composing, behaved with great gal- 
lantry in the battle of Bladensburg, August 24th, 1814. 

Bartholomews, massacre of, in France, August?24th, 1572, plan- 
ned by the king of France, Charles IX. and his mother, in or- 
der to extirpate the Huguenots. In this infamous attempt 
from 50 to 70,000 persons of both sexes, and all ages, pe- 
rished. 

Bartholomew, St. island of, taken by the English from the Danes, 
1801, since restored to Denmark. 

Bassano, in Italy, battle of, August 10\h, 1796, between the 
French under Buonaparte, and the Austrians under Wurmser, 
latter defeated. 

Barometers invented 1626; wheel barometers contrived, 1668; 
phosphoric, 1675; pendant 1695; marine 1700 

Barrossa, battle of, between the French on one side, and the 
British, Portuguese and Spaniards, on the other, former de- 
feated, March 5th, 1811. 



BATTLES AND SIEGES. 51 

Basil, Switzerland, university founded 1458. 

Bastile, prison or castle of, at Paris, built 1369--1383; destroy- 
ed by the people, July 14th, 1789. This event commenced 
the active operations of the French revolution. 

Bath mineral springs in England, discovered, ate. C. 871. 

Baths, Roman in England, discovered under the Abbey House, 
1775. 

Battavia, ancient name of the lower Delta of the Rhine, so call- 
ed, it is supposed, from the Battaves, a German tribe, who 
invaded that country, and settled in it, about ate. C. 100. 

Battavia, city of, on the north side of the island of Java, found- 
ed by the Dutch, 1612: taken by the English September 12th, 
1800, given up at the treaty of Amiens, and again taken by 
the British, August 8th, 1811: but subsequently restored to 
the king of the Netherlands. 

Battering Ram invented ate. C. 441. 

BATTLES AND SIEGES BY LAND AND SEA, 

CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. 

It will be requisite to notice, that those battles which have been 
productive of any great political consequence on the affairs of 
mankind, will be found in their place, according to alphabetic 
order. In this list, such which are given in the body of the 
work, are those printed in capitals. The youthful student 
zvill, therefore, when observing the distinctive mark, have it in 
his power to refer to the respective articles for detailed informa- 
tion. See the art. Siege. 

Ate.C. 669, Horatiiand Curatii; 548, THYMBRA, between Cyrus 
and Croesus, latter defeated; 496, REGILLUM, or Tusculum 
near Rome; 490, September 8th, MARATHON; 480, Octo- 
ber 20, naval battle of Salamis; 479, September 22nd, PLA- 
T^IA and MYCALE; 470, naval battle of Cyprus, and land 
battle of Eurymydon; 418, Argives and Mantineaus, deleated 
by the Lacedaemonians; 413, land and naval operations before 
SYRACUSE; 405, naval battle of ^EGOSPQTAMOS; 390, 
ALLIA near Rome; 377, naval battle of NAXOS; 360, Me- 
thon, first victory, gained by Philip of Macedonia, over the 
Athenians; 338, CH^ERONEA, in Bceotia; 334, Granicus, in 
Asia Minor; 333, Issus in Cilicia; 331, October 2d, AR- 
BELA; 301, Ipsus in Phyrgia; 274, Beneventum in Ita- 
ly, battle of, between Pyrrhus and the Romans; 260, na- 
val battle of ECNOUE, on the coast of Sicily, Romans 
and Carthagenians; 249, naval battle of Drepaum; 242, 
AGATES, by land and sea; 217, Thrasymene; 216, May 
21st, Canae, in Italy; 202, October 19th, ZAMA, near 
Carthage; 197, ^ynocephalus in Thessaly; 190, MAGNESIA, 
in Asia Minor; 168, June 22nd, PYDNA in Macedonia; 146, 
Carthage and Corinth destroyed; 102. VERCEIL in the north of 
Italy; 53, Charae, in Asia, Romans defeated by the Parthians; 
48, May 12th, Pharsdlia, in Thessaly; 42, Philippi in Thrace; 
31, September 2nd, naval battle of Actium; A. D, 10 ? VARS* 



52 BATTLES AND SIEGES, 

MOLD near Paderborn in Germany; 51, in Shropshire, Eng» 
land, when Caractacus was taken by the Romans; 233, Tad- 
mor in Coelo-Sy ia; 251, Romans defeated, and the emperor 
Decius, slain in battle with the Goths, in Moesia; 260, Ro- 
mans defeated by the Parthians, and the emperor Valerian ta- 
ken prisoner; 263, Palmyra, Zenobia taken, and her city and 
kingdom ruined by Aurelian; 280, Probus defeats the Persians; 
312, near ROME, Maxentius defeated and killed by Constan- 
tine; 363, Julian defeated, mortally wounded and dies in Per- 
sia; 378, Adrianople, the emperor Valens and his army des- 
troyed by the Goths; 379, the Longobardi, or Lombards, first 
issue from Scandinavia, and defeat the Vandals: 388, the ty- 
rant Maximus defeated and killed by Theodosius; 401, Alaric 
king of the Goths, defeats the Romans; 402, the Avari hav- 
ing defeated the Huns, forces the latter to migrate towards 
Europe; 403, Alaric defeated by Stilicho; 404, irruption of 
the Goths into Italy; 405, Stilicho defeats 200,000 Goths in 
the mountains of Fesulse; 406, the Vandals, Alani, and Sue- 
vi, spread into France; 410, Rome taken and plundered by 
Alaric; 412, VANDAL kingdom of Spain begins; 413, BUR- 
GUNDIAN kingdom in Alsace, begins; 414, TOULOUSE, 
kingdom of began by the Visi-Goths; 420, the kingdom of 
FRANCE, begins on the lower Rhine, under Pharamond. — 
See France. 422, the Huns ravage Thrace; 426, Romans 
leave Britain, never to return; 437, the Goths defeated by 
iEtius; 441, the Huns, Persians and Saracens invade the Ro- 
Roman empire; 447, Attila, with his Huns, ravage the Ro- 
man territories; 449, Saxons land in Britain, and commence 
the kingdom of England. STAMFORD in Lincolnshire, bat- 
tle of same year, first contest between the Britons and Sax- 
ons; 452, CHALONS, on the Marnes, about 100 miles from 
Paris, Attila defeated and 250,000 men slain; 455, Rome ta- 
ken by Genscric. Battle of Alesford in Britain, between the 
Britons and Saxons; 468, the Visi-Goths drive the Romans 
out of Spain; 476, kingdom of Italy begins, and the western 
empire ends; 485, Soissons; battle of, Clovis defeats the Ro- 
mans; 490, Theodoric defeats Odoacer, king of theHeruli; 
497, TOLBIAC, battle of, between the Franks, under Clovis 
and the Germans. The issue of this batlle, a victory on the 
side of Clovis, induced that monarch to introduce Christianity 
into France; 514, Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus, 
whose fleet is burned by a speculum of brass; 520, Bath, bat- 
tle of, Anglo-Saxons defeated by the Britons; 522, Thrasa- 
mond, king of the Vandals, defeated and killed by the Moors; 
534, Vandal kingdom in Africa, subverted by Belisarins; 546, 
Rome taken by Totilla, king of the Ostro-Goths; 554, Narses, 
general to the emperor Justinian, defeats and kills Teia, king 
of the Ostro-Goths, and subverts their kingdom in Italy; 
583, Suevi, kingdom of, in Spain, subverted by the Visi-« 
Go'hs; 610, Constantinople taken bv Heraciius, and Phocas 
dethroned, and put to death; 634, AIZNADIN in Syria, ba,t»< 



BY LAND AND SEA. 53 

tie of, Romano-Greeks defeated by the Saracens. Damas- 
cus in Syria, taken from tne christians same year. KADE- 
SIA in Persia, battle of, Persians defeated by the Saracens; 
636, Yermouk in Syria, battle of, Romano-Greeks defeated 
by the Saracens; 640, Alexandria, in Egypt, besieged and ta- 
ken by the Saracens; 671, Constantinople besieged by 
the Saracens; 675, Saracens invade Spain, but are re- 
pelled by Wamba; 712, XERES in Andalusia, battle of, 
between the Spanish Goths and the Saracens; 774, PAVIA in 
Italy, taken by Charlemagne, and the Lombard kingdom, in 
Italy, subverted; 808, Normans first invade France; 841, 
Fontenery, battle of, in France, where the emperor Lothaire 
is defeated; 848, Crotona, naval battle of, th^ Venetian fleet 
defeated by that of the Saracens; 853, Normans commence 
their establishment in the north of France; 871, nine battles 
fought between the English and the Danes; 885, Paris besieg- 
ed by the Normans; 912, Normans completely established in 
France, under Rollo; 913, the Danes seize the throne of Eng- 
land; 1018, Normans invade Italy; 1055, Bagdad taken by 
the Turks; 1065, Jerusalem taken by the Turks; 1066, HAS- 
TINGS in England, battle of, October 14th; 1099, Jerusalem 
taken by the .rusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon; 1104, Pto- 
lemais, afterwards called Acre, or St. John D'Acre, taken by 
the Crusaders; 1139, DOUVRIQUE near Castro verde, in Por- 
tugal, battle of, Moors or Saracens defeated by the christians, 
which commenced the kingdom of Portugal; 1172, Ireland 
invaded by the English, under Henry II. 1187, Jerusalem ta- 
ken by Saladin; 1191, Ascalon, battle of, in Palestine: Sala- 
din defeated by the Crusaders, under Richard Cceur de Lion, 
king of England; 1204, Constantinople taken by the Vene- 
tians and French; 1203, Kclheim, near Worms in Germany, 
battle of, Adolphus I. defeated and slain by Albert I.; 1212, 
TOLOSA, town of Biscay, in Spain, battle of, Moors defeated 
by the christians; 1214, Bouvines in Flanders, battle of, the 
Germans under Otho, defeated by the French under Philip 
Augustus; 1221, Genghis Khan commences his sanguinary 
career of conquest; 1236, first irruption of the Tartars into 
Russia; 1244, Jerusalem taken by the Kharismions; 1250, 
Lewis IX. or St. Louis, having invaded Egypt, and taken Da- 
mhtta, was defeated a I made prisoner; 1258, BAGDAD ta- 
ken by the Morgols; 1261, Romano-Greeks, recover Constan- 
tinople from the Latins: 1264, Lewes in England, battle of, 
Henry III. made prisoner; 1282, massacre of the French in 
Sicily, usually called "The Sicilian Vespers 1 '; 1303, Roslin 
Castie in Scotland, battle of, English defeated by the Scots; 
1310, Rhodes taken by the Knights of St John; 1314, July 
25th, battle of B ANNOCKBURN; 1322, Muhldorf in Ger- 
many, battle of, between Frederick III. and Louis V. former 
defeated and made prisoner; Algiers, siege of, the first in- 
stance where unequivocal use of gun-powder is mentioned in 
history, west of China; 1346, Cressv in France, battle of 
5* 



.3! BATTLES AND SIEGES., 

French defeated by the English, 30,000 slain, among whom 
the king of Bohemia; 1356, Poictiers in France, battle of, 
English defeat the French, and capture king John and his son; 
1363, Auray, in Brittany; 1363, Brignai in Provence; 1371, 
Rochelle; 1388, July 31, Otterborn, between Hotspur and the 
earl of Douglas. 1388, September 21, Talcoping in Sweden, 
battle of, Margaret Waldeman defeated her rival, Albert, and 
secured the three crowns of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, 
which was confirmed by the union of Calmar; 1402, May 7, 
Nisbet, between English and Scots, when 10,000 of the latter 
were slain; 1402, Angonia in Galatia, battle of, July 1:8th, 
the Turks defeated by Tamerlane and Bajazet, their sultan, 
made prisoner; 1403, July 22, Shrewsbury; 1405, March 11 
and May 11, Monmouth, when the Welsh were defeated; 1410, 
Tanneburg, battle of, Teutonic Knights defeated by Jagellon, 
king of Poland; 1415. October 25, Agincourt; 1421, April 3, 
Beauge, where the duke of Clarence, and 1,500 English were 
killed; 1423, June, Crevent; 1424, August 16, Verneuil; 1429, 
June 10, Patay, under Joan of Arc; Varia, European Turkey; 
1444, Basil in Switzerland; 1452, Castillon, inGuienna; 1453, 
May 29th, Constantinople, besieged and taken by the Turks; 
1455, May 22, St. Albans; 1460, July 19, Northampton; 1460. 
December 31, Wakefield; 1461, St. Albans' on Shrove Tues- 
day; 1461, Mortimer's Cross; 1463, May 15, Hexham; 1469, 
July 26, Banbury; 1470, March 13, Stamford; 1471, April 
14, Barnet; 1471, May 4, Tewkesbury; 1476, TORO in Spain, 
battle of, between Ferdinand 1. of Spain, and Alphonsus V. of 
Portugal, latter defeated ; 1477, battle of, Morat, Charles the 
Bold, duke of Burgundy, defeated and mortally wounded by 
the Swiss: 1485, August 22, BOSWORTH; 1487, June 6, 
St'/ke; 1488, St. Aubm in France; 1495, French invade and 
seize the city and kingdom of Naples; 1497, June 22, Black- 
heath; 1503, April 28th. battle of Cerignole, which terminat- 
ed French power in Naples; 1509, Aignadel, where Louis 
XII. king of France defeated the Venetians; 1512, Bavenna, 
French defeat the Spaniards and Italians, but lose thei* gene- 
ral, the duke de Nemours, April 11th; 1513, September 9th, 
battle of Flodden, English under the earl of Surry, defeat the 
Scots, under their king James IV. who was killed; 1515. Sep- 
tember 13th and 14th, battle of Mariegnan between the 
French and Swiss, latter defeated; 1516, Algiers taken by 
Barbarossa, 1521; the Turks take Belgrade; 1522, the Turks 
take Rhodes; 1525, February 24, battle of Pavia, Francis I. 
king of France, defeated and made prisoner by the troops of 
Charles V.; 1526, Mohatz in Hungary, in which Le\s is II. 
was defeated and sinin by Solyman II. and Hungary overran 
by the Turks, and decided the political state of that country, 
for upwards of a century; 1529, Turks besh ge Vienna, but 
are repulsed by the Germans; 1544, April 11th, battle of Ce- 
tfsoles, Germans and Spaniards defeated by the French. 



BY LAND AND SEA. 55 

1547, The German protestants under the elector of Saxony, de- 
feated by Charles V. and the elector and landgrave of Hesse 
made prisoners at Mulburg, April 24th. 

1562, December 19th, battle ofDrenx, the first great conflict 
in the civil war enkindled in France between the Roman Ca- 
tholics and Protestants. 

1568, Winschoten, town of the Netherlands, near Groningen, 
battle of, the first conflict between the Spaniards and Dutch, 
in that war which produced the republic of the Seven United 
Provinces. 

1569, Jarnac in France, battle of, May 13th, and Moncontorn, 
same year, between the duke of Anjou and the Huguenots. 

1578, ALCAZAR,, in Africa, where the Portuguese army was de- 
feated, and their king Sebastian killed. 

1588, "THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA," defeated and almost arir 
nihilated in the English Channel. 

1600, July 2, battle of NIEUPORT, or TORHOUT— Spani- 
ards defeated by prince Maurice. 

1601, June 25th, siege of Ostend commenced, surrendered Sep- 
tember 10th, 1604. 

1631, August 28th, battle of Leipsic, in which Gustavus Adol- 
phus as general of the Evangelic League, defeated the Imperi- 
alists. 

1632, November 6, o. s. battle of Lutzen, in which the Imperial- 
ists are defeated, and Gustavus Adolplvjs killed. 

1642, Hopton-Heath in Staffordshire, March 19th, Worcester, 
September 23rd, and Edgehill, October 23rd, commence a ci- 
vil war in England. 

1643, May 18th, prince of Conde at ROAOY, defeats the Spa- 
niards. 

1658, Gravelines, battle of, Spaniards defeated by Turenne. 

1674,Seneffe, battle of, between the French and Dutch, August 
1st; at Mulhausen, December 19th, and Turkheim, Decem- 
ber 27th; in both the Imperialists defeated by Turenne. 

1683, September 14th, Turks utterly defeated at VIENNA, by 
the Poles and Germans. 

1687, August 4th, battle of Mohatz, in Hungary, the Turks de- 
feated by the Germans, and Hungary in the same year, crown 
of, declared hereditary in the house of Austria. 

1688, revolution in England, followed by war in Scotland and 
Ireland, in wnich, beside the decisive battle of the Boyne, ac- 
tions were fought at Killikrankie, 1689; Newton Butlers, 
1689; Aughrim, July 22nd, 1691 

General Battles on the Continent of Europe, from 1690 to 1702, were 
1690, August 8, Salusses in Piedmont; 1690, July 12, Fleurus in 
Flanders; 1691, Leuse, allies and French; 1699, Portsheim, 
Germans and French; 1692, Steinki.k, allies and French; 
1693, July 19, Landen, allies and French; 1 693. October 8, 
Marfaglia,Piedmontese and French; '693 Neckar, Germans 
and French; 1695, in Transylvania, allies and Turks; 1696, 



56 BATTLES AND SIEGES, 

Olasch, Germans and Turks; 1697, Zenia in Hungary, Ger- 
mans and Turks; 1700, December, Narva, by Charles XII. of 
Sweden; 1701, August 6, Chiari, French and allies; 1701, 
Riga, Russians and Poles; 1701, Carpi, in Modena, French 
and allies; 1702, Glissa, in Poland, Swedes and Saxons. 

1690, July 12th, Boyne, the exiled James II. defeated by king 
William. 

1692, January, naval battle of La Hogue, the French fleet under 
Tourville, defeated by the English. 

General Battles on the Continent of Ewope, from the commencement 
of the War of the Succession, 1702, to the Treaty ej J\ystadt, 
August 19th, 1721 

1702, Fridlingen, in Swabia, French and Germans; 1702, Vit- 
toria, French and allies; 1702, August 15, Lauzari, in Italy; 
170 , Pultusk, Poles and Swedes; 1703, June 30, Eckeren, in 
Brabant, French and Dutch; 1704, July 2, Donavert, French 
and Germans; 1704, Punits, Swedes and Saxons; 1704. Au- 
gust 2, Blenheim, allies and French; 1704, Schlemburg, 
Austrians and Bavarians; 1705, July, Mittau, Swedes and 
Russians; 1705, Cassano in Italy, French an.: allies; 1705, 
Trilemont, French and allies; 1706, Frandstadt, in Sile- 
sia, >wedes and Saxons; 1706, Calciato, in Italy, French and 
allies; 1706, Ramiles, Whitsunday, French avd allies; 1706, 
September 7, Turin, French and Germans; 1707, Offensburg, 
Germans and French; 1707, April, Calish, in Poland, Poles 
and Bavarians; 1707, Almanza, in Spain, allies and Spain; 

1708. June 30, Oudenard, French and allies; 1708, Holowzin, 
in Russia, 1708, Russians and Swedes; 1708, September 22, 
Czarnanapata, in Muscovy; 17('8,Lezno, in Poland, Russians 
and Swedes; 1708, GemaurthofF, in Poland, Russians and 
Swedes; 1708, September 28, Winnedale, French and allies; 

1709, May 17, Caya, French and allies; 1709, J ne 8. Pulto- 
wa, Russians and Swedes; 1709, September 11, Malplaqucte, 
French and allies; 1709, Rumersheim, French and Germans; 

1709, Guidina, allies and Spaniards; 1710, July 16. Alman- 
za, French and allies; 1710. Elsinburg, Swedes and Danes; 

1710, August 20, Saragossa, French and Germans; 1710, De- 
cember 12, Villa Viciosa, French and Germans; 1711, Arleux, 
allies and French; 1712, Gadebash, Swedes and Danes; 1712, 
Denain, in Netherlands, allies and French; 1713, Pulkona, 
Russians and Swedes; 1713, Fnburg French and Germans; 
1715, November 12, Preston, when the rebels were defeated 
in Scotland; 1715, November 13, Dumblain. rebels defeated 
in Scotland; 1716, August 5, Peterw arden, Austrian* and 
Turks; 1717, July 16, Belgrade, Austrians and Turks; 1718, 
December 11th, siege of Frederickshall, in Norway, where 
Charles XII. waskil>.d; 1719, June 10, Glonshields, in Scot- 
land. 



BY L\ND AND SEA. 57 

General Battles from the Treaty of-Vystailt, to the beginning of "The 

Seven Years War,' 1 1756. 
1733-4, February 98, between the Turks and the Persians, 
when Kouli Khan lost 10,000, and killed 20,000 men, before 
Babylon; 1734, June 29, Parma; 1734, August, Guistalla; 
1734, May 22, in Persia, where the Turks were totally defeat- 
ed by Kouli Khan, and lost near 60,000, a general and lis ba- 
shaws; 1734, Bitonto, Austrians and .-Spaniards; 1734, Parma, 
France and Spain against Austria; 17 A, S^cchia, French and 
Austrians; 1735, Turk* and Persians, 50,000 of the latter 
killed; 1737, July 27, Bagnialuk, in European Turkey, Rus- 
sians and Turks; 173S, Bog, Russians and Turks; 1739, Kros- 
ka, \ustrians and Turks; 1739, Kernal, Turks and Persians; 
1739, July 21, Choczim, in Hungary; 1741, Ap il 10, Mol- 
witz, Prussians and Austrians; 1741, July 23, vVilliamstadt, 
in Sweden, Swedes and Russians; 1742, April ft, Hilkersburg, 
Prussians and \ustrians; 1742, May 7, Cza3law, Prussians and 
Austrians; 1742, Teyn, Austrians and French; 1743, Brenau, 
Austrians and Bavarians; 1743, Campo Santo, Spaniards and 
allies; 1743, June 15, Dettingen, allies and French; 1744, 
Cani, allies and French and Spaniards; 1745, Landshut, Prus- 
sians and Austrians; 1745, June 4, Friedberg, Prussians and 
Austrians; 1745. April 30, Fontenoy; 1745, September 21, 
Preston-Pans; 1745, Erzerum, Turks anu Prussians; 1746, Ja- 
nuary 17, Falkirk, in Scotland; 1746, April 12, Rocoux, French 
and allies; 1746, April 17, Culloden, in Scotland; ) ?46, May 
31, St. Lazaro, French and allies; 1746, June 15, Placentia, 
Spaniards and allies; 1746, July 6, Exiles, in Piedmont, allies 
and French; 1747, June 20, Vail, in Flanders, allies and 
French; 1747, July 20, Lasseilt, allies and French; 1751, Ara- 
nia, in India; 1752, August 7, Bahoor, in India; 1755, July 9, 
Fort Du Quesne, North America — General BaArDOcx de- 
feated and killed, and the wreck of his army saved by the 
youthful major George Washington; 1755, September 8, Lake 
of St. George; 1755, Paraguay; Calcutta, in India, June 
1756, and in 1759. 

With the commencement of the seven years war, an era 
was opened in military tactics, which rendered operations of 
armies much more a matter of finance and intellectual ar- 
rangement, than as formerly, mere brutal force to force. Ar- 
mies became, like ships of war, mere manageable machines, 
producing more effect from their perfect organization, than 
from mere weight. It is risking nothing, therefore, to assert 
that the following battles from that of Lowochutz, to that of 
Freyberg, exhibited more science than all the previous con- 
tests between human beings, since the creation. 

1756, October 1, king of Prussia defeated the Austrians at Low- 

1757. May 6th, the king of Prussia defeats the Austrians, near 
Prague; June 18th. king of Prussia defeated by the Austrians, 



58 BATTLES AND SIEGES, 

under marshal Daun, at Kolin; battle of Plaissy, East-Indies, 
June 23d; Hastenbach, June 26th, French defeat the English 
and Germans; Hosbach, November 5th, the king of Prussia, 
with 22,000 men, defeats the combined army of 60,000 French 
and Austrians; Breslau, the Prussians defeated by the Aus- 
trians, November 22d ; Lissa, the Austrians defeated by the 
king of Prussia, December 5. 

1758, June 23rd, the French defeated at Crevelt, by prince Fer- 
dinand of Brunswick; the siege of Olmutz, by Daun, raised 
by the king of Prussia; Torndorf, August 25, the Russians de- 
feated by the king of Prussia; Landwernhagen, October 10th, 
English and Germans defeated by the French; Hochkirchen, 
October 14th, king of Prussia surprised and defeated by the 
Daun; prince Francis of Bevern, and marshal Keith were both 
slain in this battle; in October, the king of Prussia and his ge- 
nerals raise the sieges of Colberg, Neiss, Cosel, Torgan, Liep- 
sic and Dresden. 

1759, Minden, August 1st, French defeated by the English and 
Germans; Cunersdorf, opposite the city of Frankfort, on the 
Oder, August 12th, the king of Prussia defeated — this was a 
most sanguinary battle, the Prussians lost upwards of 20,000 
men dead on the field, and the Austrians and Russians, 10,000. 
QUEBEC, September 12th, English defeat the French on the 
plains of Abraham, in consequence of which, that city surren- 
ders on the 17th. 

1760, Corbach, July 10th, the French defeat the English and 
Germans; Lydorf, July 6th, French defeated by the English 
and Germans; Landschut, June 2:frd, the Austrians defeat the 
Prussians; Warburg. July 3, o. s., French defeated by the Eng- 
lish and Germans; Psaffendorf, August 15th, Austrians under 
general Landohn, surprised and defeated by the kiug of Prus- 
sia; Torgan, November 3rd, Austrians under Daun defeated 
by the king of Prussia. 

1761, Kirkdenchem, July 15th, French defeated by the English 
and Germans; Colberg, September 16th, Russians defeated by 
the Prussians. 

1762, Schwiednitz, October, surrenders to the king of Prussia; 
Freyberg, October 29th, prince Henry defeats the Austrians, 
and closed the great military operations of the seven years 
war. 

1769, Choczim, on the Dniester, battles at, April 30th, July 13th, 
and September 17th. between the Russians and Turks. 

1770, Russians defeat the Turks at Brailow. 

1775, Lexington, near Boston, April 19th, action, at which com- 
mences the revolutionary war; Bunker's Hill, June 17th; un- 
successful attempt of the Americans to storm Quebec, general 
Montgomery killed. 

1776, Charleston unsuccessfully attacked by the British, June 
28th; Staten Island, July 3rd, occupied by general Howe; 
Long-Island, battle of, August 27th; September 15th, New- 
York taken. 



BY LAND AND SEA. 55) 

1777, Ticondera taken by general Burgoyne, July 6th; Septem- 
ber 1 ith, outie o Brandy wine; September 26th, Philadelphia 
taken by tie Jntish; October 4th, badle of Germantown; Oc- 
tober 13th, general Burgoyne surrenders his army to general 
Gates. 

1778, June 28th, battle of Monmouth; naval action between the 
Engdsh and French, July 27th. 

1779, in July, the seige of Gibraltar commenced. 

1780, August 16th, battle of Camden; October 7th, battle at 
King s Mountain. 

1781, January 17th, British defeated by general Morgan at the 
Cowpens; March 15th, battle of Guiilord; September 8, 
battle of Eutaw Springs; YORK-TOWN, October 19th, the 
British army under lord Cornwailis, surrenders to general 
Washington, and decides the contest in favor of the United 
Colonies. For the events of the American war more in de- 
tail, see article United States. 

1787, October 9th, Amsterdam taken by the Prussians. 

1788, naval battle of Swenksand, between the Swedish and Rus- 
sian fleets. 

1789, Turks defeated at Foczani, by the Austrians. 

1791, Seringapatam, British East India Company and Tippo Sa- 
hib. At the same place 1792, the same opponents; Tippo 
reduced. April 30tb, 1791, the Freneh defeat the Austrians 
near Mous. 

1792, August 14th, Austrians defeated by the French near Long- 
wy; September 10, Grand-pre, when the French were de- 
feated; September 20, Valory, between the French and Aus- 
trians; October 2, Menehould, Prussians and French; October 
2, Conde, Austrians and French; October 27, Hanau, Austri- 
ans and French; November 4, Bossu, Austrians a. id French; 
November 6, Jamappe, when Dumourier entered Brabant; 
November 13, Arderlecht, Austrians and French; November 
17, Thirlemont, Austrians and French; November 27, Varoux, 
Austrians and French. 

1790, January 7, Hockheim, Austrians and French; February 
28, Vldenhoven, Austrians and French; January 15, Aix la 
Chapelle, Austrians and French; March 4, Tongres, Austrians 
and French; March 18, Jourvienden, near Thirlemont, Aus- 
trians and French; March 19, Thirlemont, Austrians and 
French; March 22, Lovaine, or the Iron Mountain, the 

Austrians and French; April 1, Coblentz, Austrians and 
French; April 7, Cassel, Austrians and French; May 8, Tour- 
nay, Austrians and English against the French; May 10, St. 
Amand and Maule, Austrians and English against the French; 
May 23, Valenciennes, allies and French, May 30, Manheim, 
allies and French; June 21, Furnes, Dutch and French; June 
26, Furnes, Austrians and French; July 18, Villier's, Austrians 
and French; August 9, Chambray, or Cesar's camp, Austrians 
and French; August 18, Lincelles, Austrians and French; Au- 
gust 21, Furnes, Austrians and Freneh; August 29, Rexmondj 



60 BATTLES AND SIEGES, 

Austrians and French; September 7, Dunkirk, English and 
French; September 11, Quesnoy, English and French; Sep- 
tember 12, Limbach, Austrians and French; September 15, 
Menin, Austrians and French; October 1, Toulon, English and 
French; October 14, Weissenburg, Austrians and French; Oc- 
tober 16, Maubeuge, allies and French; October 16, Thirle- 
mont, allies and French; October 20, Orchies, allies and 
French; October 25, Wan/.enaw, allies and Freneh; Novem- 
ber 29, Landau, allies and French; November 19, Toulon sur- 
rendered to the French; November 27, Lebach, surrendered 
to the French; December 1 1, Kousillon, Spaniards and French; 
December 20, Perpignan, Spaniards and French. 
1794, January 8, Oppenheim, allies and French; January 23, 
Waterloo, allies and French; March 1, V erwick, allies and 
Frcmh; March 19, Bayonne, Spaniards and French; March 
22, Perle, allies and French; March 28, Cateau, allies and 
French; April 4, Cracow, Russians and Poles; April 5, Durk- 
heim, allies and French; April 6, Piedmont, Sardinians and 
French; *pril 14, Crombech, allies and French; April 17, 
Arlon, allies and French; April 21, Warsaw, Russians and 
Poles; April 24, Landrecy, allies and French; April 24, Cam- 
bray, English and French; April 26, Cateau, English and 
French; April 29, Courtray, allies and French; 1794, May 5, 
Ostend, allies and French; May 1, Montesquan, Spaniards and 
French; May 2, Aost, Sardinians and French; May 8, Saor- 
gia, Sardinians and F ench; May 10, 1 ournay, English and 
Fr nch; May 12, Courtray, allies and French; May 16, Mons, 
allies and French; May 18, Tonrnay. English and French; 
May 18, Bouillon, allies and French, May 22, Tournay, allies 
and French; May 23. Lautern, allies and I rench; June 3, Li- 
thuania, Russians and Poles; June 3, Piliczke, Russians and 
Poles; June 14, Barcelona, Spaniards and I rench; June 17, 
Charleroi, Dutch and French; June 17, Cracow, Prussians 
and Poles; June 26 Aost, Sardinians and French; June 26, 
Puycerda, Spaniards and French; July 7, Blonie, Russians 
and P' les; July 12, Manheim. allies and French; July 19, Dor- 
bilos, Prussians and Poles; August 2, Fontarabia, ^Spaniards 
and French; August 22, Zegree, Prussians and Poles; Au- 
gust 26, Bellesjarde, Spaniards and French; September 8, 
Valley of Leira Spaniards and French; September 18, Maes- 
richt, allies and French; September 20, Clermont, allies and 
French; September 2 !, Piedmont, allies and French; Septem- 
ber 24, Posnania, Prussians and Poles; September 25, Kophir 
Bazee, Russians and Poles; September 31, Milan, Sardinians 
and French; October 2, Emmerick, allies and French; Octo- 
ber 12, Warsaw, Poles totally defeated by the Prussians, &c; 
October 20, Druten, English and French; October 28, Pampe- 
luna, Spaniards and French; November 4, Nimeguen, allies 
and French; Novem' er 16, Sendomir, Poles and Prussians, 
&c ; November 25, Navarre, Spaniards and French; Decem- 
ber 1, Mentz, allies and French. 



BY LAND AND SEA, 61 

1795, January 11, on the Waal; January 18, Nantes, between 
the Chouans and republicans; March 5, Catalonia; March 3 and 
18, Neve Munster, where the French were repulsed; April 5, 
at Figueras, the Spaniards were defeated; April 12, Pied- 
mont, the Piedmontesc were defeated; June 14, Pontas, in 
Catalonia, where the French were defeated; June 14, 27, 
and July 1, Piedmont, when the French were defeated; 
July 2, Pampeluna, when the French were defeated; July 17, 
Bilboa, when the Spaniards were defeated; July 21, Quiberon, 
the emigrants were defeated; July 30, Urutia, when the 
French were defeated; August 14, Vittoria, when the Spani- 
ards were defeated; August 20, Piedmont, the Austrians were 
defeated; August 31, La Pietra, when the French were de- 
feated; September 19, on the Lahn, when the French were 
defeated; September 23, Manheim, the Austrians were defeat- 
ed; October 1, Piedmont, when the French were defeated; 
October 11, on the Mayne, when the French were totally 
defeated; October 29, Mentz, when the French were defeat- 
ed; November 8. Wormes, the French were defeated; No- 
vember 22, Moselle, the French defeated; November 28, 
Deux Ponts, the French defeated; December 8, Alsentz, the 
French defe .ted. 

1796, April 14, Piedmont, Sardinians were totally defeated by 
the French; May 11, Lodi, French and Austrians; Way 29, 
Mantua, French defeated; June 4, French defeated near 
Wetziar; June 20, French under Jourdan, defeated by general 
Kray, near Kirpen: July 6, Austrians defeated by Jourdan; 
July 8, the archduke repulsed by the French; July 31, Man- 
tua's siege raised, when the French left behind them 140 can- 
non, 100,000 shells, balls, &c ; Augus* 11, the Austrians were 
defeated by general Jourdan; August 18, Jourdan was defeat- 
ed by the archduke near Nuremberg', August 24, the French 
were defeated by the Austrians near Neuweid and Amberg; 
September 11, Jourdan was defeated near Munich; again, 
near Limberg, September 18, and on the following day at 
Ishy on the Leek. 

1797, January 19 and 27, between the Austrians and Buonaparte, 
in Italy, when the Austrians were defeated; April 21, Buona- 
parte defeated the archduke; May 7, the Austrians were 
again defeated on the Upper Rhine, when the French took 
Frankfort, Cehl, &c 

1798, September 19, the Swiss troops were totally defeated by 
the French, and their independency abolished ; May 22, be- 
tween the Irish rebels and the king's forces at Kilcullen— Na- 
as, May 23; the same day at Stratford upon Slaney; at Hack- 
estown, May 25; at Dunleven, May 25; at Taragh, May 26; 
at Carlow, May 27; at Monastereven the same day; at Kildare, 
May 28; at Ballacanoe, and at Newtonberry, June 1; at New- 
Ross, June 5; at Antrim, the same day; at Acklow, June 9; 
at Ballynahinch, June 13; at Ovidstown, June 19 j at Bal~ 

6 



62 BATTLES AND SIEGES, 

lynarush, June 20; at all of which places the insurgents 
were defeated. In Connaught, wheie the French aid- 
ed the Irish rebels, and were all taken prisoners, September 7. 

1799, January 18, near Naples, between the French and Neapo- 
litans; March 14 and 26, the archduke Charies totally de- 
feated the French, and took 2000 prisoners, &c. near Stock- 
ash; the French were defeated near Verona, March 5, 25 and 
26, with great loss; and again 30th and April 5; the Austri- 
ans defeated the French in Italy, April 9 and 30th, near Cre- 
mona; the Russians defeated the French near Milan, April 27, 
11,000 killed and taken prisoners; the French were defeated 
near Cassano, April 27; Buonaparte was repulsed against 
Acre, by the Turks and sir S. Smith, April 16; the French 
were defeated near the Adda, March 26, 31 and May 5; Su- 
warrow's army defeated the French, under Moreau, near 
Alessandria, May 17; the French were defeated at Zurich, 
and lost 4000 men, June 4; Suwarrow defeated the French 
under Macdonald, June 19, when the French lost 18,268 men, 
7 pieces of cannon, and 8 standards; Tippo Saib was defeated 
and slain, near Periapatam, in the East Indies, by the English 
forces, May 4, with considerable slaughter; the Austrians 
were defeated near Coire, by general Massena, when captain 
D'Ausenberg and 700 men, were taken prisoners, May 7; the 
archduke defeated Jourdan, April 2; general Kray defeated 
general Scherer, commanding the French in Italy, April 18; 
Suwarrow defeated the French, in forcing the passage of the 
Adda, May 23; Buonaparte was defeated before Acre by sir 
Sidney Smith, May 27; the French were defeated at Naples 
by cardinal Ruffo, June 5; Suwarrow defeated Macdonald, 
near Parma, with the loss of 10,000 men, and four generals, 
July 12; Suwarrow defeated general Moreau, July 13; Jou- 
bert was totally defeated by Suwarrow, and was killed, Au 
gust 15, at Novi, with 10,000 killed, 400 prisoners, and al 
the artillery; the French were defeated near Tranto, June 
19; the French were defeated near Manheim, August 12; the 
imperialists were defeated near Zurich, September 24; the 
French were defeated near Mondovi, November 6; near Phi- 
lipsburgh. when the French lost 4000 men, December 8; near 
Coni, which place surrendered to the Austrians, December 4; 
near Genoa, when the Austrians were defeated and 300 men 
taken, December 12. 

1800, Novi. January 8, Austrians and French; Savona. in Italy, 
April 3, Austrians and French; Veragio, April 10, French de- 
feated; Stockach, May 1, Austrians defeated; Moskirch, May 
3, Austrians defeated; Riss, May 9, Austrians lost 500 men; 
Broni, June 10, by which the French became possessed of Ita- 
ly, from Milan to Placentia; Marengo, 6000 Austrians killed, 
8000 prisoners, and 45 pieces of cannon taken, July 21; Ho- 
henlinden, Austrians defeated, November 3; on the Mincio, 
December. 25, Austrians defeated. 



BY LAND AND SEA. 63 

1801, Rhamonia, in Egypt, French defeated by the English^ 
March 21. 

180 '., Eas; Indies, between Scindiah and the English, former de- 
feated, August 11. 

1804, Ferruckabad, East Indies, English victorious, Novem- 
ber 17. 

1805, Bhurtpore, East Indies, Jeswunt Rao Holkar, defeated by 
the English, April 2; Guntzburgh, French and Austrians, 
French victorious, October 2; Ulm, French and Austrians (un- 
der Mack) latter taken prisoners, October 19; Moelk, French 
and Austrians, latter beaten, November 10; Austerlitz, French 
against Austrians and Russians, French victorious, Decem- 
ber 2. 

1806, Maida, French and English, the former defeated, July 6; 
Castel-Nuova, French and Russians, latter defeated Septem- 
ber 29; Auerstadt, or Jena, French and Russians, latter 
beaten, October 13. 

1807, Eylau, French and Prussians, latter defeated February 7; 
Friedland, in which the Russians were defeated with dreadful 
slaughter, June 14. 

1808, Baylen, the French under Dupont defeated by the Spani- 
ards, July 20; Vimiera, in which the whole of the French 
force, under general Junot, was defeated by sir Arthur Wel- 
lesiey, August 21; Tudela, Spaniards beaten by the French, 
November 23. 

1809, Corunna, French and English, the former defeated Janu- 
ary 16; Braga, Portuguese defeated by the French, March 
19; Medellin, Spaniards defeated by the French, March 28; 
Piaffe nhoffen, Austrians defeated by the French, April 19; 
Abensberg, Austrians defeated by the French, April 20; 
Landshut, Austrians defeated by the French, April 21; Eck- 
mull, Austrians defeated by the French. April 22; Ebersberg, 
Austrians defeated by the French, May 3; Oporto, French de- 
feated by sir A. Wellesley, May 11; Aspern and Essling, 
French and Austrians, dreadful slaughter on both sides, May 
21 and 22; Raab, Austrians defeated by the French, June 14; 
Wagram, Austrians defeated by the French, July 5; Talavera 
de la Reyna, French defeated by the English and Spaniards, 
July 27; Ocana, Spaniards defeated by the French, Novem- 
ber 19. 

1810, Buzaco, French repulsed with great slaughter by the alli- 
ed army under lord Wellington, September 27. 

1811, PIa,near Tarragona, Italian division of the French army, 
repulsed by the Spanish general Sarsfield, January 15; Lafe- 
sat, Turks defeated by the Russians, February 11 ; Barossa, the 
French under general Victor, defeated by general Graham, 
March 5; Parma, French surprised by general Ballasteros, 
and general Renon's detachment dispersed, March 10; Albue- 
ra, French repulsed with the loss of 9000 men, by marshal 
Beresford, May 16; Buenos Ayres and Monte Video, between 



C4 BATTLES AND SIEGES, 

the troops of, in which those of the latter were defeated, 
ed, May 18; August 9th, the Spaniards under general Godinot 
defeated at Baza, by Soult; Radshuck, Turks defeated by the 
Russians, June 4, and again October 14; Zimena, a division 
of Soult's army, defeated by general Ballasteros, September 
18; Ciudad Rodrigo, between the French and the allied ar- 
mies under lord Wellington, ending in the orderly retreat of 
the latter, September 25; Puch, near Saguntum, general Blake 
defeated by the French under general Suchet, October 25; 
Cavares and Merida, the French under general Girard, sur- 
prised and routed by general Hill, October 28. 
1812, Plains of Hornos. Spaniards defeated by the French, June 
1; Castalla, arm) under general O'Donnel, defeated by the 
French, July 21; Salamanca, French defeated with great 
slaughter, by lord Wellington, July 22; Mohilow, Russians 
under prince Bragrathion, defeated by the French under ge- 
neral Davoust, July 23; Ostroono, Russians defeated by the 
French, July 25-28; Polotsk, French under marshal Oudinot, 
defeated by the Russians under count Witgenstein, July 30 
and 31 — the same armies contended the next day, when the 
Russians were defeated; Dressa, Russians defeated by the 
French, August; Smolensko, Russians defeated by the French, 
and abandoned the town, August 16; Banks of the Duna, near 
Polotsk, several severe actions between the Russians and 
French, in which success was nearly hnlnnr.p.d, August 16 and 
17; Heights of Valentina, between the French and Russians, 
which terminated in the retreat of the latter, August 19; 
Moskwa (or Borodino) between the French and Russians, 
dreadful carnage on both sides, each claiming the victory, 
September 7; Queen's Town, Canada, army of the United 
States defeated by the British, October 13; Polotsk, French 
defeated by the Russians, and the place taken by storm, Oc- 
tober 20; Malo-Yaroslavetz, Russians and French, victory 
claimed by each, October 24; Visma, French under Ney and 
Davoust, defeated by the Russians, November 3; Dorogo- 
budsch, French driven from, by the Russians, under Platoff, 
with great slaughter, November 7; Witepsk, French under 
general Victor, defeated by the Russians under Witgenstein, 
with the loss of 3000 men, November 14; Krasnoi, French 
army under Davoust completely destroyed or dispersed by 
Kutusoff, November 16; Ney's corps, 12,000 of which laid 
down their arms, defeated by the Russian general Millarado- 
vitch, November 17; Borisow, Russians under count Lam- 
bert defeated Dornbrowski's Polish division, November 21; 
Berezina, terminated in the capture, by general Witgenstein, 
of a French division of 8,800 men, November 28; Wilna, 
French column destroyed near that to^ n by Platoff, and a ge- 
neral and 1000 prisoners taken, December 11 ; Kowno, French 
defeated by the Russians, with the loss of 6000 prisoners, a»d 
21 pieces of cannon, December 14. 



BY LAND AND SEA. 65 

1813, Kalitch, Saxons, under the French general Regnier, de- 
feated by the Russian general Winzingerode, with the loss of 
many officers and 2000 privates, February; French Town, 
Canada, American general Winchester defeated, and made 
prisoner by colonel Proctor, January 22; Bejar, in Spain, 
French defeated by general Hill and the allied Spaniards, 
February 20; Lunenburg, French defeated by the united army 
of Russians and Prussians, with the loss of general Morand, 
100 officers, 2,200 privates, and 9 pieces of cannon, April 2; 
Castalla, French under Suchet, defeated by general Murray, 
and the allied Spaniards, April 13; Mobile taken by a body 
of the American army 15th April; York, in Upper Canada ta- 
ken, general Pike killed, April 27; Lutzen, between the alli- 
ed army of Russians and Prussians, great, slaughter on both 
sides, and victory claimed by each, May 2; Mockern, Beau- 
harnois defeated with great loss by the Russians and Prussi- 
ans, April 5; Alberstadt, French division defeated by the 
Russian general Czenicheff, May 7; Konigswerden, French 
defeated by the allied army of Russians and Prussians under 
generals Barclay de Tolly and D'Yorck, May 19; Konigswer- 
den, second battle, which ended in the falling back of the al- 
lies, May 20; Wurtzschen, between the allied army of Rus- 
sians and Prussians, and the French under Napoleon, dread- 
ful carnage oi. both sides, the allies retreated, May 21; Mia- 
mi, Americans defeated by colonel Proctor, May ; Fort George 
on the Niagara, British defeated by the Americans, May 27; 
Burlington Heights, Americans defeated by the British June 
6; Vittoria, French under Joseph Buonaparte, defeated by 
lord Wellington and the allied Spaniards, June 21; Valley of 
Bastan, general Hill and the allied Spaniards, attacked by 
Soult, and obliged to retreat, July 24; Hampton, takeu by 
the British, June 25; Pyrenees, Soult defeated, with immense 
slaughter by lord Wellington and the combined Spaniards, 
July 28; San Marcial, Soult defeated by the Spaniards, July 
31; defeated again August 4, and driven from the Pyrenees; 
Bober, banks of, Prussians under Blucher defeated by the 
French under Napoleon, August 21; Golsberg, Prussians un- 
der Blucher defeated by the French, August 22;Jouer, French 
under Macdonald defeated, with immense loss, by Blucher, 
August 26 and 27; before Dresden, allied army of Austrians, 
Russians, and Prussians, defeated by the French, August 
28; Tophtz, French defeated by the allied Austrians, Rus- 
sians and Prussians, August 30; Dennewitz, French defeated 
by the Crown Prince of Sweden, with great loss, September 
8; Ordal, Pass of, colonel Adams, and the combined Spaniards 
and Portuguese, defeated by Soult, September 12; Donutz, 
French under Davoust, defeated by Walmoden, Sept. 16; Els- 
ter, French under Bertrand, defeated by Blucher, October 3; 
Moravian village, on the Thames, Canada, the British defeated 
by the Americans, October 5; Mockern, between the French 
6* 



66 BATTLES AND SIEGES, 

and the allied army of Austrians, Russians and Prussians, a 
desperate conflict, the place having been taken and retaken 
live times, which ended in the defeat of the French, Octo- 
ber 14; before Leipsic, a general engagement between the 
same armies, in which no ground was gained by either, Octo- 
ber 16; before Leipsic, anothei general engagement, of which 
the result was a loss to the French of 40,000 me , in killed, 
■wounded and prisoners, 65 pieces of artillery, and the deser- 
tion of seventeen German battalions, October 18; Hanau, 
French defeated by the combined Austrian and Bavarian ar- 
my, under general Wrede, October 29; Hanau, another severe 
engagement between the same armies, in which Wrede was 
taken prisoner, and the allies driven from the place, October 
30; St Jean de Luz, between the allied armies under lord 
Wellington, and the French under Soult, when the latter were 
driven farther into France, November 10; Passage of the 
Neve, several engagements between the allied army under 
lord Wellington and the French, during which two German 
regiments came over to the allies, and the French were driven 
to their intrenchments, December 10-13; Christler's Points, 
Upper Canada, Americans defeated by the British under colo- 
nel Pearson, November 11; Black-rock, American general 
Hull defeated by the British general Riall, December 30; Pro- 
vince of Valladolid, three battles, in which the forces of 
Morelos, and other insurgent chiefs, were defeated by the 
Bey lists, with the loss of 1500 men and 30 pieces of can- 
non. December. 
1814, Bozzolo, on the Mincio, Austrians defeated by the French 
under Beauharnois, January 7 and 8; Marne, advanced guard 
of Schwartzenberg defeated by the French, January 27th; 
Brienne, allied army of Russians and Prussians defeated, and 
the place taken by the French, January 29; Rothiere. French 
under Napoleon defeated by the allied Russians and Prussians 
"with the loss of 3000 prisoners and 36 pieces of cannon, Feb- 
ruary 1; Champ-aubert, Russian division under general Alsa- 
iief defeated by the French under Napoleon, February 10th; 
Champ-aubert, division of Blucher's army, under generals 
JSacken and D'Yorck, attacked by the French under Napoleon, 
in whose favour it terminated, February 12th; Janvilliers, 
Blucher's army attacked by the French and driven back to 
Chalons, February 14; Garris, French defeated by the allied 
Spaniards under general Morello and general Stewart, Feb- 
ruary 15; Nangis, advanced guard of Witgenstein's corps, un- 
der count Pahlen. defeated by the French under Napoleon, 
February 17; Bridges of the Seine, at Montereau and Bray, 
thf prince of Wurtemberg defeated by Napoleon, February 
18th; Orthes. French defeated by the allied Spaniards under 
general Hill, February 25; Reggio, French defeated by the 
kins; of Naples, March 5; Laon, French defeated by prince 
William of Prussia, March 9; Passage of the Taro, French 



BY LAND AND SEA. £7 

defeated by the king of Naples, March 12; Rheims, allied 
Russians and Prussians defeated by the French, March 13th; 
Tarbes, Soult defeated by Lord Wellington, March 20; Arcis- 
sur-Aube, French defeated by the prince of Wurtemberg, 
March 21 j Fere Champenoise, the corps of generals Mar- 
mont, Mortier, and Arrighi, surprised and defeated by gene- 
ral Schwartzenberg, and a convoy taken, March 25; Heights 
of Fontenoy, Romainville, and Belville, French army out of 
Paris under Joseph Bounaparte, Marmont and Mortier, de- 
feated by the allied Austnans, Russians and Prussians, March 
30th; Action of La Cole Mill, March 31; Toulouse, French 
defeated by Lord Wellington, April 10 j Arazua,, valley of, 
between the Insurgents of the Carracas and the Royalists, in 
which the latter obtained a complete victory, June 18; Fort 
Erie taken by general Brown, July 3; Chippewa, British un- 
der general Riall defeated by the Americans under general 
Brown, July 5; Niagara, British under generals Drummond 
and Riall defeated by the Americans under generals Brown, 
Scott and Ridley — a most sanguinary battle — general Riall 
taken prisoner, July 25; Fort Erie, battle of, August 15; Bla- 
densburg and capture of Washington, August 24; Plattsburg, 
British defeated by the Americans under general Macomb, 
September 11; NorthPoint, near Baltimore, the British gen- 
eral Ross killed, September 12; Lyon Creek, action at, Octo- 
ber 19th. 

1815, New-Orleans, after the British having been twice repuls- 
ed, were signally defeated by the Americans under general 
Jackson, January 8; Ferrara, Neapolitans under Murat de- 
feated by the Austrians April 12; Tolentino, between the 
Austrians under general Bianchi and the Neapolitans under 
Murat, ending, after two engagements, in the retreat of Mu- 
rat, May 2 and 3; Ligny, Prussians under prince Blucher, af- 
ter a desperate conflict, defeated by the French, with the loss 
of fifteen pieces of cannon, June 16; WATERLOO, in which 
the whole French army, with Bounaparte at its head, was de- 
feated by the English and Prussians with immense slaughter, 
June 18. 

1818, Seminoles defeated and dispersed by general Jackson in 
April; Maipo in Chili, April 5th, in which the Spanish power 
in that country was utterly broken by general San Martin. 

1826, Mezzalonghi in Romalia taken by storm by the Turks, the 
garrison massacred, and the women and children sold as 
slaves, April 23. 

1828, Navarino, naval battle in the port of, in Oetober, between 
the combined British, French and Russian fleets and the Turks, 
latter defeated. 

Battles at Sea, for a general list of, see Sea Fights. 

Bantzen, battle of. May 20th, 1813, Russians and Prussians. 

Bayonets invented at Bayonne, in France, 1670; first used ia 
England September 24th, 1693. 



70 BIBLE. 

16th verse; the word and occurs in the Old Testament 35,535 
times; the same word in the New Testament occurs 10,684 
times; the word Jehovah occurs 6,855 times. 

Old Testament. — The middle book is Proverbs, the middle chap- 
ter is the 29th of Job; the middle verse is in the 2d boi k of 
Chronicles 20th chapter, and 18th verse; the least verse is 
the 1st book of Chronicles, 1st chapter, and 1st verse. 

New Testament. — The mi die is the Thessalonians, 2d: the mid- 
dle chapter is between the 13th and 14th of the Romans; the 
middle verse is the 17th of the 17th chapter of the Acts; the 
least verse is the 35th verse of the 11th chapter of the Gospel 
bv St. John. 

The 21st verse of the 7th chapter of Ezra has all the letters of 
the alphabet in it. 

The 19th chapter of the 2d book of Kings, and the 37th chapter 
of Isaiah, are alike. 

The book of Esther has 10 chapters, but neither the words Lord 
nor God in it. 

The following is a chronological list of different versions and edi- 
tions of the scriptures: First translated into the Saxon language 
939. Hebrew — first printed Hebrew Bible done at Soncinum 
in Italy, at Naples, 1487; complete of the whole Bible, at 
Soncinum, 1488; at Venice, by Bomberg, 1518 — and at the 
same epoch in Spain, under Cardinal Ximenes, in 1526 — 28, 
the first edition of B. Chaim. Basil, 1534; in 1549, by B. 
Chaim; in 1572, the Royal or Spanish Polyglott, 8 vols at 
Antwerp; third edition of B. Chaim's Bible, 1618; in 1623, at 
Venice; Amsterdam, 1724—27; Pans ib41, lOfol. vol*. Poly- 
glott; London Polyglott, 1757. 

Bibles, Hebrew, in quarto — Paris, R. Stephens, 1539—1534; Ant- 
werp, 1571; Geneva, 1619. Amsterdam 1635, and again 1639; 
Venice 1639; Amsterdam, by Athias. 1661 and 1667, Frank- 
fort 1677. Berlin 1699; Leusden's last edition of Athias, 1705; 
Dr. Kennicott's, 1776—1780; Parma, by De Rossi, 1784— 
1785—1786. 

Bible, Greek, first printed was the Complutersian in Spain, 1514; 
Venice 1518; Strasberg 1526; Hamburgh 1596; Frankfort, 
1597, Rome 1587—1588; Paris 1628; Oxford 1707, Frane- 
ker 1709. 

Bibles, Latin, see Vulgate. 

Bibles in the modern languages of Europe were first printed 
in Holland 1478, French 1495, German 1524 Italian 1530; 
English, by Tindal, 1534— by Miles Coverdale, 1535; Swed- 
ish 1546; Spanish at Ferrara, 1553, Welsh 1588. 

Bibles, Oriental, are Samaritan, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabac, 
Coptic, Sahidic or Upper Egypt, Ethopic, Armenian, Geor- 
gian, Persian, &c. 

Bibles, Indian, by the Society for propagating the Gospel 
in New England, at Cambridge, 1661-1664; in the Natick 
language; by Elliott at Cambridge, in 4to. 1685. 



BIBLE. 71 

Bibles, first printed in the United States. In consequence 
of the revolutionary war, bibies became scarce and dear. 
Robert Aitkin, printer of Philadelphia, September 12th, 1782, 
published an edition Tne Reverend Dr V\ illiam White, 
and the Reverend Mr. Duiheld had been appointed to exam- 
ine it, and reported favorably. Congress itself recommend- 
ed the book to the people, but neglected to provide for com- 
petition in the sales; made peace, and British bibles coming 
into the market, the meritorious publisher was severely in- 
jured. 

Bible Societies — see Societies. The following is part of the 
report made to the American Bible Society, at its annual ses- 
sion in New- York, last year: 

"The past year has been one of great prosperity to the Bi- 
ble cause. A rlp.p.p interest was excited at the last annual 
meeting, and a new zeal enkindled. 

Books Printed. — The whole number of books printed the 
past year, or now in press, amount to 118,750, viz: 

English Bibles 65,250 

English Testaments 53,000 

German Bibles f 500 

118,750 

Books Issued.— From the 1st of May, 1827, to the 1st May, 
1828, there have been issued from the depository: 

Bibles in English 73,426 

Testaments in tnglish 57,075 

Bibles in Spanish • • 1,643 

Testaments in Spanish 1,447 

Bibles in French 299 

Testaments in French 270 

German Bibles 312 

German Testaments 88 

Welch B bles 43 

Dutch Bibles 10 

Gaelic 1 

Portuguese Testaments J 1 

Mohawk Gospels ♦ • • 4 

Making an aggregate of 134,620 

Being an increase over the issues of the eleventh year of 
62,986- The whole number of issues since the formation, is 
646,275. Of the issues of the la t, 127,347 have been by di- 
rect sale, and 7,260 as gratuitous distribution. 
Bigamy, statute of, passed in England, 1689. 



72 



BILLS OF MORTALITY. 



Bills of exchange first mentioned, 1160; used in England, 1307; 
the only mode of sending money from England b) law, 1381. 

Bills of mortality for London began 1538. The following table 
or bill of mortality for London, was compiled from an Eng- 
lish system of chronology, from 1772 to 1822, and serves to 
exhibit the chances of life, for fifty consecutive years, in the 
largest aggregation of mankind in the world, out of China. 

In one respect, it is peculiarly interesting. At the epoch 
of its commencement, the deaths in London greatly exceeded 
the births; at the close, the very reverse. 

Table of the Births and Deaths in London, from 1772 to 1821, 
inclusive. 



Year. 


Born. 


Died. 


Year. 


Born. 


Died. 


1772 


17,916 


26,053 


1797 


18,645 


17,314 


1773 


16,805 


21,656 


1798 


17,947 


18,057 


1774 


16,998 


20,884 


1799 


18,970 


18,184 


1775 


17,629 


20,514 


1800 


19,176 


23,068 


1776 


17,279 


19,043 


, 1801 


17,814 


18,774 


1777 


18,300 


23,334 


1802 


19,918 


19,379 


1778 


17,300 


21,399 


1803 


20,943 


19,582 


1779 


16,769 


20,420 


1804 


21,543 


17,038 


1780 


16,634 


20,507 


1805 


20,295 


17,567 


1781 


17,026 


20,409 


1806 


20,380 


17,938 


1782 


17,101 


17,918 


1807 


19,716 


18,- 34 


1783 


17,091 


19,029 


1808 


19,906 


19,954 


1784 


17,179 


17,828 


1 1809 


19,622 


16,680 


1785 


17.919 


18,919 


1810 


19,930 


19,892 


1786 


18,139 


20,454 


1811 


20,645 


17,043 


1787 


17,508 


19.349 


1812 


20,399 


19,089 


1788 


19,555 


19,697 


1813 


21,528 


17,323 


1789 


18,163 


22,769 


1814 


20,170 


19.738 


1790 


18,980 


18,038 


1815 


23,414 


19,560 


1791 


18,496 


18,760 


1816 


20,581 


20,816 


1792 


19,348 


20,313 


1817 


24,199 


19,966 


1793 


19,108 


21,747 


1818 


24,233 


19,705 


1794 


19,689 


19,241 


1819 


24,300 


19.228 


1795 


18,363 


21,179 


1820 


26 158 


19,348 


1796 


18,361 


21,179 


1821 1 


25,232 


18,451 



BILLS OF MORTALITY. 



73 



I'able of the proportion of deaths to the entire population of the cities 
of Boston, Neio-York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, 
for a period of seven years, viz from 1820 to 1826, inclusive, viz. 





Cu 


O* 


Cl, 


a. 


a* 






CO ** 


CO 
S3 


CD 


CO 

&2 


s ^ 




CD 


P C. 

ew S 


en O 


C p 
p J?. 

w 3 


CT-CD 
en ^ 

p ' 

en «* 


S 1 ci 

en p 

C/J CD 




o°2. 


o i 3 


o o 


o 2 


o -5* 






5 ° 

CO B 


s 

CO 


CO » 


O * 


S 5" 






5' 


5' 


B" 


5' 


D* 




1820 


40.51 


39.83 


38.60 


35.16 


33.90 




1821 


38.72 


32.73 


32.07 


37.01 


36.82 




1822 


48.13 


40 88 


28.71 


43.04 


33.21 




1823 


41.40 


45.10 


32.54 


42.85 


26.46 




1824 


52.57 


42.30 


48.14 


36.05 


28.26 




1825 


70 00 


40 19 


47 12 


33.09 


33.29 




1826 


57.41 


49.13 


39.01 


35.42 


31.22 




Aver. 


49.82 


41.45 


38.02 


37.52 


31.88 


39.74 



The four last columns of this table are taken from a valuable 
pamphlet, lately published in New- York, by Drs. Niles and 
Russ; and are calculated "from authentic bills of mortality 
in the respective cities." "The most recent censuses have 
served as a basis for estimating the population, on the sup- 
position that the increase has been regularly progressive from 
one of these periods to another." The column for Washing- 
ton has been prepared from the same data, assuming the in- 
crease since 1820, to have been 3000, which is probably less 
than the actual number. From this statement, it appears, 
that in Philadelphia about one person in about thirty-two dies 
annually, being about three per cent.; in New-York one in 
574, or 2s per cent.; in Baltimore, one in 38, or 21 per cent, 
nearly; in Boston, one in 414, or nearly 24 per cent.; and in 
Washington, one in about 50, or 2 per cent. 

The average of the four first cities is one in 37.22; so that 
the chance of life in Washington is to that in the other cities 
as four to three in favor of the former. In 1825, the most 
healthy year in Washington, but one died in 70; while in 
Boston, one in 49 died in 1826, which is the least number in 
either of the other cities, in any one year, beins: in the propor- 
tion of upwards of 7 to 5 in favor of Washington. In 1821, 
the most unhealthy year, the proportion was one in 88.72, 
which is less than the average of the four other cities for the 
seven years; while the greatest proportion in either of them 
was one in 2646, in 1823, being nearly 3 to 2 in favor of 
Washington. The average of the whole is about one in 40, 
or 24 per cent.; and if this be taken as the standard for the 
7 



74 BISHOPS. 

whole country, which is perhaps near the truth, and the po- 
pulation estimated at 12,000,000, it will give 300,000 deaths 
per annum, or upwards of one in every two minutes. 

National Intelligencer, July 31st, 1827. 

Birth remarkable — Ellen Ellis, at Beumaris, in Anglesy, aged 
72, was brought to bed May 10, 1776; she had been married 
46 years, and her eldest was 45 years old. She had not had 
a child for twenty-five years before- 

Bishops, their translation first instituted, 239; were appointed 
by the people, 400; first in England, 694; first iii Denmark, 
939; made barons, 1072; precedency settled, 1075; banished 
England, 1208; consented to be tributary to Rome, 1245; de- 
prived of the privilege of sitting as judges in capital offences, 
1388; the first that suffered death in England, by the sentence 
of the civil power, 14 5; elected by the kings conge d'dire, 
1535; held their sees during pleasure, 1547; form of consecra- 
tion ordained, 1549; seven deprived for being married, 1554; 
several burnt for not changing their religion, 1555; fifteen 
consecrated at Lambeth, 1559; expelled Scotland, 1589; 
twelve impeached, and committed for protesting against any 
law passed in the house of lords during the time the populace 
prevented their attending parliament, 1641; their whole or- 
der abolished by parliament, October 9, 1646; nine restored, 
and eight new ones consecrated, October 25, 1660; regained 
their seats in the house of peers, November 30, 1661; seven 
committed to the tower for not ordering the king's declara- 
tion for liberty of consciences to be read throughout their di- 
oceses, 1688; six suspended for not taking the oaths to king 
William, 1689; deprived, 1690. 

Bishops in North America — besides a Roman Catholic, 
there is a Protestant bishop in Canada, first appointed in 
1793. One for Nova Scotia, first appointed 1787. First Pro- 
testant Bishop for the United States, was the right reverend 
S. Seabury, consecrated at Aberdeen in Scotland, November 
14th, 1784. The right reverend William White, of Philadel- 
phia, and the right reverend Samuel Provost, of New-York, 
were afterwards consecrated in London, by the archbishop of 
Canterbury, the archbishop of York, the bishops of Bath and 
Wells, and of Petersburg, being present, and assisting. The 
right reverend John Carroll, the first Roman Catholic Bishop 
for the United States, consecrated in England, in 1789; after- 
wards became the first archbishop in the United States. The 
society of V.efhodists and that of the Moravians, are also ru- 
led by bishops; the latter acknowledged regularly by an act 
of parliament of England. 

Bishoprics of England and Wales, according to the anti- 
quity of their institution — London, an archbishopric and me- 
tropolitan of England, founded by Lucius, the first christian 
king of Britain, 185; see Bede, Dugdale; Landaff, 185; Ban- 
gor, 516; St. David's, 519, (the archbishopric of Wales, from 



BLA—BOM p 

550 till 1100, when the bishop submitted to the archbishop of 
Canterbury, as his metropolitan); St. Asaph's, 547; St. Au- 
gustin, or Austin, made Canterbury the metropolitan arch- 
bishopric, by order of Pope Gregory, 596; Wells, 604; Roches- 
ter, 604; Winchester, 650; Litchfield and Coventry, 656; 
"Worcester, 679; Hereford, 680; Durham, 690; Sodor and 
Man (with jurisdiction of the Hebrides in Scotland) 838; Ex- 
eter, 1050; Sherbone (changed to Salisbury) 1056; York, 
archbishopric, 1067; Dorchester (changed to Lincoln) 1070; 
Chichester, 1071; Thetford (changed to Norwich) 1088; Bath 
and Wells, ib.; Ely, 1109; Carlisle, 1133. The following six 
were founded upon the suppression of the monasteries, by 
Henry VIII. Chester, Peterborough, Gloucester, Oxford, Bris- 
tol, Westminster, 1538. Westminster was united to Lon- 
don, 1550. 

Revenue attached to the several bishoprics of Great-Britain 
and Ireland, per annum: 

England.— Canterbury, £.8000; York, 7000; London, 6200; 
Durham, 8700; Winchester, 7400; Ely, 4000; Worcester, 
3400; Salisbury, 3500; Norwich, 5000; Lincoln, 3200; Here- 
ford, 3000; Chichester, 2200; Bath and Wells, 2410; St. A- 
saph, 1500; Carlisle, 1800; LlandafF, 1600; Peterborough, 
1700; Gloucester, 2200; Rochester, 2400; Litchfield and Co- 
ventry, 2800; Bangor, 1200; Chester, 2700; Oxford, 2800; 
Exeter, 2700; St. David s, 400; Bristol, 1500. 

Ireland.— Armagh, £8000; Dublin, 5000; Tuam, 4000; Ca- 
shell, 4000; Derry, 7000; Clonfert, 2400; Clogher, 4000; Kil- 
more, 2600; Elphin, 3700; Killala, 2900; Limerick, 3500; 
Cork, 2700; Cloyne, 2500; Down, 2300, Dromore, 2000; 
Leigh and Ferns, 2200; Kildare, 2600; Raphoe, 2600; Meath, 
3200; Killaice, 2300; Ossory, 2000; Waterford, 2600. 

Blackfriars Bridge, over the Thames, London, the first stone 
laid, October 31, 1760; passable 1766; finished 1770; cost 
£150,840. 

Blankets first made in England 1340. 

Blister plasters, invented ate. C. 60. 

Blue, Prussian, discovered at Berlin, 1704. 

Blood, circulation of, through the lungs, first made public by 
Michael Servetus, a French physician, in 1553; Cisalpinus 
published an account of the general circulation, of which he 
had some confused ideas, and improved i^ afterwards by ex- 
periments, 1569; but it was fully confirmed by Harvey, 1628. 

Boddelian library, Oxford, England, founded, 1598. 

Bombs, first invented at Venloo, and used in the siege of Wach- 
tendonch, 1588; first used in the service of France, 1634. 

Bomb-vessels, first invented in France 1681. 

Bombay, taken from the Portuguese by the English, 1661; nearly 
destroyed by fire, and many lives lost, February 27th, 1803. 



76 BONAPARTE. 

Bonaparte, Napoleon. — I have introduced the following ab- 
stract of the iiie of that extraordinary man, as- it contains in 
reality a brief index of the history of the age in which he liv- 
ed: and it is placed under his original family Dame, as that 
name is evidently regaining currency in history, and gradual- 
ly obliterating his assumed titular name Napoleon. 

Chronological account oj the principal events in the lije oj Napoleon, 

1769, August 15, born at Ajaccio, in Corsica. 

1779, March, placed at the military school of Brienne. 

1793, An officer of artillery at the siege of Toulon, and appoint- 
ed general of brigade. 

1794, October 4, commands the conventional troops, and defeats 
the Parisians. 

1796, Appointed to the command of the army of Italy; May 10, 
battle of Lodi; August 3, battle of Castiglione; November 16, 
battle of Areola. 

1797, February 2, surrender of Mantua; March 23, Trieste sur- 
renders; April 18, preliminaries with Austria, signed at Leo- 
ben; May lf», French take possession of Venice; October 17 3 
treaty of Campo Formio, with Austria. 

1798, May 20, Bonaparte sails for Egypt; July 21, battle of Em- 
babe, or of the Pyramids; October 24, insurrection at Cairo. 

1799, May 21, siege of Acre raised; August 23, sails from Egypt 
for France; October 7, lands at Frejus; October 16th, arrives 
at Paris; November 9, dissolves the conventional government; 

• November 10, declared first consul. 

1800, February 15, peace made with the Chouans; May 6, de- 
parts to take command of the army; May 15, Bonaparte cross- 
es Mount Saint Bernard; June 9, battle of Montebello; June 
14, battle of Marengo; July 28, preliminaries with Austria 
signed at Paris; December 3, battle of Hohenlinden; Decem- 
ber 24, explosion of the infernal machine. 

1801, February 9, treaty of Luneville with Austria; August 16, 
Nelson attacks the Boulogne flotilla, and is repulsed; October 
2, preliminaries signed with England. 

1802, January 26, the Cisalpine republic placed under Bona- 
parte's jurisdiction ; March 27, definitive treaty with England, 
commonly called the treaty of Amiens; May 15, legion of ho- 
nour instituted; July 15, armistice signed; August 2, declar- 
ed consul for life; October 28, Swiss form of government 
changed by the interference of the French. 

3 803, February 26, offers terms to Louis XVIII. if he will relin- 
quish the crown of France in his favour; May 18, English de- 
claration of war; July 2, arrives in Paris; June 5, Hanover 
conquered. 

1804, February, Moreau arrested; March 10, Due d'Enghien 
shot; April 6, Pichegru dies in prison; May 18, Bonaparte de- 
clared emperor; December 2, crowned by the pope. 



BONAPARTE. 77 

1805, February, writes a pacific letter to the king of England; 
April 11, treaty of Petersburgh between England, Russia, Aus- 
tria and Sweden; May 26, Bonapai te declared king of Italy; 
September 24, Bonaparte heads his army against Austria; Sep- 
tember 25, passes the Rhine; October 20, Mack's army sur- 
renders to Ulm; November 17, French enter Vienna; Decem- 
ber 2, battle of Austerlitz; December 15, treaty of Vienna 
with Prussia; December 26, treaty of Presburgh with Austria. 

1806, March 30, Joseph Bonaparte declared king of Naples; 
June 5, Louis Bonaparte declared king of Holland; July 26, 
convocation ol the Jews; July 27, confederation of the Rhine 
published; September 24, Bonaparte marches against Prus- 
sia; October 14, battle of Auersladt or Jena; October 27, Bo- 
naparte enters Berlin; November 19, Hamburgh taken — Ber- 
lin decree. 

1807, February S, battle of Eylau; June 14, battle of Friedland; 
July 7, treaty of Tilset. 

1808, July 7, Joseph Bonaparte declared king of Spain; July 20, 
surrender of Dupont's army at Beylen; July 29, Joseph Bona- 
parte evacuates Madrid; August 21, battle of Vimiera; Sep- 
tember 27, conferences at Erfurth; November 5, Bonaparte 
arrives at Vittoria; December 4, surrender of Madrid. 

1809, January 16, battle of Corunna; January 22, Bonaparte re- 
turns to Paris; April 6, war declared by Austria; April 13, 
Bonaparte heads his army against Austria; May 10, French 
enter Vienna; May 22, battle of Esling or Asperne: July 6, 
battle of Wagram; August 15, Flushing taken by the English; 
October 14, treaty of Vienna with Austria; December 13, Lu- 
cian Bonaparte arrives in England; December 16, Bonaparte's 
marriage with Josephine dissolved; December 23, Walcheren 
evacuated by the English. 

1810, March 11, Bonaparte marries Maria Louisa, daughter of 
Francis II. emperor of Austria; July 9, Holland and the Hanse 
Towns annexed to the French empire; August 21, Bernadotte 
elected crown prince of Sweden; December, decree for 
restraining the liberty of the press. 

1811, January 1, Hamburgh annexed to the empire; April 20, 
the empress delivered of a son, who is styled king of Rome; 
September 2, Bonaparte present at an engagement between 
the Boulogne flotilla and an English cruiser. 

1812, January 22, Swedish Pomerania seized by Bonaparte; 
May 9, he heads the army against Russia; June 11, arrives at 

" Koningsberg; June 28, enters Wilna; August 18, Smoiensko 
taken; September 7, battle of Moskwa,or Borodino; Septem- 
ber 14, French enter Moscow; October 22, evacuate it again; 
November 9, Bonaparte arrives at Smoiensko; December 5, 
quits the army; December 18, arrives at Paris. 

1813, April, takes the command of the army on the Elbe; May 
1, battle ofLutzen; May 20, battle of Bautzen; June 4, ar- 
mistice agreed on; June 21, battle of Vittoria; August 17, 

7* 



78 BONAPARTE, 

hostilities recommence; August 28, battle of Dresden ; Sep- 
tember 7, English enter France; September 28, Bonaparte eva- 
cuates Dresden; October 16, battle of Leipsic; November 15, 
revolution in Holland; December 1, declaration of the allies 
at Frankfort, December 8, English army crosses the Nive. 

1814, January 4, allies cross the Rhine; March 30, battle of 
Monte-Marte ; March 31, allies enter Paris; April 4, Bona- 
parte abdicates the throne; May 4, arrives at Elba. 

1815, February 26, Napoleon embarked at Elba, on beard a brig 
of 24 guns, and 400 of his guard, acadtnpanied by thret small 
vessels, having on board 500 men; March 1, entered the 
Gulph of Juan, and issued proclamations to the French people 
and army; Match 10, arrived at Lyons and received with the 
greatest enthusiasm; March 18, the declaration of the allied 
sovereigns, outlawing him, issued; March 20, Napoleon 
enters Paris; April 4, writes to the allied sovereigns expres- 
sing his desire for peace; Anril 8, the duke of Angouleme 
abandoned by his troops, and taken prisoner; April 11, Napo- 
leon writes to have the duke of Angouleme and the Bourbons 
conducted to Cette and embarked, but to protect them from 
ill treatment; June 7, the French houses of peers and deputies 
opened by the emperor; June 12, the emperor leaves Paris to 
join the army on the Belgian frontier; June 15, attacks the 
Parisian army at Ligney, and totally defeats it; June 16, the 
Dutch and English army diiven from Quatre Bras with great 
loss; June 18, the great battle of Waterloo, total defeat of the 
French army; June 21, the duke of Wellington issues a pro- 
clamation, and enters the French territory; June 22, Napole- 
on abdicates the throne in favor of his son; whom he styles 
Napoleon II. ; July 2, Napoleon arrives at Rochfort to embark 
for America; July 3, convention of Paris signed; July 7, the 
allies enter Paris; July 13, Napoleon writes to the Regent of 
England, that his political career has closed, and that he 
throws himself on the hospitality of the English people; July 
15, surrender to captain Maitland, of the Bellerophon; July 
26, arrives at Plymouth, and is refused to land; August 4, sail- 
ed f om Plymouth; October 16, arrived at St. Helena. 

1817, May, M. Santine, the valet of Napoleon, arrives in Eng- 
land, and publishes an appeal to the British nation, on the 
treatment of the ex-emperor; July 26, surgeon O'Meara re- 
ceives a peremptory order to quit St. Helena in an hour. 

1821, May 5, Napoleon died at St. Helena; and was interred 
there on the 9th. 

Bones, the art of softening them discovered 1688. 

Books, in the present form, were invented by Attalus, king of 
Persjamus, 887: the first supposed to be written in Job's time; 
30,0'.»0 burnt by order of Leo, 761; a very large estate given 
for one on Cosmography, by king Alfred, were sold from 10/. 
to 30/ a piece, about 1400 the first printed one was the 
Vulgate edition of the Bible, 1462; the second was Cicero d* 



BOO— BRAZIL. 79 

Officiis, 1466; Cornelius Nepos published at Moscow, being 
the first classical book printed in Russia, April 29th, 1762; 
books to the number of 200,000, burnt at Constantinople, by 
the order of Leo I. 476; above 4,194,412 volumes were in the 
suppressed monasteries of France, in 1790; 2,000,000 were on 
theology, the manuscripts were 26,000; in the city of Paris 
alone were 808,120 volumes. See Library. 

Boonesborough, fort first built at, April 1st, 1775; called subse- 
quently Boonesborough from colonel Daniel Boone, the found- 
er, and was the little citadel around which the infant settle- 
ments of Kentucky were formed. 

Boston, in Massachusetts, founded 1 630; port of, shut by order 
of the British government, the first act of violence which led 
to the subsequent revolution, 1774; besieged by the Ameri- 
cans 1775; evacuated by the British army March 17th, 1776. 
Population of 1800, 24,937; in 1810, 32,250; in 1820, 42,526. 
Incorporated 1822 — J. Phillips elected first mayor, and was 
succeeded by Josiah Quincy, who continues in the mayoralty 
1828; expenses estimated in 1822, $249,170 — for public 
schools $45,500, independent of $19,000 for a new school- 
house. 

Botany-bay, on the eastern coast of New Holland — Here the 
first vessel laden with colonists from Great Britain arrived 
20th January, 1788, and made the depot of convicts from that 
country. 

Brazil, eastern and central part of South America, discovered 
by Cabral, 24th April, 1500; — 1504, first civilized settlement 
on, made by Amerigo Vespucci; 1530, divided in captain- 
generalships; 1531, sugar-canes first planted there; 1549, gov- 
ernor general, Thomas de Souza, arrives 1549, first founds 
St. Salvador; 1552, Sardinta, the first bishop of Brazil, 
arrives; 1567, city of St. Sebastian founded; 1612, French 
settlements formed at Maranham; 1624, Maranham and Para 
formed into a separate government; 1624, Brazil invaded by 
the Dutch, and St. Salvador taken; 1641, Truce between 
Holland and Portugal for ten years; 1648, Brazil company 
established; 1654, Brazil entirely evacuated by the Dutch; 
1661, treaty of settlement with the Dutch; 1681, treaty with 
Spain respecting the Banda Oriental, in favour of Brazil; 
1692, gold mines discovered — hostilities with Spain; 1708, 
civil war in the Minas — same year, Rio de Janeiro unsuccess- 
fully attacked by the French; 1711, Rio taken by the French; 
1713, Great Britain obtains the exclusive right of importing 
slaves into; 1723, Montevideo founded by the Portuguese; 
1737, hostilities with Spain; 1750, treaty of limits with Spain; 
1760, Jesuits banished from Brazil; 1763, seat of government 
fixed at Rio; 1776, war with the Spaniards of La Plata; 1777 
treaty of limits with Spain; 1800, war with spain; 1801, trea- 
ty with France and Spain; 1807, court of Portugal removed 
to; 1817, treaty of limits with France; December 14th, 1815,. 



80 BRANDENBURG. 

the prince regent, now the emperor Pedro, declared Brazil 
independent of Portugal; declared an empire, but with popu- 
lar representation, 1822; first acknowledged an independent 
government by the United States 1824, and chevalier Joze 
Silvestre Rebeiio the first accredited minister. 

Brandenburg, house of, now the royal house of Prussia. In 1415 
Frederick V. of Hohenzollern, and Burgrave of Nuremberg, 
divided his douinions between John III. and Frederick VI.; 
the latter of whom was invested with the electorate of Bran- 
denburgh. Electoral Hoxise of Brandenburgh — 1415, Frederick 
£*** I. ot Nuremberg, enlarged his possessions in Pomerania and 
Saxony by conquest; 1440, Frederick II. Iron-Tooth, resigned 
1470; 1470, Albert, surnamed Achilles from his bravery, and 
Ulysses from his political talents — abdicated in favour of his 
son; 1486, John, a pacific prince; 1499, Joachim I. — in 1506 
founded the University of Frankfort on the Oder; 1535, Jo- 
achim II.; 1571, John Georgt; 1598, Joachim Frederick; 1608 
John Sigismund, married Arme of Prussia, and united her do- 
minions to his own, laying the foundation for the Prussian 
monarchy; 1619, George William, a weak and vascillating 
prince, exposed his dominions to the ravages of the thirty 
years war; 1640, Frederick William, justly called "The Great 
Elector, 11 a complete contrast to his father — he found Braden- 
burgh a desert, disunited, and in part in the hands of foreign- 
ers— by the treaty of Munster 1648, his dominions were re- 
stored and guaranteed — this illustrious magistrate closed his 
truly glorious reign of forty-eight years in 1688; 1688, Fred- 
erick I. succeeded his father, and in 1701 raised himself to 
the rank of king of Prussia, whence the Royal House of Prus- 
sia; 1713, Frederick William I. vain of the parade of war in 
time of peace, formed an army of 200,000 men, rnd avari- 
ciously amassed an immense treasure, which, in 1740, fell in- 
to the hands of Frederick II. one of those men whose lives 
make an age, and give name to the century in which they live; 
1786, Frederick William II. restored the Orange family in 
Holland 1787; in 1790, entered into a general compact against 
France, from which he was the first to recede, 1795; 1797; 
Frederick William III. the reigning king — in 1806, he lost 
the battle of Jena — in 1807, made peace with France— in 1812 
assisted Bonaparte against Russia, but on a reverse of fortune 
changed sides — and in 1815, his army was the efficient instru- 
ment which gained the battle of Waterloo, and restored in a 
great measure the ancient regime in Europe. 

Bread, made from the flower of gramineous fruits, discovered in 
very early ages, but not made with yeast by the English, un- 
til 1650. 

Bread, fruit, first introduced into the W T est-Indies, by captain 
Bligh, January 1793. 

Breda, taken by the French, February 24, 1793; and again 1794, 
and 1795; Breslau, taken by the Austrians, 1758 and 1761: 



BRE— BUENOS AYRES. 8i 

Brest, invaded by Julius Csesar, 54; possessed by the English, 
1378; re-delivered to the duke of Bretagne, 131)1. 

Breeches first introduced into England, 1654; Breviaries first 
introduced in 1080; Bribery first used in England, 1554; 
Bricks first used in England by the Romans — the size ordered 
1625, by Charles I.; Bridge, the first stone in England, was at 
Bow, near Stratford, 1087. 

Brittany, a kingdom, A. D. 383; a duchy, 874; annexed to 
France, 150. 

British isles, they were originally inhabited by a people called 
Britons, of the same stock with the ancient Gauls or Celtae. 

The Romans first invaded them under Julius Caesar, 54 B. C. 
but made no conquests. The emperor Claudius, and his ge- 
nerals Plautius, Vespasian and Titus, subdued several provin- 
ces after thirty pitched battles with the natives, A. D. 43 and 
44. The conquest was completed by Agricola, in the reign 
of Domitian, 85. Wrested from the Roman empire by Carau- 
sius, 289; recovered by Constantius, 296. The Romans held 
their conquests till 428; then the old inhabitants called in the 
Saxons to assist them against the Picts and Scots; these Sax- 
ons made a second conquest, and divided South Britain into 
seven kingdoms, 455. This government was called the Sax- 
on Heptarchy, and lasted until 829, when Egbert having sub- 
dued the smaller states, united them to his dominions, and 
formed the kingdom of England. Wales remained separate, 
until conquered by Edward I. 1282; was united to and incorpo- 
rated with England, 1536. Scotland, previously a different 
monarchy, fell under the same sovereign 1603, and was form- 
ally united to England 1707, when both together took the 
style and title of Great Britain; to which, January 1st, 1801, 
Ireland was annexed. See England. 

Broad seal of England first Ubod 1050 ; stolen from the lord 
chancellor's house in Ormond-street, March 24, 1784. A new 
one brought into use upon the union of Ireland with Great- 
Britain, January 1, 1801. 
Buckles were invented about 1680. 

Bruce landed in Ireland with an army, May 25, 1315; soon after 
crowned at Dundalk; slain 1318; Brussels taken by the French 
1792 and 1794; Buda, taken by (he Imperialists from the 
Turks, in whose possession it had been 150 years, 1686. 

Buenos Ayres, capital of the Argentine Republic, and by com- 
mon use gives name to the whole confederacy. Country of, 
discovered, 1515. 1525, one of the Cabots sailed up the Plate 
river, and erected a fort; 1527, the name of De la Plata given 
to the river; l-">34, Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Ayres, 
which was burnt 1535; 1536, Buen Esperanza founded; As- 
sumpcion founded; 1539, Buenos Ayres abandoned, and re- 
established 15S0; Jesuit College founded at Assumpcion; 1610, 
first Pararia Reduction founded; 1620 governments of Pararia 
and Paraguay, separated; 1629, the Panlistas from Brazil, at* 



32 BUC— BULL 

tack the Reductions; 1649, the Jesuits are expelled from As* 
surapcion, and theii- property confiscated; 1663, audience of 
Buenos Ayres established; 1674, disputes respecting bounda- 
ries with the Brazilians; 1703, the Jesuits explore the Para- 
guay; 1723, Montevideo lounded by the Portuguese, from 
which they are quickly expelled; 1737, Rio Grande oc- 
cupied by the Portuguese; 1750, treaty of limits with 
Portugal, annulled in 1761 — 1787, the whole country erect- 
ed into a vice-royalty; 1803, the population estimated at 
972,000; 1806, July 2nd, taken by the British, who are com- 
pelled to surrender, 1807; 1809, declaration of the central 
junta of Spain, by which the Argentine Provinces were recog- 
nized as integral parts of the monarchy; 1810, declaration of 
the regency of Cadiz, against free commerce with, which pro- 
duced immediate separation; 1816, July 19th, declare them- 
selves independent, form a constitution; 1817, Montevideo 
occupied by the Brazilians; a commissioner sent in 1823, to 
Rio Janeiro, to demand restitution of Montevideo, was unsuc- 
cessful; and followed by war. 

Buckles were invented about 1680. 

Building with stone brought into England by Bennet, a monk, 
670; ivith brick first introduced by the Romans into their pro- 
yinces; first in England about 886; introduced here by the 
earl of Arundel 1600, London being then almost built with 
wood was a very ugly city. The increase of buildings in 
London prohibited, and within three miles of the city gates, 
by queen Elizabeth, and that only one family should dwell in 
one house, 1580. The buildings from High Holborn, north 
and south, and Great Queen-street, built nearly on the spot 
where stood the Elms or the ancient Tyburn, in tln j reign of 
Edward III. were erected between 1607 and 1631. The 
number of houses in London and its suburbs, in 1772, were 
computed at 122,930; but in 1791 they amounted to above 
200,000. In St. George's fields near 7000 have been erected 
within the above period. 

Buildings in the United States on a very extended scale, are 
still rare. The state house in Boston; the city Hall of New- 
York; the United States bank in Philadelphia; the Exchange, 
and Cathedral, in Baltimore; the Capitol in the City of Wash- 
ington; the Capitol in Richmond, Virginia; and some more 
might be designated. 

Buffalo, town of Erie, county New-York, taken and burnt by the 
British, December 30th, 1813. 

Bull-baiting, first at Stamford, Lincolnshire, 1209; at Tutbury, 
Staffordshire, 1374; bull-fights in Spain, first used, 1560; bull- 
running, at Tutbury; in Staffordshire, instituted 1374; bullets 
oi stone used instead of iron ones, 1514; of iron first mention- 
ed in the Ftedra, 1550; bullion of gold and silver, first method 
of assaying, 1354; burgesses were first constituted in Scotland, 
1326. 



BUR— CAL 83 

Burgundy, kingdom of established, A. D. 413; a dukedom, 890; 
united to the German empire, 1035; divided, 1074; claimed in 
1477, as a reverted fief of France, at the death of Charles the 
Bold, but annexed to Germany by the marriage of the duchess 
Mary to the archduke Maximilian — united to the Spanish mo- 
narchy by the marriage of the son of Mary, the archduke Phi- 
lip, to Joanna of Castile, 1496. After many revolutions the 
dominions of the dukes of 8urgundy, have been reunited, and 
now form the kingdom of the Netherlands. 

Burial-place, the first christian one in Britain, 596; burials, first 
permitted in consecrated places, 750; in church yards, 758; 
burning giass and common mirrors, the discovery attributed 
to Tshernhausen, a Lusatian baron, 1680; burying in woollen 
in England, first began, 1666. 

Byzantium in Thrace, now Constantinople, founded by a colony 
of Athenians, under Byza, ate. C. 658, See Constantinople. 



C. 

Cables, a method of making them invented, by which 20 men are 
enabled to do the work of 200. The machine it set in motion 
by sixteen horses, for the cable is of the dimensions of the larg- 
est ships, 1792. 

Cabinet council first instituted April, 1670. 

Calendar established by Julius Caesar, 45 before Christ; reform- 
ed by pope Gregory, XIII. 1582. 

Caliber, instrument invented at Nuremberg, 1540. 

Cadiz, in Spain, taken by the English, 1596; bombarded July 14, 
after it had been blocked by the Spanish fleet by earl St. Vin- 
cent, 1797 to 1798. Siege of, by the French, raised August 
25, 1312. 

CafFa, in the Crimea, taken by the Turks, 1464. 

Cairo, usually called Grand Cairo, built A. D. 970; taken by the 
French, 1 798; by the English January 1 6th, 1801. 

Cairvan, a city of Africa, near Tunis, has been very frequently 
mistaken for Grand Cairo, though upwardsof a thousand miles 
asunder. Cairvon was built A. D. 675, by Akbah, a Mahome- 
tain general, and in the revolutions of Egypt, became the seat 
of one branch of the Fatemite Kalifs. 

Calais in France, taken by the English, under Edward III. Au- 
gust 4, 1347; retaken by the French under the duke of Guise, 
January 16th, 1558. 

Calcutta, city of Indostan, on the Hoogly, outlet of the Ganges, 
formerly an insignificant place, was taken by the English, 
1689; besieged in it 1757, and taken; when 146 persons were 
enclosed in a prison, called "The Black Hole," of whom 123 
perished in a few hours. It is now the first city in Asia, con- 



84 CAL— CAN 

taining at least 80,000 houses, and 500,000 inhabitants, 'com- 
posed of Europeans, Hindoos, Chinese, &fc. 

Caledonia, New, in America, settled 1699. 

Calico, first imported into England, 1631; first made in Lanca- 
shire, 1772; calico-printing and the Dutch loom, first used in 
England, 1676. 

California, discovered by Cortes, 1543; explored more exten- 
sively, 1684; coast of, explored by la Perouse, 1786. 

Calmar in Sweden, union of, by which Denmark, Sweden and 
Norway, were united under Margaret W aide man, 1388. 

Calvi, in Corsica, surrendered to the British forces, August 10th, 
1794; taken by them again, 1796. 

Cambridge, once a city -ailed Granta, built by Carsiurus; uni- 
versity chartered, 538; found d, 90 ■; the town burn by the 
Danes, 1010; university revived 1110; its castle built, 1067; 
streets paved, 1410; again 1544; chancellor's court established 
by queen Elizabeth; refused a degree to a papist recommend- 
ed by the king, February 1687; a senae house built, 1722; 
installation of the duke of Newcastle, July 5, 1749; the duke 
of Grafton, 1768; the statue of the duke of Somerset erected 
in the senate house, July 14, 1956; of the late king in 1765; 
paved and lighted, 1789. 

Cambridge, near Boston, university at, founded. 1638, the 
whole number educated there from its institution to 1818, 
was 4,442. 

Camera obscura, invented 1515. 

Canada, discovered by Cabot, 1499; explored by the French, 
1508, 1594, and 1534; settled, 1540; Quebec built, 1603; ta- 
ken first by England, 1628; but restored to France by the 
treaty of St Germain; invaded and conquered by Great Bri- 
tain, in 1759; formally ceded by France, 1763 This country 
has been twice unsuccessfully invaded from the United States 
since the revolution of 1775. Population of Canada, 1763, 
70,000; 1775,90,000; 1814, 335,000— at present, 1828, up- 
wards of 500,000. 

Canals. — The first regular chain of artificial water inter-commu- 
nication, of which history has transmitted to us the record, was 
that between the Nile and Red Sea. This canal route was exam- 
ined with great care by the French engineers, and several por- 
tions found in 1 798, in such a state of preservation as only to 
demand cleansing. It went from Balbeis, on the old Pelussi- 
ac branch of the Nile, to Abbaseh, the ancient Thou. It then 
enters the narrow valley of Arabes — Tomylat, thirty-two or 
thirty-three feet below the level of the Red Sea; and goes on 
to Abookesheyd. The original authors of this work have been 
concealed in the morning darkness of time The last period 
at which it was opened was by order of the Caliph Omar, 
A D. 644, but was again choaked up by order of Jaafar, at 
Mansur, the second Abasside Caliph, 767. The present pacha 
of Egypt is taking measures to restore this great work. 



CANALS. 85 

The system of modern canal improvement may be stated 
to have commenced in Italy, at Viterbo, 1481, when sluices 
with double doors were invented, and first used on a large 
scale, near Milan, by Leonardi de Vinci. The canals of the 
Delta of the Rhine commenced, it is true, in the dark ages, 
but it was not before the end of the fifteenth century, that 
they were planned and constructed with scientific regularity 
of design. Such, however, has been the progress in the last 
three centuries, that from the Dollart Bay to Ghent, in a dis- 
tance of about 220 miles, with a mean width of 100, or 
22,000 square miles, more than 1400 millions of dollars have 
been expended on inland navigation, and one of the most ex- 
pensive lines, that from the Heldcr to Amsterdam, completed, 
and first navigated in January, 1826 

Canal of L;tnguedoc, which joins the Mediterranean and r'anta- 
brian seas, began by Louis XIV. 5 sixty-four leagues long, sup- 
ported by 104 sluice*. 

Canal of Briere, or Burgundy, communicating with the Seine and 
Loire, finished by Lewis XIII. and has 42 sluices. 

Canal of Orleans, began 1675, between the Loire and Seine, 
has twenty sluices. 

Canal of Bourbon, lately began, 1790, between the Oise and 
Paris. 

Canal of the Lake Ladoga in Russia, began 1719, between the 
Baltic and Caspian sea. 

Canal in China, goes from Canton to Pekin, chiefly by the natu- 
ral channels of rivers, upwards of 806 miles, having 75 locks, 
and 41 large cities on its banks, with above 10,000 vessels on 
it; finished in 980; 30,000 men were employed 43 years in 
making it. In 1355 a canal was dug in Persia, 100 miles 
long. The Russian chain of inland navigation, began by Pe- 
ter the Great, in 1708, between the Caspian sea and the Bal- 
tic, was not entirely completed till 1780. The line of rivers 
and canals from the frontiers of <"hina, to Petersburgh, is 
4472 miles long; that from Astrachan to Petersburgh, 1434 
miles long; both of which were began by Peter the Great, who 
also began some others. In Prussia, a complete chain of in- 
land navigation extends from the Elbe at Magdeberg in part 
through the channels of the Havel, Oder, Netz, Vistula and 
Nieman, and in part by cuts over the intervening strips of 
land. This line, including the Elbe, reaches from the North 
Sea to the Memel, upwards of 800 miles. Beside this great 
longitudinal series, there are many of lesser note, chiefly > on- 
structed by that wonder of human nature, Frederick II. 
i, Flaven, seventeen miles from the bend of the Havel, near 
Brandenburg, to the Elbe, and which shortens the route from 
Berlin to Magdeburg, 76 miles. II. The canal of Potsdam, a 
cut to shorten the navigation of the Havel III Finaw tweii- 
ty-thiee miles, uniting the Havel to the Oder. IV. Mnhlrosc, 
the oldest canal in Prussia, finished 1688; it is twenty-three 



8G CANALS. 

miles long, connecting the Spree and Oder, extending from 
Muhlrose to the Oder, five miJes above Frankfort. In 
Sweden, a project to construct a line of canal navigation 
from Gothenberg on the Cattegat, to Stockholm, through the 
Wesmer, and other lakes and rivers was formed as early as 
3 526, but not prosecuted with any great effect until within 
this century, and though much advanced is far from com- 
plete. See Trolhatta. 
The canal of Kiel in Denmark, is one of the most useful, and in 
its excavation one of the most perfect canals ever made; be- 
gun 1777, and finished 1784— length, twenty-two and a half 
miles, admitting vessels of nine feet draught; commencing to 
the north of Kiel, three English miles, and extends to Rends- 
berg on the Eyder river. The whole navigation from the 
North Sea to the Baltic, by the Eyder and Canal, about 120 
miles, whilst the distance round Jutland and through the Da- 
nish islands, exceeds five hundred miles. 
The canal of Orleans in France, was began in 1678; the canal 
of Languedoc was began in 1666, and finished 1681. The ca- 
nal from Calais to Gravelines, was began in 1681; and many 
more are marked out in France, but not finished. In Spain 
the canal of Arragon was began in 1785. In Ireland one from 
Dublin to the Shannon, 1762. The canal from Brussels to 
Antwerp, was began 1531; finished 1560. Navigable rivers, 
and canals to join rivers first made in England, by Henry I. 
1134, when tne Trent was joined to the Witham. The 
Thames made navigable to Oxford, by act of parliament, 21 
.lames I. 1624. The new river canal was begun in 1608, and 
finished 1613, running thirty-six miles. The Kennet, from 
Heading to Newbury, 2 George I. 1715 The river Lea made 
navigable from Hertford to Ware, and so to London, 12 
George II. 1739. The duke of Bridgewater's navigation be- 
gan 1758, and was opened June 17, 1761. Northamptonshire 
navigation began August 7, 1761. Trent and Mersey canal was 
finished 1772, extending ninety miles; since which time have 
been the following, viz: canal from Belfast to Loughneagh, 
was began 1788; from Droitwich to the Severn, 1756; in 
Caermaerthcnshire, 1756; from the Severn, near Tilton-bridge 
1766; from W:iden ferry, in Staffordshire, 1766; from the 
Forth to the Clyde in Scotland, 1768; from Birmingham to 
13ilston, 1768; from Oxford to Coventry, 1769— completed 
January, 1790; from Leeds to Liverpool, 1771); from the Dee 
toNantwitch, 1772;from Skipton, 1773, toOxford, 1775; first 
made in England by Henry I in 1130; from Stroud-waler to 
the Severn, 1775; and from Stroud to the Thames began 
1783; f'om Appledaie, 1775; from Stourbridge, 1776; from 
Hider'e Green, 1766; from Chesterfield to the Trent, finished 
1777; from the Trent to the Mersey, enlarged, 1783; from 
the Thames to Leachlade, 1783; of Leeds and Liverpool eon- 
solida'cd. 1783; from the Lea to Limehouse, 1770; from the 



CANALS. (fl 

Severn to Leachdale, completed in 1789-, from Glasgow to 
Bowling bay, in the Clyde, July, 1790; over the Tame near 
Birmingham, and the Coventry canal, with the Birmingham, 
&c. completed, by which the inland navigation between Lon- 
don, Bristol, Liverpool and Hull, was opened, July, 1790; 
from Hereford to Gloucester, had £50,000 subscribed, July, 
1791, began November following; from Paddington to the 
grand junction canal, began 1798; the Kennet and Avon was 
opened July 7, 1799; Thames to Fenny Stratford, opened 
May 28, 1800; great Caledonia canal to extend from the 
Murray Frith to the Frith of Mull, began 1803; from Leices- 
ter to Harborough, 1809; from the Thames to the town of 
Croydon, October 22, 1809; from Wilts and Berks to the river 
Thames, September 21, 1810; Grand Union, made navigable to 
Weltford, October 1, 1813; Wey and Arun junction opened, 
September 28, 1816; Worcester and Birmingham, opened, 
December 11, 1816; Leeds and Liverpool, 127 miles in lengthy 
commenced 1770; completed, 1816. 

Canals in Canada. — The city of Montreal and the village of La 
Chine, seven miles above, are united by a navigable canal, 
made to pass the intervening rapids in St. Lawrence river. 
A very important, and when completed, a canal which must 
greatly influence the commerce of the United States and Ca- 
nada, is the Welland Canal, which is in progress towards com- 
pletion, and intended to connect Lakes Erie and Ontario 
through Upper Canada, and to admit the transmission of ves- 
sels of ninety tons burthen. 

iOanals in the United States commenced in Massachusetts. The 
company formed to construct, what is now called the 
Middlesex canal, was incorporated 1709; commenced the 
work 1790, length 293 miles, aud entire fall 107, by blocks; 
24 feet wide with four feet water. 

In Connecticut, canal operations have been mostly confined t» 
the melioration of the navigation of Connecticut river, which 
has been so much improve i as to admit vessels of considera- 
ble tonnage to ascend to and descend from the fifteen mile 
falls, 250 miles abive the mouth. 

The greatest, however, of all works of this nature, yet execut- 
ed in America, are the two great canals of New-York. The 
western canal from the Hudson river to Lake Erie, was first 
suggested by Mr. Gouverneur Morris about 1803; surveys 
were directed by a resolution of the legislature of New-York, 
in furtherance of this project, 1808; first board of commis- 
sioners organised, 1810, consisting of Gouverneur Morris, 
Stephen Van Kenssalaer, De Witt Clinton, Simeon De Witt, 
William North, Thomas Eddy, and Peter B. Porter Law au- 
thorizing the actual survey of the ground, passed April 17th, 
1816: this great work was commenced, July 4th, 1817- com- 
pleted, and the water of Lake Erie let into it, October 26th, 
1825; employing 8 years and 144 days. The completion of 



38 CANALS. 

the Northern, or Lake Champlain Canal, preceded that ol 
Erie, and both taken together consummates the inland com- 
munication between the Great Bay of Hudson, and the Basin 
of St. Lawrence. 

Canai Revenue — The amount of toll collected on the Erie and 
Champlain canals, for the past year, amounts to #859,058 48. 
The' amount collected in 1826, was #762,003 60, showing an 
increase of $970,554 88. The aggregate of 1827, is $9000 
more than the estimate of the commissioners of the canal 
board, and $1 1,000 less than that of the canal commissioners. 
A surplus of r 400,000 more or less, after discharging the 
interest of the canal debt, is therefore left to be applied to 
paying salaries, repairs, &c. after which there is still a large 
balance to be appropriated either to the extinguishment of the 
debt, or to works of public utility. 

It is estimated that the New-York canals, independently of 
the income already derived from them, exceeding the interest 
on the cost by 21 per cent have increased the property of the 
state, to the value of a hundred millions of dollars. 

New-Jersey. — In this state two canals are in progress to unite 
the Delaware and New-York bays The Delaware and Pari- 
tan Canah in New-Jersey, is 29 miles in length; and the 
legislature of Pennsylvania, in granting permission to the com- 
pany which has undertaken this work, to supply a feeder out 
of the river Delaware, have annexed a condition that the ca- 
nal shall, in the opinion of the United States board of engi- 
neers, sufficiently correspond with the Chesapeake and Dela- 
ware Canal. 

This, it is supposed, will require the canal to be eight feet 
deep, so as to be navigable for bay vessels — and not to inter- 
rupt the noble line of interior navigation contemplated to run 
parallel to the coast for so great a distance. 

Pennsylvania. — The canals either actually undertaken or pro- 
jected in this state, extend to every river. 1792, Schuylkill 
and Susquehanna navigation commenced; now open 1828. 
1793, Delaware and Schuylkill abandoned; 1816, Schuylkill, 
now 1828, nearly complete; 1821, Union Canal from the 
Schuylkill to the Susquehanna, by the Tulpehocken and Swa- 
tara, open; and completely navigable, April 5, 1828 Lehigh 
navigation by White and Hazard, from the Delaware at Eas- 
ton to Mauch Chunk, nearly, if not altogether complete. A 
great chain of inland navigation to unite the Ohio to the Sus- 
quehanna, is in progress. 

Delaware and Maryland. — The great, though comparatively 
short canal, called "The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal," 
to unite these two bays, was projected as early as 1757: in 
1770, a survey was made, but nothing of moment undertaken 
until 1799, company organized May, 1803; May 2. ( , 1804, the 
work was commenced, but discontinued, 1805 company re- 
vived and new board organized, 1822; canal routes soon after 



CANALS. 89 

surveyed, and the final route chosen, January, 1824: work 
began, \prii 15, 1825, route commencing on the Delaware, 
and thence by St. George's creek of Delaware, and back creek 
of Chesapeake; the canal is to be sixty feet wide at the water 
line, thirty-six at bottom, eight feet deep, less than fourteen 
miles long, and lined with stone. 

Virginia and North-Carolina have an inter-communicating canal 
through Norfolk county of the former, and Camden county of 
the latter, called "The Dismal Swamp Cana!; 1 ' this canal 
admits vessels of seven feet draught, and from 75 to 90 tons; 
it is 22 i miles in length. In these two states, except some 
minor operations on some of the rivers, canal projects remain 
^attempted. See article Dismal Swamp Canal 

South-Carolina, Santee and Cooper river Canal, is twenty-two. 
miles in length, uniting Santee and Cooper rivers. The ground 
rises from Santee, by an ascent of 35 feet to the summit level 
by four locks; towards Cooper river the descent is 68 feet, 
which is overcome by nine locks — locks 60 by 10 feet; top wa- 
ter line 35, and bottom 20, with four feet water, navigated 
by small vessels of twenty tons. 

Louisiana is the first state southward, and south-westward of 
South-Carolina, where any canals worthy notice have been 
executed, and in Louisiana, the small Canal Carondelet, is 
the only work of the kind deserving attention. It extends H 
mile from Bayou St John, into a basin directly in the rear of 
the city of New-Orleans; is about 30 feet wide, and 4 in depth., 
without locks, as by it the tide flows into the basin. 

Ohio. — This newly populated state is now prosecuting a line of 
inland navigation, which, when completed, will rival that of 
New-York and will in reality constitute together, a chain of 
unequalled importance. The water of the Great Miami was 
let into a section of this canal, on March 16th, and the navi- 
gation opened from that river to the city of Cincinnati on the 
17th, 1828. 

Florida. — In this territory, a very important, and indeed indis- 
pensible canal has been proposed. Respecting this route the 
subjoined estimates were laid before congress, 1826, by Mr, 
Hemphill of Philadelphia. 

"Distances of the Florida Canal and its connexion with the Missis- 
sippi at New- Or leans. 

1. Florida Canal, 1,200 miles round the Peninsula. 

2. Distance across, 90 miles, by the route of the proposed canal. 

3. The cutting is only 12 miles by one, and 18 by another 
route. 

4. For a ship channel, 24, or perhaps 36 miles of cutting may be 
required. 

The connexion ivith the Mississippi 
1. From the Mississippi to Lake Ponchartrain, either by remov- 
ing the obstructions in the Iberville river, or by a canal across 
from New-Orleans, less than 5 miles, near the Carondelet, 
8* 



90 CAN— CAR 

where the river at low water, is said to be ten feet higher tfcai* 
the lakes. 
2. Thence pass through Lake Borgne and Pascagoula Bay into 
Mobile Bay, 170 miles, which may be connected with the Per- 
dido Bay, by a cut of four and an half miles, and this with the 
Pensacola Bay, through the Grand Lagoon, b\ a cut of half a 
mile — making together five miles; through easy soil and level 
country, making fifty miles more. 
8. Thence, through Santa Rosa Sound and Bay, 40 miles to the 
Chochtawhatchie River, Avhich may be connected by an easy 
cut of Jive miles with the St Andrew's Bay, through which you 
pass 24 miles, and thence may be connected by a cut of two 
miles with the Chipola River, which empties into the Appa- 
lachicola by an easy communication; making in the whole, 12 
miles cutting to accomplish a perfect inland navigation from 
the Mississippi to Appalachicola River, where it meets the 
Florida Canal — a distance of 350 miles in the whole." 

Canary isles discovered, 1344; explored 1393. 

Candles, of tallow, so great a luxury in England, that splinters 
of wood were used for light, A. D 1300— no idea of wax can- 
dles until long afterwards. 

Candle-light introduced into churches on the continent of Eu- 
rope, 274. 

Canon law first introduced into England, 1140. 

Canonization first used by papal authority, A. D. 903. 

Candia seized by the Saracens, 808. who changed its name from 
Crete; retaken by the Greek empire, 961; taken by the Vene- 
tians, 1204; invaded by the Turks, 1645 — its capital, Candia, 
taken, 1669. 

0andy, in the island of Ceylon, in an expedition against, a whole 
British detachment massacred or imprisoned, 180:?. War re- 
newed against, October, 1814. King of defeated, and made pri- 
soner, by general Brownrigg, February 18, 1815. Deposed, 
and the sovereignty vested in Great-Britain, March 2, 1815.. 

Gape Blanco, on the coast of Africa, discovered, 1441. 

Gape Breton discovered by the English, 1584; yielded to France, 
1632; taken by England, 1745; restored, 1748; again taken 
and kept, 1758". 

Gape de Verd islands discovered, 1447. 

Cape of Good Hope discovered, 1487; planted by Holland, 1651; 
taken by the British, 1795; again January 8th, 1806, and de- 
finitively ceded to Great-Britain, 1814. 

Care Horn first sailed round, 1616; Straits discovered, 1643. 

Capua taken by Hannibal, evacuated by his troops. 

Garabobbo, battle of June 24th, 1821 ; by which the Spanish pow- 
er in Columbia was destroyed. 

Oaractacus, a British kine;, defeated by Ostorius Scapula, A. 
D. 51. 

Caracas, city of, capitulated to the Spanish Royalists, July 28,- 
i]*12-— taken again by the royalists, July 7, 1814. 



CAROLINA, NORTIf. 91 

Caracas, or Venezuela. See Colombia. 

Caravan, immense, attacked by tbe Arabs, 1750, and many thou- 
sands destroyed — one A 2000 persons, who all except about 
20 were destroyed, August 12th, J 812, by a kaiman, or pesti- 
lential wind. 

Caribbee isles discovered 1495; war in, between the black and 
red Caribes, 1772; terminated 1773. 

Cards invented in France, first used for Charles VI. amusement, 
1380; they were forbid the use of in Castile in 1387; 128,000 
packs vvere stamped in England in 1775. 

Cards for carding cotton and wool, manufactory of, in England; 
exportation to America prohibited after the revolution, when 
the manufactory was carried on in several parts of the United 
States; and about 1800, an American citizen discovered a me- 
thod of cutting and stumping holes in the leather, bending, 
cutting, and fixing in the teeth, by machinery, so that, the 
cards, excepting the wood-work, drop completely finished 
from the machine. 

Cardinals were originally the parish priests at Rome; title began 
to be used, 308; college of, founded by Pope Pascal I. 817; 
did not elect the popes till 1160; wore the red hat (to remind 
them that they ought to shed their blood, if required, for reli- 
gion) and were declared princes of the church, 1222; the car- 
dinals set fire to the conclave, and separated, and a vacancy 
in the papal chair for two years, 1314; cardinal Carassa was 
hanged by order of Pius IV. 1560; as was cardinal Poli, under 
Leo X.; the title of eminence first given them by Pope Urban 
VIII. about 1630. 

Carolina, North, one of the original states of the United States 
of North America. It is bounded E. and by S. E. by the At- 
lantic ocean, S. by S. C. W. by Ten., and N. by Virg. North 
Carolina has an ocean border, from the S. E. angle of Virg. 

To Little Inlet 300 ms 

In common with South-Carolina • *30O 

In common with Tennessee 1 65 

In common with Virginia 300 

Having an entire outline of 1,065 

Area in square miles 45.989 

Carolina North, chronology of — The first permanent colony fix- 
ed, consisting of emigrants f om Virginia; 1661, Cape Fear 
settled by people from Massachusetts — granted to the earl of 
Clarenden, 1663; 1665, a colony from Barbados, under a 
purchase from sir William Berkley; 1667, Locke's constitu- 
tion attempted; 1710, Palatine colony arrives; 1712, sangui- 
nary war with the savages: 1719, becomes a royal govern- 
ment; 1771, insurrection of the regulators; 1775. joined the 
other colonies in their opposition to Great Britain. Progres- 
sive population 1702, 6000; 1790, 393,751; 1800, 478,193; 
1810, 555>500; 1820, 6-8,829. 



92 CAROLINA, SOUTH. 

Constitution adopted, December 18, 1777. Its legislature 
consists of a senate and house of commons, elected annually* 
Judges appointed during; good behavior, by the legislature, by 
which bod) also a governor is annually elected, who has a 
council of seven. Sends thirteen representatives to congress. 
Carolina, South, one of the orignal states, of the United Statea 
of North America, bounded S. E. by the Atlantic ocean, S. W. 
by Georgia, and N. and N. E. by North Carolina. South-Ca- 
rolina has an ocean border from Little Inlet, to the mouth of 

Savannah river, 185 miles 

Along Savannah river, in common with Georgia 200 
Along North-Caruiina 300 

Having an entire outline of 685 

Area in square miles 28,245 

Population in 182 J — whites 237,892, free persons of co- 
lour 6,805. slaves 256,457, making a total of 501,157. 
The preceding summary gives to Soutii Carolina an aggre- 
gate population of upwards of .seventeen to the squat t m ie. 
The colored classes exceeding- the whites, us 26 to 23 nearly. 
South-Carolina, together with North-Carolina and Georgia, 
granted to the earl of Clarendon in 1663. The first oi ihe 
United States that fo med an independent constitution, in 
1667; this instrument was drawn up by John Locke, and prov- 
ed ab .rtive Separated from North-Carolina. 1729. The 
present constitution was adopted in 1790. Senate and house 
of representatives; the former elected for four and the latter 
two years. The governor elected by joint ballot to serve two 
years. The judges are appointed by the legislature, and In. Id 
their offices durin good behavior. Sends nine representa- 
tives to congress, and has eleven votes in the electoral college. 

Carraboo, British brig, taken by a piratical schooner, 27th July, 
1828 — lecaptured with the schooner in the port of St. Eusta- 
tius, and taken to St. Christophers in August, where twenty 
eight of the pirates were tried and executed September, 1828. 

Carriages first introduced into Vienna, 1515; into London, 1580. 

Carthage, city of, on the Mediterranean coast of Africa, f< und- 
ed it is supposed about 1200 years ate. C. by a Phoenician co- 
lony, enlarged by a new colony from Tyre, ate. 869, under 
Dido, sister to the king of Tyre; 508, forms an alliance with 
the Romans; 480 5> invades Sicily, and defeated by Gelon 
king of Syracuse; '264, enier into war with the Romans; 
242, make peace; 218, make war again with the Remain; 
201, submit to an ignominious peace; 149, driven into a de- 
fensive war with the Romans, 149; city taken and utterly des- 
troyed by the Romans, 146. 

Carthigena in South America, founded, 1533; besieged by the 
British, under admiral Vernon. 1741; several t'mes 'aken and 
retaken in thelat* war of Independence, between the republic 
of Colombia and Spain. 

Carving in marble invented, ate. C. 772. 



CAS-CHA 9a 

Cassel taken by the French, 1760; besieged without effect, 1761; 
surrendered, 1762. 

Gastiie, old, and Leon, kingdoms of Spain, united in 1035, in the 
person of Ferdinand I.; sep rated again in 1157, and remain- 
ed so until 1252, when they were re-united under Alphonso, 
X.; and have continued until the present time as parts of the 
general monarchy of >^pain. 

Cast-iron, Leicester square, London, paved with, 1817 

Gat-island, one of the Bahamas, first land, according to some au- 
thor?, made by Columbus, October 12th, 1492. 

Catalogues of E glish printed books, were first published 1595; 
in Ireland, 1632. 

Catholics, measure for repealing the penal laws against, nega- 
tived in the house of commons by 213 against 109, June 1, 
1810 Negatived again in the house of commons by 148 
against 83, and in the house of lords, by 121. against 62, 1811. 
Again in the commons by 300 against 215, and in the lords, 
by 174, against 102, 1812. Again in the commons by 251 
against 247, May 13, 1813. Again in the house of commons 
by 228 against 147, and in the lords by 86 against 60, 1815. 
Again in the house of commons by 172 against 141, and in the 
house of lords by 73 against 69, 1816 Again in the house of 
commons by 245 against 221, and in the house of lords by 142 
against 90, April, 1817. Bill admitting Catholics to promotion 
in the navy and army, passed June, 1817. 

Caucassus, colony of Scotchmen in the mountains of, receive a 
charter from the emperor of Russia 

Cavendish's first voyage to circumnavigate the globe, 1556. 

Cayenne, island of, first planted by France, 1635. 

Celery first introduced into England, by Marshal Tallard, during 
his captivity there, after the battle of Blenheim, in 1704. 

Celestial sphere brought into Greece from Egypt, by Eudoxus of 
Cnidus, 368. 

Ceuta, in Barbary, seized by Genoa, 1231; by Portugal, 1415; 
by Spain, 1640. Had 200 houses blown down by a storm, 
February, 1752. 

Ceylon isle, discovered by the Portuguese, 1505, and taken by 
them same vear; by the Hollanders, 1603; attempted by Den- 
mark, 1620'; by the Portuguese, 1621; by the Dutch, 1658; 
a great part by the English East-India company's troops, 1782; 
restored to the Dutch, 1783; taken again by the English, Sep- 
tember 16, 1795. 

Chagre, fort, taken by admiral Vernon, 1740. 

Chain-shot invented by admiral de Witt, 1666. 

Chairs, sedan, first used in London; a fourteen years patent for 
selling them granted to Duncombe, 1634 

Chaaiblee fort, in Canada, t--ken by the Americans, October 20, 
1775; retaken by the English troops, January J 8, 1776. 

Chancery, court of, established in England, 605; present one by 
William I. 1066. The first person" qualified for chancellor, 



94 CHA—CHI 

by education, was sir Thomas More, 1530, the office befor* 
being rather that of a secretary of state, than the president of 
a court of justice; first reference to a master in, owing to the 
ignorance of the chancellor, sir Christopher Hatton, 1588. 

Charity schools first began in England, March 25, 1688; 6000 
childen met at St. Paul's, May 2, 1782; 160 schools within 
London, Westminster, and the bills of mortality, established 
between 1688 and 1767, inclusive. 

Charleroi, surrendered to the French, June 26, 1794. 

Charlestown, (Massachusetts) burnt by the British, June 17, 
1775. 

Charlestown, South-Carolina, surrendered to the British forces^ 
May 4, 1780. 

Charleston, (South-Carolina) founded and made the seat of 
government of Carolina, 1680; port, with a collector, 1685; 
invaded by the French, who were repulsed, 1706; infested 
with worms, June, 1751; severely injured by a hurricane, 
September 15th, 1753; attacked by a squadron under sir Peter 
Parker, and a body of forces under generals Clinton and Corn- 
wallis, who were defeated with great slaughter, June 25, 1776; 
had houses and other property to the amonnt of £.100,000 
sterling, destroyed by fire. January loth, 1778; taken by the 
British, May 12, 1780; evacuated, December 14, 1782. 

Chatham, England, the English fleet there destroyed by the 
Dutch, 1667. 

Chatham, earl of, a statue erected to him in Guild-hall, London^ 
1782. 

Chatham, island of, one of the Gallapagos, explored by the Eng- 
lish, June, 1793. 

Cherbourg, in France, forts of, destroyed by the British, 1758. 

Cherries brought to Rome, by Lucullus, 70; apricots were first 
introduced into England, from Epirus; peaches from Persia; 
the finest plums from Damascus and Armenia; pears and figs 
from Greece and Egypt; citrons from Media; pomegranates 
from Carthage, about 114 years before Christ. 

Cherry-trees first planted in Britain, 100 before Christ; brought 
from Flanders and planted in Kent, with such success, that an 
orchard of 32 acres, produced in one year, £1000, 1540. 

Chesapeake Bay, explored, 1608 

Chesapeake, American ship of war, fired upon in time of peac«, 
by the Leopard, British frigate, for refusing to deliver up de- 
serters, June 22, 1807 President accordingly prohibits Bri- 
tish vessels of war fr^m entering our harbors, or Americans 
from intercourse with them. 

Chess, the game of, invented 608, before Christ; Chest, at Cha- 
tham, for the relief of seamen, instituted, 1588. 

Chiaro-obscuro, the art of printing in. with three plates, to imi- 
ta'e drawings, first used. 1500. 

Chili, republic of, in South America. This country was invaded 
by the Spaniards, 1535; again in 1540. under Vaidivia; 1541, 



em— chr So 

ityof St. Jago founded; 15.",0. city of Conception found- 
ed, and war v. ith the Aruucanum-. ; 1567, audiencia establish- 
ed; 1597. Spaniards defeated by the Araacaniaiw; 1640, peace 
with the Araucanians; 1810, rev Ai- from -pain; 1818. in 
April, decisive battle of ftfajpu, terminate*! >wer in 

that country. 
Chimnie-. first introduced into buildings in England, 1200; only 
in the kitchen, or lar^e !. . where the family sat 

round a large stove, the funnel of which passed thro. - 
ceiling, 1300. 
China, empire founded, 2100 before Christ; but its history does 
not extend above the Greek Olympiads; the first dynasty 
when prince Vu reigned, 2207 before Christ; before this time 
the Chinese cbronologj is imperfect; by sorneFohi is - 
ed to be the founder of the empire, and its first sovereign, 2247 
before Christ; literature there revived, and the art of printing 
practiced, 206 before Christ; the fir>.t history of China, was 
published by Seiiiatsian, 97 before Christ; first grant the 
island of Macoa, at the entrance of the river Canton, to the 
Portuguese, 1586; the country conquered by the Eastern Tar- 
tars, when the emperor and his family killed themselves, 1 635 ; 
an attempt to establish Christianity there by theJe-uits, 1692: 
the missionaries expelled 172-1. It i- fifteen time- larger than 
Great-Britain and Ireland; and though not half the size of 
Europe, cmtains fill as many inhabitants. 
Chinavvare, made in England, at Chelsea, in 1752; and in seve- 
ral parts of England, in 1760; by Mr. Wedgewood, 1762; at 
:en, in Saxony, 1706. 
China, first voyage to, from the United States, 1784; China por- 
celain first spoken of .n history, 1591. 
Chivalry bega i in Europe, 912: chivalry, a court of, held for a 
trial, by combat, between lord Rea and David Ramsay, 1623.; 
though it did nut end in an actual engagement 
Chocolate, introduced into Europe, from Vlexico, 1520. 
Christiana, Norwav, had one quarter of that place destroyed bv 
fire, April 9, 17*7, to the value of 100.000 rix dollars or 
£13,000. 
Christian, the term of distinction first given to the discipk-= of 

Christ at Antioch, 40. 
Christianity was propagated in Spain in 36; in Britain, 60; or 
us others say, in the 5th century; in Franconia and blander*. 
in the 7th century; in Lombardy, Thuringia, and He^se, in the 
8th century; in Sweden, Denmark, Poland and Ru-:-ia, in 
the 9th century: in Hungary and Sclavonia, in the 10th cen- 
tury; in Vandalia and Prussia, in the 11th century; in Pome- 
rania and Norway, in the 12th century; in Livonia, Lithuania 
and part of Tartaty, in the thirteenth ce.itury: in Sclivonia. 
part of Turkey, and the Canary isles, in the 14th century: in 
Africa, at Guinea. Angola, and Congo, in the 15th century: 
made great prog .e~5 in Prussia, both the Indies, and in China. 



96 CHR— CLO 

by the Protestant faith, in the 16th century; reinstated hi 
Greece, &c. &c. in the 17th century. 

Ch'i-tmas-day first observed ;-s a festival, 98. 

Christophers, St. isle of, discovered 1595; settled by the English, 
1626; take by he French, and retaken 1690, by the English; 
taken by the French, 1782; restored to England, 1783. 

Chronometers, the best — The commissioners of the British ad- 
miralty, having advertised a premium of i3()0, for the best 
chronometer, which should be kept at Gre< n- ich, for trial, for 
one year, thirty-six were sent thither by the principal chro- 
nometer makers in London, and were kept in 1823. It was an- 
nounced that if any chronometer ai led six seconds it could 
not obtain the prize. At the end of the year the prize was 
decided to be gained by chionometer No. 816, made by 
Mr. James Murray of Cornhill, whose instrument varied no 
more than one second, and eleven hundredth parts of a se- 
cond 

Church-music introduced into worship, 350; choral service first 
used in England, at Canterbury, 677; changed throughout 
England, from the use of St. Paul's to that of Sarum, 1418; 
first performed in English, May 8, 1559. 

Church-wardens and overseers instituted in England, 1127. 

Church-yards first consecrated, 317; admitted into cities, 740. 

Cinnamon trade first began by the Dutch 1506; but had been 
known in the time of Augustus Caesar, and long before. 

Circumnavigators — The first was ViagelJan, or rather by his 
fleet, as he was himseif slain on the voyage, 1520; Groalva, 
1527; Alvaradi, 1537; Mendma, 1567; sir Francis Drake, 
1577; Cavendish, 1586; Lemaire, 1615; Quiros, 1625; Tass- 
man, 1642; Cowley, 1683; Dampier, 1689; Cooke, 1708; 
Clipperton and Sherlock, 1719; Anson, 1740; Byron, 1764; 
Wallis, 1766; Cook, 1768, 1772, 1776; continued by King, 
1780; and since by Portlocke, 1788; Bougainville, 1766; La 
Peyrouse, 1782; D'Entrecasteux, 1791. 

Circumnavigators of the United States, the first ship with which 
this was performed, returned to Boston, in December, 1790. 

Civita Vecchia was taken by the French, February, 1799, and 
evacuated in S ptcmber following; cities first incorporated, 
in 1201; cities and boroughs first represented in parliament, 
1366; civil law revived in Italy, Germany, &c. 1127. 

Classical book, the first published in Russia, was Cornelius Ne- 
pos, in 1760. 

Clergy of Fiance renounced their privileges, May 20, 1789. — 
Had all their property seized upon by the national assembly, 
1790. Recalled by Bonaparte, 1801 

Clergy of England resigned the power of taxing themselves in 
their convocation, 1 664. 

Clock-makers, three from Delft, first in England, 1568. 

Clocks, called water clocks, first used in Rome, 158 before 
Christ; clocks and dials first set up in churches, 913; clocks 



CLO— COF 97 

made to strike by the Arabians, 801; by the Italians, 1300; a 
striking clock in Westminster, 1368; the first portable one 
made 1530; none in England that went tolerably, till that da- 
ted 1540, maker's name, N. O. now at Hampton-court pa- 
lace; clocks with pendulums, &c. invented by one Fromantil, a 
Dutchman, about 1656; repeating clocks and watches invent- 
ed by one Barlow, 1676. Till about 1631, neither clocks nor 
watches were general. 
Cloth, coarse woollen, introduced into England, 1191; firstmade 

at Kendal, 1390; medleys first made, 1614. 
Coaches first used in England, 1580; an act passed to prevent 
men riding in coaches as effeminate, in 1601. Began to be 
common in London, 1605. Hackney chariots, not to exceed 
200, licensed 1814. 
Coals discovered near New-Castle, 1234; first dug at New-Cas- 
tle, by a charter granted the town,* by Henry III.; firs-t 
used, 1280; dyers, brewers, &c. in the reign of Edward I. be- 
gan to use sea-coal for fire, in 1350. In consequence of an 
application from the nobility, &c. he published a proclama- 
tion against it, 1398, as a public nuisance. Imported from 
New-Castle to London in any quantity, 1350; in general use 
in London, 1400. 

Coal, in the United States, is found in great abundance on both 
sides of the Appalachian mountains. A coal-mine near Pitts- 
burg, took fire, and burned many years; the fire was finally ex- 
tinguished by the incumbent earth and rocks falling into the 
cavity. 

Coffee, first brought into England by Nathaniel Conopius, a 
Cretan, who made it his common beverage, at Baliol college, 
Oxford, in 1641; first brought to Marseilles, 1644. 

Coffee-house, the first in England, was kept by Jacob, a Jew, at 
the sign of the Angel, in Oxford, in 1650; Mr. Edwards, an 
English Turkey merchant, brought home with him a Greek 
servant, who kept the first house for making and selling cof- 
fee in London, 1652. The Rainbow coffee-house, near Tem- 
ple-bar, was, in 1657, represented as a nuisance to the neigh- 
bourhood. 

Coffee-trees were conveyed from Mocha to Holland, in 1616; 
and carried to the West-Indies in the year 1726; first cultiva- 
ted at Surinam by the Dutch, 1718; its culture encouraged 
in the plantations, 1732. 

Coffin, stone one, cut out of a solid block, containing a complete 
skeleton, found under the parish church in Leeds, England, 
which was built 700 years ago, 1809. 

Coffin, supposed to contain the bodies of the queen of Ed- 
ward IV. and one of her children, discovered in cardinal 
Woolsey's chapel, at. Windsor, October 26, 1810. 

Coffin, stone one, of immense size, containing the perfect 
skeleton of a man, with the teeth entire ; discovered in dig*- 
ging a road from Burford, in Oxfordshire, to Barrington, sup- 
9 



16 COINAGE— COLLEGES. 

posed to have been deposited there in the middle of the eighth 
century, December 20, 1814. 

Coffins of stone, rudely constructed, have been frequently 
found in Kentucky, and some other parts of America. 

Coimbra. See Universities. 

Coin — silver, coined at Rome, 269 before Christ; before then 
brass money was only used; coin first used in Britain, 25 years 
before Christ. 

The Mint of the United States of America, established 
1793, issued gold and silver coin; the copper had been deli- 
vered before. The gold coins are eagles, half eagles, and 
quarter eagles. The first is exactly five and forty shillings^ 
English money, or ten dollars, American coin. The dollars 
are coined in the same divisions of half and quarter dollars, 
which makes the course of exchange simple; as ten quarter 
flollars make the quarter eagle, ten half dollars the half eagle, 
and ten dollars the eagle. There is, besides, one more silver 
coin, which is called a dime, and is the tenth part of a dollar* 
The copper coin is called a cent, and is the tenth part of a 
dime. 

Coinage of the United States for the year 1827, as appears, 
from the treasurer's statement, amounted to $3,0 24,342 22, 
consisting of 9,097,845 pieces of coin, viz: 

Of gold, 27,713 pieces, making $0,131,565 00 

Of silver, 6,712,400 pieces, making 2,869,205 00 

Of copper, 2,357,782 pieces, making 23,572 22 

A general view of the operations of the mint, from their 
first commencement: 

The whole coinage, executed since the establisment of the 
mint, amounts to $30,465,442, consisting of 103,081,178 
pieces of coin, viz. 

Of gold, 1,538,161 pieces, making $8,255,667 

Of silver, 47,389,086pieces,[making 21,695,899 

Of copper, 54,153,931 pieces, making ; . . 513,876 

Total $30,465,442 

Coining with a die first invented, 1617; first used in England* 
1620. 

Colleges, as places of public instruction in which academical 
degrees were granted, were fiist known at Paris, A. D. 1215, 
and was completely established there 1231. See University. 
The following list shews the names of the principal colle- 
ges or universities in Europe: Cambridge began 626, accord- 
ing to some others, 900; revived, 1110; Cambridge, New-. 
England, projected, 1630; Dublin, 1591; Edinburgh, founded 
by James VI. 1580; Frankfort, on the Oder, 1506; Geneva, 
1365; Glasgow, Scotland, 1450; Goetingen, Hanover, 1734; 
Leipsic, Saxony, 1409; Moscow, 1754; Oxford, in England, 



COLLEGES. $f 

886; Padua, Italy, 1197; Paris, 792; Petersburg, Russia, 1747j 
Sorbonne, France, 1253; Strasburg, Germany, 1588; Venice, 
1592; Vienna, 1236; Utrecht, Holland, 1636; Wurtemburg, 
Saxony, 1502. 
Colleges, or Universities in the United States. — Harvard college 
or Cambridge university is the most ancient literary institu- 
tion in the United States; founded 1638; first degrees confer- 
red, 1642. Providence university, founded 1764. Bowdoin col- 
lege, Brunswick, Maine, incorporated 1794. Williams' college, 
Berkshire, Massachusetts, 1790. Yale college, founded 1750, 
Dartmouth college, 1769. Middlebury college, 1800. Ver- 
mont university, incorporated 1791. King's college, now Co- 
lumbia college, New-York, granted by royal charter, 1754. 
but changed its style to Columbia College, by act of assem- 
bly, 1787. Union college, in Schenectady, founded 1795. 
Hamilton college, near Utica. In New-Jersey, Nassau Hall, 
at Princeton, founded 1738; the university of Pennsylvania, 
formed by an association of gentlemen, commenced as an aca- 
demy 1750, and which, after many revolutions and modifica- 
tions, was created in 1791, by act of assembly, "The Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania." The Roman Catholics have a college 
in George Town. The college of William and Mary, in Vir- 
ginia, was incorporated 1693. Lexington, or more correctly 
Washington college, in 1798. University of Virginia — see 
art. Virginia. South-Carolina has colleges at Columbia, 
Beaufort, Abbeville, and Williamsport. Georgia university 
originated about 1785. Tennessee has at least three colleges, 
the most ancient of which, Greenville, was incorporated in 
1794. The most extensive literary institution yet brought in- 
to operation in that part of the United States west of the Ap- 
palachian mountains, is that at Lexington, Kentucky, called 
"The Transylvania University" — it was formed by the union 
of two academies in 1798. Another university to be located 
at Danville, Kentucky, was chartered in 1819. Most, if not 
every other state in the union, beside those whose literary in- 
stitutions are here briefly noticed, have forwarded the best in- 
terests of man, by exertions more or less effectual, to open to 
the citizens the means of education. 

The subjoined summary presents a view of the number of 
graduates in sixteen of our colleges in different years: 



100 



COLLEGES, COLOMBIA, &c. 



COLLEGES. 


GRADUATES IN 


1823 


1824 


1825 


1826 


Waterville College 

Bowdoin College 

Dartmouth College 

Vermont University 

Middlebury College* • 

Williams' College 


3 

31 

34 

8 

17 
7 
3 
37 
27 
73 
67 
34 
29 
36 
19 
23 


3 

13 
28 
9 
24 
15 
17 
67 
41 
68 
79 
17 
22 
47 
24 
14 


3 

37 

26 
13 
16 
19 
23 
58 
48 
68 
62 
23 
21 
38 
19 
14 


7 
31 
37 
13 
19 
24 
32 




53 




27 


Yale College 


100 




71 




28 


Columbia College 

Princeton College 

Dickinson College 

University of Pennsylvania. . 


24 

29 
14 

8 




448 


488 


488 


517 







Colombia, republic of, composed of the former Spanish provin- 
ces of Terra Firma, and New Grenada, spreading over the 
northern part of South America, and from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific ocean. 

Colombia, chronology of, 1806, abortive attempt made by Miran- 
da, to break the Spanish yoke; 1810, decisive revolt under Bo- 
livar, and others; 1811, July 5th, independence declared; 1819, 
December 17th, union between the Venezuelian provinces 
and New Grenada, farming COLOMBIA; 1821, May 6th, ge- 
neral congress installed; June 24th, same year, battle of Cara- 
bobo, in which the Spanish power in the Atlantic part of the 
republic, was utterly broken. 

Colossus of Rhodes, a gigantic brazen statue set up at Rhodes, 
about ate. C. 300; thrown by an earthquake, 234; lay on the 
ground nearly 900 years, and was finally sold by the Saracens 
when they took the island of Rhodes, A. D. 672. The metal 
was supposed to have weighed 720,000 lbs. 

Columbia, District of, seat of the United States general govern- 
ment. It is ten miles square— on both sides of the Potomao. 
It was formed out of parts of Maryland and Virginia; and was 
ceded by Maryland and Virginia respectively to the United 
States in 1790, and in 1800 became the seat of the United 
States general government. The lat. of the capitol is 38° 
52' 45" N. and within a very small fraction, 77° W. from the 
royal observatory, near London. The mean temperature 



COMMERCE, COMPANIES, &c. 



101 



about 55° Fahrenheit. Population in 1820, 33,039. See art 
Washington City. 

Columbo, in Ceylon, surrendered to the English, June 12th, 
1796; British troops massacred there by the natives, June 
6th, 1803. 

Commerce of the United States. See art. United States. 

Commerce — A late number of the Revue Encyclopedique con- 
tains the following comparative statement of the commercial 
transactions of England, France and America, during the year 
1827, estimated in francs. A franc is about 181 cents. 



Commerce. 
Domestic. . • • 
Foreign 


Great- Britain. 
8,601,850,000 
1,894,275,000 


France. 
6,476,160,000 
847,450,000 


United Slates. 
2,493,000,000 
786,991,000 


Total 


10,496,125,000 


7,323,610,000 

149,050,000 

260,000,000 

52,000,000 


3,279,991,000 


Exports. 
Natural prod. 
Manufactures 
For. produce 


75,725,000 
810,850,000 
253,875,000 


248,955,000 

13,036,000 

142,000,000 


Total 


1, 140,450,0(30 


461,050,000 


403,891,000 



Companies, Societies, Offices, 8fc. incorporated. 

African company established 1618, 1762. In 1746, government 

owed the company £11,686,800, and its divided capital 

amounted to £10,780,000, both of which continued to 1776. 
African Colonization Society, originated at Washington city, 

December 21st, 1816; Auxiliary Societies, soon after formed 

in many parts of the United States. 
American Bible Society. See Bible Societies. 
Agricultural Society of New-York, 1797. 
Agricultural Society of Philadelphia, formed 1785; revived, 

1804; incorporated, 1809. 
Aimwell School Society of Philadelphia, 1796. 
American Philosophical Society, instituted 1743; incorporated, 

1780. 
Antiquarian society, incorporated November 2, 1751. 
Antiquarian Society at Edinburgh, instituted December 18, 1780. 
Antiquarian society in Massachusetts, 1792. 
Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company, at Boston, 1638; 

the most ancient society in the United States. 
Artists society of Philadelphia, 1810. 
Athenian Society for vending domestic manufactures, Baltimore, 

1810. 
Baltimore Library, 1796. 
Baltimore College, 1807, 
Baltimore Water Company, 1805. 



102 COMPANIES, SOCIETIES, &c. 

Bank of Amsterdam, founded 1609. 

Bank of Venice, 1157. 

Bank of Rotterdam, 1635. 

Bank of England, established, 1693. 
For other Banks, see art. Banks. 

Bible Societies. — Bible Society of Philadelphia, formed May 7th, 
1808; first in New-York, December 4, 1809; Salem in Massa- 
chusetts, instituted May 15th, 1811; of Baltimore, 1810; the 
American Bible Society in New-York, established May 8th, 
1816. 

Boston Athenaeum, incorporated, 1807; Boston Episcopal Chari- 
table Society, incorporated, 1724; Boston Female Asylum, in- 
corporated 1800; Boston Library, 1794. 

Bricklayers Company of Philadelphia, incorporated, 1809. 

British Museum, established 1753. 

Cabinet council, first constituted in England, April 25, 1670. 

Cattle Society of Philadelphia, instituted, 1809. 

Caledonia society of Philadelphia, instituted 1790. 

Carpenters Mutual Benefit Society of Philadelphia, formed 1724; 
incorporated 1790. 

Cincinnati, 1783; incorporated in Massachusetts, 1805. 

Clement's Inn society, established 1471. 

Clergymen's widows' and orphans' corporation, established in 
England July, 1670. 

Clergymen's sons', &c. society, established in Scotland, 'Octo- 
ber, 1794. 

College of Physicians of Philadelphia, formed 1787; incorporat- 
ed 1789. 

Columbian Benevolent Society of Philadelphia, 1804. 

Christ Church Hospital in Philadelphia, for aged women of the 
Episcopal Church, founded by Dr. John Kearsly. 

Companies first established in London, 1198; cooks' company 
London, incorporated, 1481; coopers' company, London, in- 
corporated, 1501; cordwainers' company, London, incorpora- 
ted, 1410; curriers' company, London, incorporated, 1605; 
cutlers' company, London, incorporated, 1417. 

Deaf and dumb society, for the instruction of, instituted at Hart- 
ford, Connecticut, June 24th, 1816. 

Delaware, state of, society for promoting American manufac- 
tures, formed February 15th, 1817. 

Domestic society, Philadelphia, established 1805. 

East-India company, in England, established, 1600; their stock 
then consisting of £72,000, when they fitted out four ships; 
and, meeting with success, they have continued ever since; 
India stock sold from 360 to 500 per cent. 1683; a new com- 
pany established, 1698; the old one re-established, and the 
two united, 1700; agreed to give government £400,000 per 
annum for four years, on condition that they might continue 
unmolested, 1769; in great confusion, and applied to parlia- 
ment for assistance, 1773; judges sent from England, by go- 



COMPANIES, SOCIETIES, &c. 103 

vernment, faithfully to administer the laws there, Jo the com- 
pany's servants, April 2, 1774; board of control instituted, 
1784; charter of renewed, 1813. 

East India company, of Sweden, erected March, 1731. 

East India company of France, established, 1627; abolished by 
the national assembly, and the trade laid open, January 26, 
1791. 

East India company of Holland, incorporated, 1604. 

Episcopal Female charity school at Baltimore, 1799. 

Excise office, formed 1643. 

Franklin donation— £1000 to Philadelphia, and £2000 to Bos- 
ton, by the will of Dr. Franklin, in trust to the corporations 
of Philadelphia and Boston, for the purpose of loaning to 
young married artificers. 

Franklin's Institute, Philadelphia, instituted. 

Friends school established at Philadelphia, 1689. 

Fund, for supplying the poor with fuel, Philadelphia, annual pro- 
ceeds in 1811, equal to 485 dollars, 96 cents. 

German American Mutual Assistance Society of Philadelphia, 
incorporated 1801. 

German incorporated society of Philadelphia, 1781. 

Gospel, society for propagating the, among the Indians, institu- 
ted in Massachusetts, 1787. 

Hibernian society of Philadelphia, instituted 1792. 

Humane society, instituted at London, 1774. 

Humane society, instituted in Philadelphia, 1780. 

Irish charitable society at Boston, 1737. 

Linngean society, founded in Philadelphia, June 3rd, 1806. 

Magdalen society of Philadelphia, instituted 1800; incorporated 
in 1802. 

Marine society of Baltimore, established 1807. 

Mariners' society of Philadelphia. 

Masonic Hall at Philadelphia, consecrated on St. John's day, 
1811. 

Masons' company, London, incorporated 1677: 

Massachusetts Baptist Missionary society, 1802. 

Massachusetts Congressional society, for the relief of widows 
and children of deceased clergymen, 1786. 

Massachusetts charitable Fire company, 1794. 

charitable Mechanic society, 1806. 

. . ■ charitable Society, 1762. 

■ Historical society, 1791. 

. Humane society at Boston, 1791. 

. Medical society, 1781. 

Missionary society at Boston, 1799. 

— — . Society for promoting Christian Knowledge, pie- 
ty and charity, 1805. 

Massachusetts society for promoting Agriculture, 1792. ^ 

Master Mechanics Benevolent society of Philadelphia, institut- 
ed 1810. 



104 SOCIETIES, INSURANCE COMPANIES, &c. 

Master Tayjors' society of Philadelphia, incorporated 1805. 

Medical society of Philadelphia, 1771. 

Lycaeum, 1804. 

Dispensary at Boston, 1796. 

at Philadelphia, 1786. 

■ at Baltimore, 1807. 

Methodist Charitable School of Baltimore, incorporated 1795. 

Museum, Peale's, at Philadelphia, 1784. By the persevering in- 
dustry, talents, zeal and science of Charles Peale, esq. has be- 
come one of the most respectable museums in the world. 

Orphaline Charity School at Baltimore, incorporated, 1807. 

Phi Beta Kappa This ancient and respectable institution was 

first founded at the university of Oxford, in England; from 
thence a charter was granted to William and Mary's college, 
in Virginia: from the latter institution, (where the society is 
now extinct) a charter was granted to Harvard university in 
Massachusetts; from thence to Yale college, and by these two 
to Dartmouth university. 

Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, at Philadelphia, 1805. 

Pennsylvania Hospital, first meeting of the contributors was in 
May, 1751. 

Philadelphia Library, founded 1731; incorporated 1769. 

Pilots' society, formed 1788; incorporated 1789. 

Philadelphia Provident society, instituted 1793; incorporated 
1799. 

Philadelphia Provident society of House Carpenters, incorpora- 
ted 1809. 

Philadelphia Philanthropic society, instituted 1793; incorpora- 
ted 1799. 

Philadelphia society, for the establishment and support of chari- 
ty schools, 1799; incorporated 1801. 

Philadelphia Union society for the education of poor female 
children, 1804. 

Insurance Companies of the United States, viz. — Massachusetts 
Fire and Marine Insurance company at Boston, capital 400,000 
dollars, 1795; Massachusetts Mutual Fire Insurance company, 
funds, 300,000 dollars, 1798; Boston Marine Insurance com- 
pany, capital 300,000 dollars, 1799; Suffolk Insurance compa- 
ny at Boston, capital 225,000 dollars, 1803; New-England 
Marine Insurance company at Boston, capital 300,000 dollars, 
1803; Union Insurance company at Boston, capital 300,000 
dollars, 1804; Commercial Insurance Office at Boston; North 
American Insurance company at Boston, capital 300,000 dol- 
lars; private insurance offices in Boston amount in number to 
five; Newburyport Marine Insurance company, 1799; Merri- 
mack Fire and Marine Insurance company at Newburyport, 
1803; Union Marine and Fire Insurance company at Newbu- 
ryport, capital 100,000 dollars, 1807; Maine Fire and Marine 
Insurance company at Portland, 1800; United Marine and Fire 
Insurance company at Portland, 1807; Salem Marine Insur* 



INSURANCE COMPANIES, SOCIETIES, &c. 104 

ance company, capital 200,000 dollars, 1800; Essex Fire and 
Marine Insurance company at Salem, capital 300,000 dollars, 
1803; Union Marine Insurance company at Salem, capital 
200,000 dollars, 1804; Social Insurance company of Salem, 
capital 100,000 dollars, 1807; Beverly Marine Insurance com- 
pany, capital 100,000 dollars, 1809; Lincoln and Kennebee 
Insurance company at Wiscasset, 1803; Marblehead Insurance 
company, 1803: Marblehead Social Insurance company, 
1809; Gloucester Marine Insurance company, 1803; Nantuck- 
et Marine Insurance company, 1804; Nantucket Union Marine 
Insurance company, 1804; Kennebeck Marine Insurance com- 
pany at Wells, 1804; Hampshire Fire Insurance company at 
Northampton, 1804; Bedford Marine Insurance company, 
1805; first insurance company in Philadelphia, 1720; Insur- 
ance company of North America at Philadelphia, capital 
600,000 dollars, 1794; Insurance company of Pennsylvania, 
capital 500,000 dollars, 1794; Union Insurance company, ca- 
pital 500,000 dollars, 1804; Phoenix Insurance company, capi- 
tal 600,000 dollars, 1804; Delaware Insurance company, capi- 
tal 500,000 dollars, 1804; Philadelphia Insurance company, 
capital 400,000 dollars, 1804; United States Insurance com- 
pany, at Philadelphia, capital 400,000 dollars, 1810; Marine in- 
surance company, capital 300,000 dollars, 1809; Lancaster and 
Susquehanna Insurance company, capital 100,000 dollars, 1808; 
the Philadelphia Contributionship, {'or insuring- against fire, 
founded in 1752; Mutual Fire Insurance company at Philadel- 
phia, 1784; American Fire Insurance company at Philadelphia, 
capital 500,000 dollars, 1811; South-Carolina Insurance compa- 
ny; Union Insurance company, Charleston, South-Carolina; Fire 
Insurance company, do.; New-York Insurance company; Co- 
lumbian Insurance company at New-York; United Insurance 
company, do.; Marine Insurance company, do.; Commercial 
Insurance company, do.; Phoenix Insurance company, do.; 
Eagle Insurance company, do; Mutual Insurance company, do; 
Ocean Insurance company, do.; New-York Firemen ; Marine 
Insurance company, Alexandria. 

Propagation of the Gospel in foreign parts, society for the, in- 
corporated in England, 1701. 

Propagation of the Gospel in New-England, society of the, in- 
corporated February 7, 1662. 

Religious Tract Society of Philadelphia, formed May 10th, 1815. 

Royal society, London, instituted December 30, 1660. 

Royal society of Musicians, instituted in London, 1785. 

Royal institution of Great-Britain commenced 1800. 

Royal!society of Arts instituted in London, 1768. 

School for the education of blacks at Philadelphia, 1770. 

Scot's Thistle society of Philadelphia, instituted 1796. 

Ship Masters' society of Philadelphia, instituted 1765* 

Beneficial Medical society, instituted 1781. 

j ftw i ." i , Missionary society at Boston, 1799. 



106 COMPANIES, SOCIETIES, &c— CONGRESS. 

Beneficial Society for promoting Christian knowledge, piety and 
charity, 1805. 

Beneficial society for promoting Agriculture, 1792. 

Master Mechanics Benevolent society of Philade lphia, instill*- 
ted 1810. 

South Sea company began, May 6, 1710; its bubble, 1720; its di- 
rectors estates to the value of £2,000,000, seized 1721; com- 
pounded with Mr. Knight, their cashier, for £10,000, who had 
absconded with £100,000, in 1720; and he returned to Eng- 
land, 1743. 

Stamp office established in England, 1164. 

Typographical society of Philadelphia, instituted 1802; incorpo- 
rated 1810. 

Washington society's charity school at Baltimore, on the Lan- 
caster plan, 1811, the first in the United States*. 

Union Manufacturing- Society of Maryland, 1808; capital 
1,000,000 dollars. 

United German Benefit Society of Philadelphia, instituted 1785} 
incorporated 1798. 

University of Pennsylvania incorporated 1753. 

Comedy, the first acted in Athens, on a scaffold, by Susarian and 
Dalon, 562 before Christ; those of Terence first acted 154 be- 
fore Christ; the first in England 1551. 

Compass, or the polarity of magnetised iron, one of the great- 
est, and as to the date of its discovery, most uncertain of hu- 
man improvements. There is, howover, good evidence to 
prove that the mariner's compass was in use in Europe as 
early as A. D. 1180; variation first observed by Columbus and 
his companions, 1492; its dip, about 1576. 

Congou, kingdom of, on the western coast of Africa, discovered 
by the Portuguese 1482, and settled by them immediately af- 
terwards. 

Conjunction of the sun and moon, and the planets Jupiter, Ve- 
nus, Mercury, Mars and Saturn, September 16, 1186. 

Congress, continental, first met in Philadelphia September 5th, 
1774; October 8th, resolve to support Massachusetts. Second 
congress assembled May 10th, in Philadelphia; June 7, style 
the colonies "The Twelve United Colonies," Georgia not hav- 
ing yet acceded to the Union; June 22, 1775, appoint eight 
major generals; May 5, 1776, declare the authority of Eng- 
land abolished; July 4, declare independence; December 12, 
1776, adjourn from Philadelphia to meet at Baltimore; 30th, 
resolve to send commissioners to Prussia, Austria, Spain, &c; 
September 18, 1777, on the approach of the British army, ad- 
journ to meet in Lancaster, from where they again adjourn 
on the 30th of the same month to meet in Little York. Sep- 
tember 14th, 1778, appoint Benjamin Franklin minister to 
France, who was the first regularly constituted ambassador 
from the United States, the former foreign agents being styled 
commissioners; October 4th, 1782, resolve against a separate 



CONNECTICUT— CONSPIRACIES. 107 

peace; June 26th, 1783, adjourn to Princeton, and from thence 
to Annapolis, where they met November 26th; April 1st, 1789, 
first assembled under the federal constitution; September 22, 
1790, pass an act to remove to Washington city iu 1800. See 
art. President. 
Connecticut, state of the United States — area 4750 square miles$ 
the coast is finely diversified by harbours; the Connecticut 
river opens a navigation to sea vessels to Hartiord, and the 
Thames to Norwich. The manufacturing industry of this 
state has been carried to a greater comparative extent than 
any other of the United States. 

Cotton. — There are more than sixty cotton manufacturing 
establishments, containing 50,000 spindles — cost $1,500,000; 
are capable, if all were employed, of manufacturing 9,960,000 
yards per annum of common shirting, and other goods of like 
quality — of employing 10,000 persons, exclusive of weavers; 
of paying out annually 850,000 dollars for labour. 

Woollen. — There are thirty-six woollen manufactories, ex- 
clusive of five hundred clothier shops, which are worth at the 
present valuation, $400,000; these are capable of producing 
goods at present value to the amount of $400,000 per annum; 
will work 160,000 pounds of wool per annum — will pay annu- 
ally $280,000 for labour. 

Iron. — This article is not less important than cotton and 
woollen. With suitable encouragement, from 4 to $500,000 
value might be annually made — a great proportion of its value 
would be paid out for the labour in manufacturing. 

Total population in 1820, 275,248 

Of these — Foreigners not naturalized, 568 

Engaged in agriculture, 50,518 

do. in manufactures, 17,541 

do. in commerce, 3 ,581 

Population to the square mile, 58 

Connecticut settled from Massachusetts 1634; form a con- 
stitution, 1639; Connecticut and New-Haven united, 1662; 
form with Massachusetts and Plymouth, in 1673, a confedera- 
tion under the title of "The United Colonies of New-Eng- 
land"; receives a charter from Charles II. April 23rd, 1662; 
which was subsequently confirmed by William and Mary, and 
continued the constitution of that state, until the 18th of Sep- 
tember, 1818, when the existing constitution Avas ratified. 
Governor and lieutenant-governor elected annually, by the 
people; judges and justices appointed by the assembly. Judg- 
es hold their offices during good behaviour — sends six repre- 
sentatives to congress. 
Conspiracies and insurrections, the most remarka^e in ancient 
or modern history. — A conspiracy was formed against the 
infant republic of Rome, to restore the banished Sextus Tar- 
quin, and the regal government, in which the two sons of Ju- 



108 CONSPIRACIES IN ENGLAND. 

nius Brutus, the first consul, being concerned, were publicly 
condemned and put to death by their father, 507, B. C. Ano- 
ther by the Tarquin faction against the Roman senators; Pub- 
lius and Marcus discover it; the other conspirators are put to 
death, 496. Of Cataline and his associates, to murder the 
consuls and senate, and to burn the city of Rome, discovered 
by Cicero, consul for the year 62. An insurrection in Spain 
cost the lives of 30,000 Spaniards, and double that number 
of Moors, A. D. 1560. At Malta, to destroy the whole order, 
for which 125 slaves suffered death, June 26th, 1749. At 
Lisbon, by several of the nobility, who shot the king, 1758.— 
At St. Domingo, and the other French West-India islands, 
where near 16,000 negroes were slain, and 400 whites, and 550 
plantations destroyed, 1794. Of the prince of Asturias against 
his father, 1807. Of the inhabitants of Madrid against the 
French, in which many persons were killed, 1808. In Paris, 
for which the conspirators, three ex-generals and eleven offi- 
cers were executed, October 30, 1812. At Travencore, to 
massacre the European officers at an entertainment, 1812. 
At Lisbon, to overturn the Portuguese government, May, 1817. 
Conspiracies and insurrections in England. — Of the barons 
against Henry HI, 1258. Of the duke of Exeter and oth- 
ers, against the life of Henry IV. discovered by dropping a 
paper accidentally, 1400. Of Richard, duke of Gloucester, 
against his nephews Edward V. and his brother, whom he 
caused to be murdered, 1483. Of the earl of Suffolk and others 
against Henry VII. 1506. Insurrection of the London ap- 
prentices, 7 Henry VIII. 1527. Against queen Elizabeth, by 
Dr. Story, 1571; by Anthony Babbington and others, 1586; by 
Lopez, a Jew, and others, 1593; by Patrick York, an Irish 
fencing master, employed by the Spaniards to kill the queen, 
1594; of Walpole, a Jesuit, who engaged one Squire to poison 
the queen's saddle, 1598; all the conspirators were executed. 
Against James I. by the marchioness de Verneuil, his mistress, 
and others, 1605. The Gunpowder plot discovered, Novem- 
ber 5, 1605. Of Sindercomb and others to assassinate Oliver 
Cromwell; discovered by his associates; Sindercomb was con- 
demned, and poisoned himself the day before he was to have 
been executed, 1656. An insurrection of the Puritans, 1657. 
An insurrection of the fifth-monarchy men against Charles II. 
1660. A conspiracy of Blood and his associates, who seized 
the duke of Ormond, wounded him, and would have hanged 
him if he had not escaped; they afterwards stole the crown, 
1670 and 71. Of the French, Spanish and English Jesuits, 
countenanced by the pope, to assassinate Charles II. discov- 
ered by Dr. Tongue and Titus Oates, 1668; another to assas- 
sinate him at the Rye-house farm, near Hoddesdon, Hertford- 
shire, in his way from New -Market, called the Rye-house-Plot, 
1683. Of lord Preston, the bishop of Ely, and others, to re- 
store king James, 1691. Of Granvil, a French chevalier and 



CONSTANTINOPLE, COPENHAGEN, COPPER, &c. 109 

his associates, to assassinate king William in Flanders, 1692. 
A conspiracy by the earl of Aylesbury and others, to kill the 
king near Richmond, as he came from hunting, discovered by 
Pendergrass, called the Assassination Plot, 1635. Of Simon 
Frazer, lord Lovat, in favour of the Pretender, against queen 
Anne, 1703. Of the marquis Guiscard, 1710. To assassinate 
George I. by James Sheppard, : enthusiastic youth, who had 
been taught to consider the king as an usurper, 1718. Of 
counsellor Layer and others to bring in the Pretender, 1722. 
Of colonel Despard and his associates to assassinate George 
III. and overturn the government, 1803. 

Conspiracy for raising the funds, February 21, 1814, of which 
Charles Random de Beringer, lord Cochrane and others, were 
cohvicted, June 9, 1814. 

Constantinople, enlarged by a colony of Athenians, under 
Byza, ate. C. 658. This city fell alternately under the 
Athenians, Lacedaemonians, and finally to the Romans. — 
About A. D. 320, Constantine the great fixed upon it as the 
seat of his empire, and removed to it with the archives, re- 
cords, and court of the Roman empire in 330. Besieged and 
taken by the French and Venetians, 1204; recovered by the 
Greeks, 1261; besieged by the Turks, 1402; again in 1422, and 
finally in 1453, when it was taken May 29th, and since which 
epoch it has remained the seat of the Turkish empire. See 
art. Fires, and Plagues. 

Copenhagen, founded, 1169,- made the seat of government for 
Denmark, 1443; surrendered to the English, with the loss of 
its fleet, September 7, 1807. 

Copper, first imported from Virginia, October, 1730. 

Copper money first coined in Scotland by order of parliament, 
1466; in Ireland, 1399; in France, 1580; in England, the first 
legal, 1689. Tradesmen's tokens, or halfpence, were coined 
in 1672; penny pieces first issued July 26, 1797; halfpence on 
the same principle, issued January, 1800. 

Copper mines first discovered in Sweden, 1396; in England, 
1561; revived in England, 1689; found in New- York, 1722. 
The Paris copper mine in Anglesea has a bed of copper ore 
forty feet thick, and supplies between 29 and 30,000 tons an- 
nually. 

Copper mine discovered in Cornwall, 1806. 

Copper is found native in the United States, near the south side 
of Lake Superior, and in some other places. 

Corfu, a magazine at, was destroyed by fire, when 72,000 pounds 
of powder, and 600 bomb-shells blew up, and killed 180 men, 
March 11, 1789; seized by the French, 1797; taken by the 
Russians, March 3d, 1799. 

Corsica, taken from the Moors by the Genoese, A. D. 1115; re- 
volt in, 1730; offered to the British government, 1759; sur- 
rendered to France, 1766; put under the British, 1794, but 
10 



110 CORTES— COTTON— COUNCILS. 

abandoned by them in 1796, and taken again by the French; 
and afterwards permanently annexed to France. 

Cortes of Spain, assembled and installed in the Isle of Leon, No- 
vember 24, 1810; dissolved by Ferdinand VII. May 4, 1814; 
all the papers in which the proceedings of that assembly were 
mentioned, collected and burnt at Madrid by the government 
November, 1814. Patriotic members of, confined at Ceuta, 
were taken out of their beds, carried on board a xebec, load- 
ed with irons, and conveyed to some unknown place, July 19, 
1816. Reassemble July 9th, 1820, and the sitting opened by 
the king in person; 1823, are forced to retire to the island of 
Leon or Cadiz, where they are finally dispersed. 

Cotton, see arts. England and United States. 

Cotton wool used in the English manufactures in 1787, wa§ va- 
lued at £7,500,000, and weighed 22,600,000 lbs. The quan- 
tity manufactured in 1791, was 32,148,906 lbs. One pound 
of cotton-wool, when spun, has been worth five pounds sterl- 
ing; and when wove into muslin and ornamented in the tam- 
bour, is worth 15 pounds, yielding £5,900 per cent, on the 
raw material. Again, one pound of cotton has produced 205 
hanks, each hank, when extended, measured 203,000 yarda. 
In this manufacture, in 1787, there were in England and Scot- 
land 143 water-mills, which have cost £715,000 

And 550 mule-jennies, of 50 spindles each, worth. . . . 19,250 

20,070 hand-jennies, of 80 spindles each, worth 140,490 

Buildings, carding machines, &c. worth 125,260 

Money employed in the manufacture £1,000,000 

which gives employment to above 60,000 persons for spinning, 
and with its subsequent stage for preparation, employs near 
360,000 men, women and children. 
Councils — That at Jerusalem, when the first controversy was 
discussed, 48; at Antioch, 269; at Aries, 314, at which three 
English bishops were present; the first Nicene one, when 328 
fathers attended, against Arius, 325; the first at Constantino- 
ple, when Pope Damasus presided, and 150 fathers attended, 
381; that at Sardis, when 376 fathers attended, 400; the first 
at Ephesus, when Pope Celestine presided, and 200 fathers at- 
tended, 431 ; that at Chalcedon, when Pope Leo presided, and 
600 fathers attended, 451; the second at Constantinople, 
when Pope Virgilius presided, and 165 fathers attended, 552; 
one called the Milevetan council, 568; at Constantinople, in 
600; at Rome in 649; the third at Constantinople, when Pope 
Agatho presided, and 289 fathers attended, 680; the second at 
Nice, when Pope Adrian presided, and 350 fathers attended, 
787; the fourth at Constantinople, when Pope Adrian presid- 
ed, and 101 fathers attended, 869; that at Vercellus, when 
Pope Leo IX. presided, 1053; the Lateran one, when Pope Ca- 
lixtus II. presided, and 300 fathers attended, 1112; the second 
Lateran one, when Pope Innocent II. presided, and 1000 fa- 



COU— CRO 111 

thers attended, 1139; the third Lateran one, when Pope Alex- 
ander III. presided, and 300 fathers attended, 1175; the fourth 
Lateran one, when Pope Innocent III. presided, and 1185 fa- 
thers attended, 1215 and 1217; at Lyons, 1255 and 1274; that 
at Vienna, when Pope Clement V. presided, and 300 fathers 
attended, 1311; one at Constance, when Pope John XXII. and 
Martin V. presided, 1414; .the sixth Lateran one, when Pope 
Julian III. and Pius IV. presided against Luther, 1546.— 
There have been several other provincial councils, and others, 
as that of Avignon, in France, and at Bituria, in Tuscany, 
1431; at Tours, in France, 1448; at Florence, in Italy, 1449; 
at Toledo, in Spain, 1473; at Aspurgh, in Germany, 1548; at 
Cologne, in Germany, 1548; at Treves, in Germany, 1548; at 
Cologne, in Germany, 1549; at Mentz, in Almaine, 1549; and 
at Numantia, in Spain, 1550. 

Counties first division of, in England, A. D. 900. 

Counties in the United States, are generally adopted, and at 
this epoch, 1828, exceed 800 in number. 

Covent-garden square, London, 1798. 

Covent-garden theatre, London, built, 1773; enlarged, 1792: 
burnt, 1808; rebuilt, 1809. 

Cow-pox, inoculation by, as a security against the small-pox, 
introduced into England, by Dr. Jenner, 1800. 

Crayons, art of fixing them, discovered, 1748. 

Crimes, table of the increase of persons convicted of, in England 
and Wales, from 1810 to 1815: 

Fears. Males. Females. Total. 

1810 3733 1413 5146 

1811 3859 1478 5337 

1812 4891 1685 6576 

1813 5433. » 1731 7164 

1814 4826 1564 6390 

1815 6036 1782 7818 

On the 23d of February, 1817, there were a hundred prisoners 
in Newgate under sentence of death. At the Lent assizes 
of 1817, at Lancaster, no less than 46 unfortunate beings re- 
ceived sentence of death; at York, 33; at Chelmsford, 27; and 
in other places a proportionable greater number than Usual. 

Criminal offences in France, the number of persons charged with, 
in the year 1826, was according to the official records, 7591. 
The number in England and Wales in the same year, was 
16,147. The population of France is, in round numbers, 31 
millions; of England and Wales 14 millions. Twelve hun- 
dred were condemned to death in England; one hundred and 
fifty in France. There was a gradual increase of crime in 
both countries. 

Croisade, or crusade, expeditions undertaken from Europe with 
the avowed intention to recover the Holy Land from the Ma- 
hometans. The first was undertaken from France, 1696. The 



112 CRO— DAV 

2nd was undertaken in 1147; the third in 1188; the fourth in 
1203; the fifth in 1227, the sixth in 1248; and seventh 1270. 

Croix, St. an island of the West-Indies, belonging to the Dutch, 
taken by the English March 31st, 1801, but subsequently re- 
stored to the kingdom of the Netherlands. 

Cronstadt, city of Russia, at the mouth of tho Neva, built by Pe- 
ter the great, 1704. 

Crown, the first Roman that wore one, was Tarquin, 616 
before Christ; first used in England, 872; the first tiara, or 
triple one, used by the popes. 1364; the first single one used 
by them was in 553; the first double one in 1303. 

Cuba was discovered by Columbus in 1492; taken possession of 
by the Spaniards, 1511; invaded by the British 1762, and the 
Havana taken; given up to Spain 1763. Population of Cuba 
in 1826, 849,735; 1827, 879,475. 

Curacoa, settled by the Dutch, 1634. 

Customs on exports and imports first collected in England about 
979; amounted to but £14,000 in 1580; to £50,000 in 1592: 
to £300,000 in 1642; to £4,609,000 in 1786; to £4,965,000 
in 1787; to £6,890,000 in 1790; to £9,973,240 in 1808; to 
£11,498,762 in 1823. 

Customs, United States. See art. United States. 

Custom-house, London, first built, 1559; burnt down 1814; re- 
built, and opened for business, 1817. 

Cypher, or the Arabic numerical figures, introduced into Eu- 
rope by the Moors of Spain, in 813. 
Cyprus, Island of Greece, until in A. D. 1192, it was taken by 
Richard Coeur de Lion, and made a kingdom in favor of Guy 
of Lusignan. It continued a kingdom until 1489, when it 
was taken by the Venetians, who in 1571 were dispossessed by 



D. 

Danes, under Rollo, made their first descent on France, 895; 
and made a settlement in Neustra, now Normandy, 905. 

Danish revolution, January 17, 1772; and May, 1784. See Den- 
mark. 

Dantzic, founded 1169; admitted to a suffrage in the elections of 
the kings of Poland, 1632; put themselves under the protec- 
tion of Prussia, 1703. Besieged by the French 1807, taken 
May 21st; taken by the allies May 21st, 1814, and subsequent- 
ly confirmed to Prussia. 

Darien settled 1700. 

Dartmoor, England, depot at for prisoners, at which, April 8th 
1815, seven American prisoners were massacred and thirty 
wounded. 

Davis's Straits, discovered 1585. 



DEC— DELAWARE— DENMARK. 113 

Decameron of Boccacia, a volume in small folio, printed in 1471, 
was knocked down to the marquis of Blandford, at the sale of 
the duke of Roxburgh's library, for £2,260, June 17, 1812. 

Decimal Arithmetic introduced into common use in Europe, 
about 1600. 

Degrees academical first granted at Paris 1213. 

Delphos, temple of, burnt, 548 before Christ. - 

Deluge, general, threatened in the year of the world 1536 — be- 
gan November 25, 1656, i. e. 2848 before Christ. It conti- 
nued 377 days. Noah left the ark, on Friday, December 18, 
2347 before Christ. 

Delft earthenware first made at Faenza 1450. 

De la Plate, river of, discovered 1512. 

Delaware, one of the United States, first settled by Swedes and 
Finns in 1627, who were subdued by the Dutch from New- 
York in 1655. The Dutch subdued by the English in 1664. 
when they passed under the authority of the British governor 
of New-York. In 1682 united to Pennsylvania under William 
Penn. In 1701 rejected the charter offered to Pennsylvania. 
Constitution adopted, September, 1776; new modelled June 
1792. Senate chosen every three years, and the house of re- 
presentatives annually. Governor every three years, and 
cannot serve two terms in immediate succession. Judges may 
be removed on the address of two thirds of both branches of 
the legislature. Sends one representative to congress. Has 
an entire outline of 258 miles. Area 2120 square miles. 
Population in 1820, 72,749. 

Demerara, and Essequibo, taken by the English, April 22nd, 
1796; restored to the Dutch, December, 1802; taken again by 
the English, September 23d, 1803. 

Denmark, a kingdom of Europe. — The most remarkable of the 
kings of Denmark, from Waldemar I. who united Denmark 
and Norway, were — Waldemar I. began A. D. 1157; Canute 
VI. 1182; Waldemar II. 1202; Margaret Waldemar 1387; 
House of Holstein — Christian 1. 1448; John 1481; Christian ■ 
II. 1513; Frederick I. 1523; Christian, III. 1534; Frederick 
11.1559; Christian IV. 1588; Frederick III. 1648; Christian 
V. 1670; Frederick IV. 1699; Christian VI. 1730; Frederick 
V. 1746; Christian VII. 1766; Frederick VI. 1808; the reigning 
king, born 1768. 

Chronology of Denmark, since the Union of Calmar, 1387. 
In 1520 Christian II. in order to humble Sweden, murdered a 
large body of the Swedish nobility; this atrocious act led to 
a revolution in 1523, by which the Union Calmar was dissolved, 
and Sweden beeame independent, and extended to Denmark, 
where the king was dethroned; in 1532 in an attempt to recov- 
er his throne, he was taken and imprisoned, where he lan- 
guished twenty-seven years, to his death; Except some wars 
with Sweden, the history of Denmark offered little for re- 
cord, until 1807, when in full peace, it was attacked by 
10* 



114 DES— DIS 

Great-Britain, her capital taken, and fleet removed to Eng- 
land. In 1814, by the treaty of Kiel, Norway was severed 
from Denmark, and annexed to Sweden, whilst a part of Po- 
merania was annexed to the former. 
Desague. See Canals of Mexico. 
Detroit, Michigan, founded 1670; in great part consumed by fire 

1805; taken by the British August 16th, 1812. 
Diamonds first polished and cut at Bruges, 1489. 
Diamond mines discovered in Brazil, 1730; thatatCoulour in the 
East-Indies, 1640; that at Golconda, in 1584; one sent from 
Brazil for the court of Portugal, weighed 1680 carats, or twelve 
ounces and a half, valued at 224 millions sterling. Governor 
Pitt's weighed 127 carats, and 106 after cutting, and sold for 
£135,000, to the king of France. That which belonged to 
Aureng Zebe weighed 793 carats. The Mogul's weighed 279 
carats, worth £779,244. The grand duke of Tuscany's weigh- 
ed 139 carats. 
Diana, temple of, atEphesus, burnt B. C. 356. 
Dice invented 1500 before Christ. 

Dieuet mon droit, first used as a motto by Richard I. on a vic- 
tory over the French, 1194. 
Dipping needle invented by Robert Norman, 1580. 
Dismal Swamp Canal — The Dismal Swamp is a marshy tract of 
country, partly in Virginia and partly in North-Carolina. — 
From the general course of the Blackwater and of the Cho- 
wan rivers, below their junction, an extensive flat peninsula 
is formed between Albemarle Sound, Chesapeake Bay, and 
James' river, of about 70 miles in length, from N, to S. by 50 
mean width, E. and W. or 3500 square miles. This extensive 
flat region is occupied by Currituck, Camden, Pasquotank, Per- 
quimans, Chowan and Gates counties, in North-Carolina, and 
by the Isle of Wight, Nansemond, Norfolk and Princess Anne 
counties, Virginia. It is the central part which is occupied by 
the Dismal Swamp, but much of the residue is marshy, yet by 
the census of 1820, the ten counties comprise a population of 
87,510 inhabitants. The canal already executed between the 
Albemarle Sound and Nansemond river, penetrates this tract. 
The canal originated as long ago as the 1st December, 1787, 
by an act of the assembly of Virginia, which act was concur- 
red in by the legislature of North-Carolina; these acts incor- 
porated a company, with authority to construct a naviga- 
ble canal from the waters of Elizabeth river, in the state of 
Virginia, to the waters of Pasquotank river, in the state of 
North-Carolina. 
Distaff spinning first introduced into England by Bonavera, an 

Italian, 1505. 
Distilling first practised in Spain by the Moors, 1150. 
Distillation of spirituous liquors began in the 12th century. In 
Ireland in 159D.. 



DIS— DOMINICAL LETTER. 115 

Distillery in 1786 yielded in England 421,1931. Is. 3.5d. and in 
1794, it yielded 680,573Z. 16s. 8d. If the tax on malt, and the 
product of the Scotch distilleries are included, it will be 
900,0001. 0s. 9d, 

Divorce, t'he first at Rome, 229 before Christ. , 

Docks, London, the first stone of, laid June 26, 1802; opened 
January 30, 1805. 

Dolort sea between Groningen and East Friesland, formed or en- 
larged by an inundation, 1277. 

Dominical letter. — The first seven letters of the alphabet— A, B, 
C, D, E, F, G, were made use of in the Julian calendar, to 
represent the days of the week — and after the christian era, 
they were termed the Dominical, or Sunday letters — and one 
of them was made to represent all the Sundays in the year: 
Thus, if Abe the dominical letter, the first day of January is 
Sunday, and the 31st of December following is Sunday; then 
the first day of the next year is Monday, and having A against 
it, G is the Sunday letter for the next year. 

Previous to the Gregorian, or new style, the seven letters 
were used in the calendar for every year, but since the im- 
provement, as in the following account, only one letter is used 
in common years, and two in leap years. 

Account of the Gregorian, or new style. 

Pope Gregory XIII. made a reformation of the calendar. 
The Julian calendar, or old style, had before that time, been 
in general use all over Europe. The year, according to the 
Julian calendar, consisted of 365 days and 6 hours; which 6 
hours being one-fourth part of a day, the common year con- 
sisted of 365 days, and every fourth year one day was added 
to the month of February, which made each of those years 
366 days — they are usually called leap years. 

This computation, though near the truth, is more than the 
solar year by eleven minutes, which in one hundred and thir- 
ty-one years amounts to a whole day; by which the vernal 
equinox was anticipated ten days, from the time of the general 
council of Nice, held in the year 325 of the christian era, to 
the time of pope Gregory; who therefore caused ten days to 
be taken out of the month of October, in 1582, to make the 
equinox fall on the 21st of March, as it did at the time of that 
council. And to prevent the like variation in future, he or- 
dered that three days should be abated in every four hundred 
years, by reducing the leap years at the close of each century, 
for three successive centuries, to common years, and retain- 
ing the leap years at the close of each fourth century only. 

This was at that time esteemed as exactly conformable to 
the true solar year; but Dr. Halley makes the solar year to be 
365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 54 seconds, 41 thirds, 24 fourths, 
and 31 fifths; according to which, in four hundred years, the 
Julian year of 365 days, 6 hours, will exceed the solar by 3 



116 



DOMINICAL LETTER. 



days, 1 hour, and 55 minutes, which is near two hours, so that 
in fifty centuries it will amount to a day. 

Although the Gregorian calendar, or new style, had long 
been used throughout the greatest part of Europe, it did not 
take place in Great Britain and America, until the first of 
January, 1752; and in September following, the eleven days 
were adjusted by calling the 3rd day of that month the 14th, 
and continuing the rest in this order. 



Table to 


find the Dominical Letter for the New Style. 










1700 


18001 1900 


2000 










2100 


22001 2300 


2400 




CENTUR 




2500 


2600, 2700 


2800 










2900 


3000 3100 


3200 










3300 


3400 


3500 


3600 










3700 


3800 


3900 


4000 




ODD YEARS. 












C 


E 


G 


B A 










1 


29 


57 


85 


B 


D 


F 


G 


2 


30 


58 


86 


A 


C 


E 


F 


3 


31 


59 


87 


G 


B 


D 


E 


4 


32 


60 


88 


FE 


AG 


CB 


DC 


5 


33 


61 


89 


D 


F 


A 


B 


G 


34 


62 


90 


C 


E 


G 


A 


7 


35 


63 


91 


B 


D 


F 


G 


8 


36 


64 


92 


AG 


C B 


ED 


FE 


9 


37 


65 


93 


F 


A 


C 


D 


10 


38 


66 


94 


E 


G 


B 


C 


11 


39 


67 


95 


D 


F 


A 


B 


12 


40 


68 


96 


C B 


ED 


GF 


A G 


13 


41 


69 


97 


A 


C 


E 


F 


14 


42 


70 


98 


G 


B 


D 


E 


15 


.43 


71 


99 


F 


A 


C 


D 


16 


44 


72 


— 


ED 


GF 


BA 


C B 


17 


45 


73 





C 


E 


G 


A 


18 


46 


74 


— 


B 


D 


F 


G 


19 


47 


75 





A 


C 


E 


F 


20 


48 


76 


— 


GF 


B A 


DC 


ED 


21 


49 


77 


— 


E 


G 


B 


C 


22 


50 


78 


— 


D 


F 


A 


B 


23 


51 


79 


— 


C 


E 


G 


A 


24 


52 


80 


— 


B A 


DC 


FE 


GF 


25 


53 


81 


— 


G 


B 


D 


E 


26 


54 


82 





F 


A 


C 


D 


27 


55 


83 


— 


E 


G 


B 


C 


28 


56 


84 


~ 


DC 


FE 


AG 


B A 



DOM— EAR 117 

Domingo, St. (see Hayti) the first part of America settled by 
Europeans. The city of St. Domingo was founded in 1506 by 
Bartholomew Columbus; about 1650, the Fjoench colonised 
the western part; in 1791, a most destructive revolution broke 
out; the negroes revolted, massacred the whites, and have 
succeeded in forming an independent black nation in Ame- 
rica. 

Doniinico, discovered by Columbus on Sunday, November 3rd, 
1493; settled by the French about 1700; taken by the Eng- 
lish 1759, and ceded to them 1763; taken by the French in 
1778, but restored to England 1783. 

Dover castle, built by Julius Caesar, 50 years before Christ, toAV- 
er built, 47; old church built, 156; priory built, 1130; pier 
built, 1549. 

Dresden, taken by the Prussians, 1758; the Imperialists, 1759; 
the Prussians again 1760; the Austrians 1809. The allied ar- 
my of Austrians, Russians and Prussians, in a grand attack on, 
repulsed August 27, 1813; surrendered to the allied army No- 
vember 12, 1813. Art of making very fine porcelain invent- 
ed at Dresden 1702. 

Drury-lane theatre built 1662; destroyed by fire 1672; rebuilt 
1674; pulled down 1791; rebuilt 1794; burnt 1809; rebuilt 
and opened to the public November 10, 1812. 

Dublin house of commons, &c. destroyed by fire, February 27, 
1792; was buiH 1731, at the expense of £40,000; since the 
union, converted to a national bank. The city greatly dama- 
ged by an inundation of the T,iffey, December 9 and 3, 1802. 

Duelling introduced into Europe as a public mode of trial, A. D. 
1096; became common as a manner of settling points of ho- 
nor, about 1520. 

Dunkirk taken by the English June 24, 1658, from Spain, and 
delivered to France. 

Dupont, general, surrendered, with his army to the Spanish pa- 
triots July 19, 1808. 

Dusseldorp surrendered to the French, September 6, 1795. 



E. 

Earthen vessels first made by the Romans 715 before Christ; the 
first made in Italy 1710; the present improved kind began in 
1763, by Mr. Wedgewood. 

Earthquake, one in Asia overturned twelve cities, 17; Hercula- 
neum buried by one, 79 ; four cities in Asia, two in Greece, 
and three in Galatia, overturned 107; Antioch destroyed 115; 
one that swallowed up Nicomediaand several cities, 120; one 
in Macedonia swallowed up 150 cities, 357; at Nicomedia in 
Bithynia, 358; at Jerusalem and Constantinople, 363; in Ita- 
ly, 369; Nice destroyed, 370; one from September to Novem- 



118 EARTHQUAKES. 

ber, swallowed up several cities in Europe, 394; five in differ- 
ent parts of Europe, 400; one swallowed up several villages of 
the Cimbri, 417; one in Palestine, 419; one at Constantinople, 
434; at Constantinople, Alexandria and Antioch, 446; one that 
destroyed Antioch, September 14, 458; one at Constantinople 
that lasted 40 days; one at Antioch that destroyed that and 
other cities, 526; another at Antioch that swallowed up 4800 
inhabitants, 528; Pompeiopolis, in Mysia, swallowed up 541; 
one at Constantinople, 552; one at Rome and Constantinople, 
557; city of Beritus destroyed, the Isle of Coos shaken, and 
Tripoli and Bilbus damaged, 560; at Daphne and Antioch, 581 ; 
six hundred cities destroyed, 742; in Palestine and Syria, 
where thousands lost their lives, 746; at Mecca where fifteen 
hundred houses and ninety towers were thrown down, 867; 
Constantinople overthrown and Greece shaken, 986; one at 
Batavia, 1021; at Worcester and Derby, 1043; one on April 
8, 1076, in England; and again in 1081 and 1089; one through- 
out England, followed by a scarcity, 1090; one in Shropshire, 
1110; one which overwhelmed Liege and Rottenburgh, in 
Sweden, 1112,- one in December at Antiochia, which destroy- 
ed several cities and towns, and overturned the castle of Tria- 
leth, and the cities of Mariseum and Mamistria, 1114; in Lom- 
bardy for forty days, 1117; one in December, 1118; one in 
September, 1120; in August, in many parts of the kingdom, 
1133; one in August, 1134; un*> tW swallowed up Catania, 
and 15,000 souls, 1137; at Lincoln, 1142; Antioch, Tripoli 
and Damascus destroyed, 1150; at Oxenhall. near Darlington, 
in Durham, 1178; in Hungary and England, 1179; one that 
overthrew the church of Lincoln, and others, 1185; at Cala- 
bria in Sicily, a city, with its inhabitants, lost in the Adriatic 
sea, 1186; Verona greatly damaged, 1187; in Somersetshire, 
1199; at Brisa, in Lombardy, where 2000 lives were lost, 
1222; a general one that threw down St. Michael's on the Hill, 
without Glastonbury, 1247; the greatest ever known in Eng- 
land, November 14, 1318; a dreadful one in Germany, 1346; 
several churches thrown down, May 21, 1382; a very dreadful 
one, accompanied with thunder and lightning, September 28, 
1426; one in Naples, when 40,000 persons perished, 1456; in 
Italy, 1510; in the isle of Cuba, 1530; at Reygate, Croydon 
and Dorking, in Surrey, May, 1551; in China, 1556; in Here- 
fordshire, which overthrew Kingston chapel, &c. February 
17, 1571; in Yorkshire, Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, 
Herefordshire, &c. February 26, 1574; in London and West- 
minster, when part of St. Paul's and the Temple churches fell; 
it was felt at Sandwich and Dover in Kent, April 6, 1580; in 
Peru, 1581 and 1582; in Dorsetshire, where it removed a con- 
siderable piece of ground, January 13, 1583; in Bohemia, Mo- 
ravia, and Hungary, 1590; in Japan, where several cities were 
swallowed up, 1596; in Kent, where the hills became valleys 
full of water, 1596; at Peru, at Quito and Arequipa, 1600; a? 



EARTHQUAKES* 119 

Banda in the East Indies, 1621; at Manilla, 1637; in Cala- 
bria in Italy, March 27, 1638; at Mechlin in Germany, 1640; 
in Norway, May 24, 1657; in France, June, 1660; at Ragusa 
in Illyrium, near 6000 inhabitants were lost, and several 
towns in Dalmatia and Albania, April 6, 1 667 ; in China, 1 668; in 
Staffordshire and Derbyshire, 1677-8; in Oxfordshire and Staf- 
fordshire, 1679; at Oxford, 1683; at Naples, where a third part 
of that city and much shipping were destroyed, June 6 and 7, 
1688; Smyrna destroyed July 10, 1688; Lime in Dorsetshire, 
nearly destroyed, 1689; Fort Royal in Jamaica, destroyed, 
and 3000 people lost, September, 1692; Messina in Sicily over- 
turned in a moment, 18,000 persons perished, and in the 
island, 60,000, January, 1693; a dreadful one in the isle of Te- 
neriffe, December 24, 1704; one at China, June 19, 1718; Pa- 
lermo, in Sicily, nearly swallowed up, September 1726; at 
Boston in New-England, October 29, 1727; the whole king- 
dom of Chili swallowed up, with St. Jago, July 30, 1730; at 
Aynho, in Northamptonshire, October 10, 1731; one at Na- 
ples, 1731 ; another in the city of Avelino, which it destroyed, 
and Oriana in great part, November 29, 1732; in Calabria, 
where the territory of Nova Casa sunk 29 feet without des- 
troying a building, April 18, 1733; at Arundel and Shoreham, 
October 25, 1734; in Ireland, which destroyed five churches 
and above 100 houses, August, 1734; in Hungary, which turn- 
ed round a mountain, October 23, 1736; at Smyrna, April, 
1739; at Palermo, which swallowed up a convent, but the 
monks escaped, February 4, 1739-40; at Leghorn, January 5 
and 6, 1742; in Somersetshire, June 15, 1745; a terrible one 
at Lima which destroyed that city, and 5000 persons lost their 
lives; there were 74 churches, 14 monasteries and 15 hospi- 
tals thrown down, and the loss in effects reckoned immense, 
from October 27 to November 20, 1746; it extended itself to 
Callao, which was destroyed, with about 5000 of its inhabi- 
tants; in London February 8 and March 8, 1750; at Liver- 
pool, Chester and Manchester, April 2, 1750; at Fiume, in 
the gulph of Venice, February 5, 1751; the greatest part of 
the city of Adrianople destroyed, August 22, 1752; Grand 
Cairo had two thirds of the houses and 40,000 inhabitants 
swallowed up, September 2, 1754; the city of Quito in Peru 
destroyed, April 24, 1755; the island of Mitylene, in the Arch- 
ipelago, when 2000 houses were overthrown, May, 1755, 
which did considerable damage at Oporto, in Portugal and 
Seville, in Spain, but more particularly at Lisbon, where in 
about eight minutes, most of the houses and 50,000 inhabit- 
ants were destroyed, and whole streets swallowed up; the ci- 
ties of Coimbra and Bruga suffered, and St. Ubes was swal- 
lowed up; at Faro, 3000 inhabitants were buried, great part 
of Malaga was destroyed; one half of Fez in Morocco, and 
12,000 Arabs swallowed up, and above half of the island of 
Madeira destroyed ; it extended 5000 miles; at the Azores 



120 EARTHQUAKES. 

isles, where 10,000 were buried in the ruins, and the island 
divided in two, July 9, 1757; at Bordeaux in France, August 
11, 1758; at Tripoli, in Syria, which extended near 10,000 
miles, when Damas lost 6000 inhabitants, and several other 
cities, with the remains of Balbec, were destroyed between 
October and December, 1759; Truxillo in Peru was swallowed 
up November, 1759; in Syria, October 30, 1760; in the Moluc- 
ca islands, 1763; one at Constantinople that buried 880 per- 
sons, May 22, 1766; at Martinico, August, 1767, where 1600 
persons lost their lives; and at St. Pierre, 1767; at Comora 
and Buda, June 28, 1768; one in the Brazils, 1772; in the Ar- 
chipelago, 700 houses and 100 inhabitants were lost, in De- 
cember, 1770; one at Fez, in Morocco, May 6, 1773; in Kerry 
in Ireland, June, 1773; Guatimalia in New Spain, entirely 
swallowed up, and many thousand inhabitants perished, De- 
cember 15, 1773; at Smyrna, June 25, 1778, which destroyed 
great part of that city; at Taurus in Persia, where 15,000 
houses were thrown down, and great part of the inhabitants 
perished March 3, 1780; at Calabria, and in the isle of Sicily, 
1783; again 1784, which totally destroyed Messina, &c.;at 
Archindschan, when it destroyed the town and 12,000 inha- 
bitants, July 18, 1784; Arequipo destroyed 1785; in the north 
of England, August 11, 1786; at Iceland, and some parts of 
Germany, November, 1784; at Barbados, October, 1784; in 
Calabria in Italy, April 10, 1785; in Scotland, and different 
parts of the north of England, August 11, 1786; in Mexico 
and other parts of New Spain, April 18, 1787; Bergodi-San- 
Sapolora, in Tuscany, had its cathedral, bishop's palace, &c. 
destroyed September 30, 1789, with the adjacent town of 
Castello, &c. and Borgo had 150 houses destroyed, and thirty 
houses, &c. swallowed up by an opening of the earth; in West- 
moreland at Arnside, March 6, 1790; and in Scotland in Octo- 
ber, 1791; in Sicily and Calabria, October, 1791, particularly 
atMileto and Monte Leone; at Lisbon the 27th of November, 
1791, when many chimnies were thrown down, and much da- 
mage done; at Zant, in the Adriatic sea, where many build- 
ings were thrown down, and above 60 persons perished, De- 
cember 2, 1791; in the counties of Bedford, Leicester, Lin- 
coln, Nottingham, &c. March 2, 1792; at Domingo, where 33 
houses were overthrown at the Cape, April, 1793; at Shafts- 
bury and Salisbury, on September 29, 1793, but no very mate- 
rial damage done; in Turkey, where three towns, containing 
10,000 inhabitants were lost, July 3, 1794; near Naples, 
where the city of Torre del Grecco was nearly destroyed, June 
13, 1794; in different parts of the north of England, November 
18, 1795; at Sumatra in the East Indies, great damage was 
done, and above 300 persons perished, February 20, 1797. — 
The whole country between Sta. Fee and Panama destroyed 
by an earthquake, including the cities of Cuzco and Quita, with 
40,000 inhabitants, in February, 1797. There were several 



EAST-INDIES— ECLIPSES. 121 

violent shocks in the West-India islands in the same month. 
At Sienna in Italy, when 50 persons lost their lives by the 
fall of buildings, May 25, 1798. At Constantinople, October 
26, 1800, which destroyed the royal palace, and an immensi- 
ty of buildings, it extended into Romania and Wallachia, to 
Bucharest and Adrianople; June 12, 1802, an earthquake near- 
ly destroyed Crema in Upper Italy; Minguin was entirely 
swallowed up in a lake; Brescia had three churches and twelve 

- houses destroyed. So violent a shock in Holland, as to cause 
the chandeliers in Maslin church to vibrate tv;o or three feet, 
in January, 1804. At Dunning in Scotland, January 18, 1808. 
The church of La Tour, and most of the houses in Lucerne, 
partly destroyed by an earthquake, April, 1808; in Italy, 1809, 
which was supposed to have produced in the gu'f of Spezzia 
tides of extraordinary height. In Louisiana, a very extensive, 
and in what is now Missouri, very severe and destructive, Ja- 
nuary, 1812; same year the city of Caraccas in Colombia, 
overwhelmed. March 9th, 1828, shock very sensibly felt over 
the middle states of the United States. Koliteran near Sa- 
hore in Indostan, overwhelmed in 1827. 

East-Indies were first discovered by the Romans, but authors dif- 
fer as to the time; but with certainty we know, that Alexan- 
der the Great made extensive conquests in this country, 327 
B. C; by the Portuguese, 1497; conquered in 1500, and settled 
by them 1506. The first settlement was Goa. The first com- 
mercial intercourse of the English with the East-Indies, was a 
private venture of three ships fitted out from England, 33 
Eliz. 1591; only one of them reached India; and after a voyage 
of three years, the commander captain Lancaster, was brought 
home in another ship, the sailors having seized on his own; 
but this information gave rise to a capital mercantile voyage, 
and the first East-India company's charter, on December 31, 
1600, their stock consisting of .072,000, they fitted out four 
ships, and meeting with success, they have continued ever 
since. A new company established, 1698; the old one re-es- 
tablished, 1700; agreed to give government £400,000 a year, 
for five years, so they might continue unmolested, February, 
1769; house built, 1726; India bill passed, 1773, sent judges 
from England thither, 1774. Dutch East-India company es- 
tablished, 1594. East-India company at Copenhagen estab- 
lished, 1612; another at Embden, 1750; in Sweden, 1731; 
charter of the English East-India company renewed 1813. 

Eclipses, the most remarkable, of the sun, observed at Sardis, 
and predicted by Thales, 585 B. C. At Athens, 424 B. C. 
At Rome, caused a total darkness at noon-day, A. D. 291. At 
Constantinople, 968. In France, 1033, June 29, dark at noon- 
day. In England, March 21, 1140, occasioned a total dark- 
ness. Another on the 22d of June, 1191, entire darkness, and 
the stars very visible at ten in the morning. In the same year 
the true sun, and the appearance of another, so that astrono- 
11 



123 ECLIPSES, EDIFICES, &c. 

mers alone could distinguish the difference by their glasses. 
Another, 1331. A total eclipse of the sun in England, when 
the darkness was so great, that the stars faintly appeared, 
and the birds went to roost in the morning about ten, April 
22, 1715. 

Eclipses of the moon, total, observed by the Chaldeans at Baby- 
lon, 721 B. C. At Syracuse, 413 B. C. In Asia Minor, 219 
B. C. At Rome, predicted by Q. Sulpitius Gallus, 168 B. O. 
Another, which terrified the Roman troops, and prevented 
their revolt, A. D. 14. 

Edifices, highest now known, with their elevation. 

Names and Situation, Eng. Feet. 

Pyramid of Gizeh in Egypt 543 

Steeples of the Cathedral at Cologne 501 

Steeple of the Minster at Ulm 481 

Steeple of the Cathedral at Antwerp 476 

Steeple of the Minster at Strasburg 486 

Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt 452 

Steeple of St. Stephen's at Vienna 442 

Cupola of St. Peter's at Rome 431 

Pyramid of Cephrenes in Egypt 426 

Steeple of St. Martin's at Landshut 422 

Steeple of the Cathedral at Cremona 396 

Steeple of the Minster at Friburg 395 

Cupola of the Cathedral at Florence 384 

Steeple of St. Persina in Saxony 382 

Cupola of the Cathedral at Milan 357 

Steeple of the Cathedral at Utrecht 356 

Pyramid of Sackkarah in Egppt 356 

Steeples of Notre Dame at Munich 348 

Cupola of St. Paul's at London 347 

Steeple of St. Anscharius at Bremen 345 

Steeples of the Cathedral at Magdeburg 335 

Steeple of St. Mark's at Venice 328 

Cupola of the Jesuits' church at Paris 314 

Assinelli Tower at Bologna 314 

Steeple of St. Mary's at Berlin = ... 305 

Cupola of the Invalids at Paris 292 

Edinburgh, built 950; fortified 1074, and castle erected; made 

the metropolis of Scotland by James III. 1482; James II. wa» 

the first king crowned there, 1437. 
Eddvstone light-house, near Plymouth, England, first built, 

1696; blown down, November 26, 1703; rebuilt 1706; burnt 

down, December, 1755; rebuilt October, 1759; again burnt 

down 1770; rebuilt 1774. 
Eel, of the silver kind, measuring six feet in length, from 25 to 

30 inches in circumference, and weighing 34 lbs. was taken 

on the shores of the Medway, August, 1810. 



EGYPT— ENGLAND. 122 

Egypt, kingdom of, began ate. C. 2188, conquered by the Per- 
sians, and reduced to a province, 524; in the divisions of tho 
Macedonian empire after the death of Alexander, Egypt fell 
to Ptolemy Lagus, who there founded a kingdom under a dy- 
nasty called the Lagide, who continued 282 years to the death 
of Cleopatra, ate. C. 30, when Egypt was made a province of 
the Roman empire; conquered by the Saracens A. D. 640; by 
the Turks 1515; by the French 1798; by the English, 1801; 
and afterwards evacuated by them, and left under a pacha, 
nominally subject to the Ottoman empire. 

Elba, isle of, near Leghorn, Italy, taken by the English, July 
6th, 1796; evacuted by them 1797. See Bonaparte. 

Electricity, first idea of, given by two globes of brimstone, 1467; 
electric spark discovered at Leyden, 1746; first known it 
would fire spirits, 1756; that of the aurora borealis and of 
lightning in 1769. 

Elgin marbles purchased by government at £35,000, and added 
to the British Museum, 1815. 

Eleusian mysteries first introduced at Athens by Eumolpus, 
1350 before Christ. His family continued to officiate as priests 
in the temple of Ceres at Eleusis upwards of twelve hundred 
years. 

Ellen Ellis. See Birth remarkable. 

Elsineur in Denmark, built two before Christ. 

Emigrants, French, resident in Great-Britain, including laity and 
clergy, made from the registers of the Alien Office, February 
28, 1800: 

Laity, (including 530 domestic servants) 4,153 

Clergy 5,621 



9,774 



Emigrants, French, law passed for restoring to them such por- 
tions of their confiscated property as remained in the hands of 
the government, or were unsold, September, 1814. 

Emigrations from England and Ireland to America, extremely 
numerous, from the distressed nature of the times, in 1815. 
In 1816, 1192 American and foreign vessels arrived at New- 
York, bringing to that port alone 7122 passengers. 

Emperor of Germany, made elective 996, renounced that title 
and assumed that of emperor of Austria, August 11, 1804. 

England originally inhabited by the Britons, a branch of the an- 
cient Gauls or Celtse. Invaded by Julius Caesar, 54 befors 
Christ, subdu:dby Claudius 44, and completely so by Agrico- 
la in 85. The Romans kept possession till 410. Conquered 
by the Saxons 455, who were invited over by the ancient in- 
habitants, and they divided into seven kingdoms, called tha 
heptarchy. Ravaged by the Picts and Scots 448. Erected 
into a kingdom by the union of all the kingdoms of the heptar- 
chy, near 400 years after the arrival of the Saxons, 823. Cali- 



124 ENGLAND. 

ed England, by order of Egbert, who was the first king of Eng^ 
land, in ageneial council held at Winchester, A. D. 827. Tho 
name of England and of Englishman, had been used as far back 
as 688, but had never been ratified by any assembly of the na- 
tion. Conquered by the Danes 877. Recovered by Alfred 
880. Divided into counties and hundreds 880. A general 
survey made, and the rolls deposited at Winchester 896. An 
inglorious peace made with the Danes, and tribute agreed to 
Vie paid annually, bosides £16.000 in money, provided they 
retired and discontinued their invasions, 995. In 1002 the 
Danes broke the agreement, committing cruelties and devas- 
tations, and Ethclred II. paid them JL24,000 for peace, which 
sura was levied by a t.ix on all the lands in England for Dane- 
gelt, by which ignominious name this first land tax was known 
and collected in England, till it was suppressed by Edward 
the Confessor, in 1051. William I. revived it as a crown re- 
venue. In 1012, Swein totally conquered England, and oblig- 
ing Ethelred to retire to Normandy, was proclaimed king; it 
remained in the hands of the Danish kings till 1042. William 
duke of Normandy, claimed the crown, invaded England, de- 
feated the reigning king Harold II. and the English were next 
governed by the Norman line, 106G. A new survey made of 
England, and the register called Doomsday-book, being howe- 
ver only an alteration or improvement of Alfred's, 1080; the 
taxes were levied according to this survey till 13 Henry VIII. 
1522, when a more accurate survey was taken, and was called 
by the people the new Doomsday-book. Put under an inter- 
dict by the pope, for John supposing his nomination to the see 
of Canterbury, 1206. Interdict taken offon John's submission, 
1214. All in arms 1215. Underwent a reformation in go- 
vernment 125S. Put under an interdict on Henry VIII's 
shaking off the pope's supremacy 1535. The crowns of Eng- 
land and Scotland united in the person of James Stuart, the 
sixth of that name, king of Scotland, who succeeded to the 
throne of England, by the title of James I. 1603. The two 
kingdoms united by the consent of both nations, and thence- 
forth named Great-Britain, .1707. Ireland united to England 
and Scotland, and the whole denominated the British empire 
January 1, 1801. Prince of Wales sworn in regent of the 
kingdom during the indisposition of George III. February 5, 
1811. 

ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 

Before the Romans came into this island, the Britons who then 
possessed the country, were divided into several nations, each 
of them governed by their own kings; and when Britain be- 
came a member of the Roman empire, many of their tribes 
had their proper kings, who were suffered to govern by their 
own laws, provided they were tributary. Such were Cogid- 
unus and Prastitagus mentioned by Tacitus. Lucius, who ia 



ENGLrSH SOVEREIGNS— THE HEPTARCHY. 125 

said to be the first Christian king, died in 181, and left the 
Roman empire heir to his kingdom; and Coilus, the father of 
Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. After the Romans 
had quitted Britain, upon the irruption of the Goths into Ita- 
ly, during the reign of Honorius, that is, in 410, the real go- 
vernment returned to the Britons, who chose for their king 
Constantine, brother of Aldroinus king of Brittany, in France, 
a prince of the British blood, to whom succeeded Constantine, 
his son; then Vortigem, who usurped the crown; but being 
harassed by the Scots and Picts, in 448, to maintain his usur- 
pation first called in the Saxons, at that time hovering along 
the coast of Britain in 449. These having got sure footing in 
the island, never left the Briions quiet until they were pos- 
sessed of the whole. And though they were overthrown in 
in many battles, by king Vortimer, the son and colleague of 
Vortigem, and afterwards by king Arthur, yet the Britons 
were soon, after his death, so broken and weakened, that 
they were forced at last to retreat, and exchange the fertile 
and plain part of Britain for the mountains of Wales. Cad- 
wallader the last king of the Britons, began to reign 683, kill- 
ed in battle Lothair, king of Kent, and Ethel wold, king of the 
West Saxons; turned monk, and died at Rome. Thus the Bri- 
tons left the stage, and the Saxons entered. By these the coun- 
try was divided into seven kingdoms, called the heptarchy; 
Kent, the first kingdom, was in Julius Caesars time, the sove- 
reignty of four petty princes, and never called a kingdom un- 
til Hengist erected it into one. 

THE HEPTARCHY. 

The kingdom of Kent contained only the county of Kent; its 
kings were 17. This kingdom began 454, ended 823. Its 
first christian king was Ethelbert. 

The kingdom of South Saxons contained the counties of Sussex 
and Surrey: its kings were 8. This kingdom began 491, end- 
ed 685. Its first christian king was Adelwach. 

The kingdom of East Saxons contained the counties of Essex and 
Middlesex; its kings were 14. This kingdom began 527, end- 
ed 827. Its first christian king was Serbert. 

The kingdom of Northumberland contained Yorkshire, Durham, 
Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland and Northumber- 
land: its kings were 31. This kingdom began 547, ended 
827. Its first christian king was Edwin. 

The kingdom of Mercia contained the counties of Huntingdon, 
Rutland, Lincoln, Northampton, Leicester, Derby, Notting- 
ham, Oxford, Chester, Salop, Gloucester, Worcester, Staf- 
ford, Warwick, Buckingham, Bedford and Hertford: its kings 
were 18. This kingdom began 582, ended 827. Its first 
christian king was Peada. 

The kingdom of East Angles contained the counties of Suffolk, 
Norfolk, Cambridge, and the isle of Ely: its kings were 
11* 



126 ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 

14. This kingdom began 575, ended 792. Its first christian 
king was Redwald. 

The kingdom of West Saxons contained the counties of Corn- 
wall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Hants, and Berks; its 
kings were 17. This kingdom began 519, ended 828. Its first 
christian king was Kingills. 

The Saxons though they were divided into seven kingdoms, 
were, for the most part subject to only one monarch, who was 
styled king of the English nation; the moat powerful giving 
the law unto the others, and succeeded as follows: 

Hengist, first monarch of Britain, landed in the isle ofThanet, 
449; laid the foundation of the monarch in 455; massacred 300 
British nobles on Salisbury plain, May 1, 474. He bore in hi9 
standard the white horse, blazoned in the same manner as now 
borne by the dukes of Brunswick. He was born at Angria, in 
Westphalia, reigned 34 years; died in 484. 

Ella, second monarch, landed at Shoreham, in Sussex, in 477; 
died in 499. 

Cherdic, third monarch, arrived in Britain, and overcame Ar- 
thur, in Somersetshire, 519; began the kingdom of the West- 
Saxons, the same year; died 534. 

Kenrick, eldest son of Cherdic, succeeded in 534; and died 
in 560. 

Cheveline, succeeded his father, 560; seized on Sussex in 590; 
abdicated 591; and died in banishment in 592. 

Ethelbert I. in 592; St. Augustine first arrived in his dominions, 
who, with his followers, were entertained by the king at Can- 
terbury, where they settled; to whose doctrine Ethelbert be- 
came a convert. He gave Augustine an idol temple without 
the walls of the city, as a burial place for him and his succes- 
sors, which was converted into the first monastery. The king 
was the first that caused the laws of the land to be collected 
and translated into Saxon. He died February 24, 617, a»d 
was buried at Canterbury. 

Redwald, third king, 616; he died 624. 

Edwin the Great, succeeded in 624. He was the first christian, 
and the second king of Northumberland. He lost his life in a 
battle at Hatfield, October 3, 633. 

Oswald, in 634. He was slain at Maserfield, in Shropshire, Au- 
gust 1, 642. 

Oswy, on October 13, 634. He defeated Penda, the Mercian, 
and Ethelred, king of the East Angles, November 6, 655. Ha 
died February 15, 670. 

Wolfhere, in 670; died 674, and was buried at Peterborough. 

Ethelred, in 675. He desolated part of Kent, and in 677 des- 
troyed Rochester, and many religious foundations; to atone for 
which he became a monk, 703, and died abbot ofBradney, 
in 716. 

Cenred, his nephew, in 704, reigned four years, and following 
his uncle's example, became a monk. 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 127 

Ceolred, in 709; was killed in battle with the West Saxons in 
716; and was buried at Litchfield. 

Ethelbaldl. in 716; was slain by his own subjects, when he was 
leading his troops against Cuthred, the West Saxon, in War- 
wickshire, and was buried at Repton, in Derbyshire, in 756. 

Ofia, 757. He was born lame, deaf and blind, which continued 
until he arrived at manhood. He took up arms against Kent, 
slew their king at Otteford, and conquered that kingdom. 
He caused a great trench to be dug from Bristol to Basing- 
werk, in Flintshire, as the boundary of the Britons, who har- 
bored in Wales, 774. Offa first ordained the sounding of 
trumpets before the kings of England, to denote their appear- 
ance, and require respect. He admitted his son, Egfryd, a 
partner in his sovereignty; and, out of devotion, paid a visit 
to Rome, where he made his kingdom subject to a tribute, 
then called Peter-pence, and procured the canonization of St. 
Alban. At his return he built St. Alban's monastery, in Hert- 
fordshire, 793. He died at Offley, June 29, 794. 

Egfryd, July 13, 794; but died December 17, following. 

Cenole, in 795. He conquered Kent, and gave that kingdom to 
Cudred, 798. He built Winchcomb monastery, in Glouces- 
tershire, where he led the captive prince, Pren, to the altar, 
and released him without ransom or entreaty. He died 819, 
and was buried at Winchcomb. 

Egbert, 17th king of the Saxons and 19th monarch of the Eng- 
lish. He conquered Kent, and laid the foundation of the sole 
monarchy in 823, which put an end to the Saxon heptarchy, 
and was solemnly crowned at Winchester, when, by his edict, 
he ordered all the south of the island to be called England, 
827. He died February 4, 837. 

Ethelwolf, eldest son of Egbert, succeeded his father, notwith- 
standing, at the time of Egbert's death, he was bishop of Win- 
chester. In 846 he ordained tithes to be collected, and ex- 
empted the clergy from legal tributes. He visited Rome in 
847, confirming the grant of Peter-pence, and agreed to pay 
Rome 300 marks per annum. His son Ethelbald obliged him 
to divide the sovereignty with him, 356. He died January 
13, 857. 

Ethelbald II. eldest son of Ethelwolf, succeeded in 857. He 
died December 20, 860. 

Ethelbert II. second son of Ethelwolf, succeeded in 860, and 
was harassed greatly by the Danes, who were repulsed and 
vanquished. He died in 866. 

Elthelred I. third son of Ethelwolf, in 866, when the Danes 
again harassed his kingdom. In 870, they destroyed the mo- 
nasteries of Bradney, Crowland, Peterborough, Ely, and Hun- 
tingdon, when the nuns of Coldingham defaced themselves to 
avoid their pollution; and in East Anglia they murdered Ed- 
mund, at Edmundsbury, in Suffolk. Ethelred overthrew the 
Danes, 871, at Assendon. He had nine set battles with the 



128 ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 

Danes in one year, and was wounded at Wittingham, which 
occasioned his death, April 27, 872. 

Alfred, the fourth son of Ethelwolf, succeeded in 872, in the22d 
year of his age; was crowned at Winchester, and is distinguish- 
ed by the title of Alfred the Great. He was born in Berk- 
shire 849, and obliged to take the field against the Danes 
within one month after his coronation, at Wiltou in Oxford- 
shire. He fought seven battles with them in 876. In 877 ano- 
ther succour of Danes arrived, and Alfred was obliged to dis- 
guise himself in the habit of a shepherd, in the isle of Alder- 
ney, in the county of Somerset, till in 878, collecting his scat- 
tered friends, he attacked and defeated them in 879, when he 
obliged the greatest part of their army to quit the land: in 897 
they went up the river Lea, and built a fortress at Ware, 
where king Alfred turned off the course of the river, and left 
their ships dry, which obliged the Danes to remove. He died 
October 28, 901. He formed a body of laws, afterwards made 
use of by Edward the Confessor, which was the ground work 
of the present. He divided his kingdom into shires, hundreds 
and tithings, and obliged his nobles to bring up their children 
to learning; and to induce them thereto, admitted none into 
offices except they were learned; and to enable them to pro- 
cure that learning, he founded the University of Oxford. He 
was buried at Winchester. 

Edward the Elder, his son, succeeded him, and was crowned at 
Kings ton-upon -Thames, in 901. In 911, Leolin, prince of 
Wales, did homage to Edward for his principality. He died 
at Farringdon, in Berkshire, in 924, and was buried at Win- 
chester. 

Athelstan, his eldest son, succeeded him, in 929. In 937 he de- 
feated two Welsh princes; died October 17, 940. 

Edmund I. the fifth son of Edward the Elder, succeeded at the 
age of eighteen, 940. On May 26, 947, in endeavouring to 
part two who were quarrelling, he received a wound, of which 
he bled to death, and was buried at Glastonbury. 

Edred, his brother, succeeded in 947; died in 955. 

Edwy, the eldest son of Edmund, succeeded in 955. He had 
great dissentions with the clergy, and banished Dunstan, their 
ringleader, which occasions little credit to be given to the 
character the priests give him. He died of grief in 959, after 
a turbulent reign of four years. 

Edgar, at the age of 16, succeeded his brother in 959. He im- 
posed on the princes of Wales a tribute of wolves heads, that 
for three years amounted to 300 each year. He obliged eight 
tributary princes to row him in a barge on the river Dee, in 
974. He died July 1,975. 

Edward the Martyr, his eldest son, being but 16 years of age, 
in 975. He was stabbed by the instructions of his mother- 
in-law, as he was drinking at Corfe castle, in Dorsetshire, on 
March 18, 979. 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 129 

Ethelred II. succeeded his half-brother, 979. England ravaged 
by the Danes, who, in 999, received at one payment, about 
£16,000, raised by a land-tax called Danegeit. A general 
massacre of the Danes on November 13, 1002. Swein re- 
venged his countrymen's deaths, 1003, and did not quit the 
kingdom till Ethelred had paid him £36,000, which he the 
year following demanded as an annual tribute. In the spring 
of 1008 they subdued great part of the kingdom. To stop 
their progress it was agreed to pay the Danes £48,000 to quit 
the kingdom, 1012. In the space of 20 years they had 
£469,687 sterling. Soon after Swein entered the Humber 
again, when Ethelred retired to the isle of Wight, and sent 
his sons, with their mother Emma, into Normandy, to her 
brother, and Swein took possession of the whole kingdom, 
1013. 

Swein was proclaimed king of England in 1013; he died Feb- 
ruary 3, 1014. 

Canute, his son, 1014, and endeavoured to gain the affections of 
his English subjects, but without success; retired to Den- 
mark, and 

Ethelred returned at the invitation of his subjects. Canute re- 
turned 1015, soon after he had left England, and landed at 
Sandwich. Ethelred retired to the north, but by evading a 
battle with the Danes, he lost the affections of his subjects, 
and retiring to London, he expired April 24, 1016. 

Edmund Ironside, his son, April, 1016; but by a disagreement 
among the nobility, Canute was likewise crowned at South- 
ampton. In June following, Canute totally routed Edmund, 
at Assendon, in Essex, who soon after met Canute in the isle 
of Alderney, in the Severn, where a peace was concluded, and 
the kingdom divided between them. Edmund did not survive 
above a month after, being murdered at Oxford, November 
30, 1016, before he had reigned a year. He left two sons and 
two daughters; from one of which daughters James I. of Eng- 
land descended, and from him George III. 

Canute was established 1017; died at Shaftesbury, 1036. 

Harold I. his son, began his reign 1036; died April 14, 1039. 

Hardicanute, king of Denmark, died at Lambeth, 1041; suc- 
ceeded by a son of Ethelred II. 

Edward the Confessor, 1042; died January 5, 1066; buried in 
Westminster abbey, which he rebuilt, where his bones were 
enshrined in gold, set with jewels, 1206. 

Harold II. in 1066; defeated the Normans, who had invaded his 
dominions, at Stamford, September 25, 1066, but was killed 
by them at Hastings, October 14 following. 

House of Normandy, eighty-eight years. 

William I. duke of Normandy, a descendant of Canute, paid a 
visit to Edward the Confessor in England, 1051; betrothed his 
daughter to Harold II. 1058; made a claim of the crown of 



130 ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS, 

England 1066; invaded England, landed at Pevensey, in Sus- 
sex, the same year; defeated the English troops at Hastings, 
on October 14, 1066, Avhen Harold was slain, and William as- 
sumed the title of Conqueror. He was crowned at Westmin- 
ster, December 29, 1066; fell from his horse and contracted 
a rupture; he died 1087; succeeded in Normandy by his eld- 
est son and in England by his second son. 

William II. crowned September 27, 1087; invaded Normandy 
with success, 1090; killed by accident as he was hunting in 
the New Forest, by Sir Walter Tyrrel, August, 1100; succeed- 
ed by his brother, 

Henry I. crowned August 5, 1100; married Matilda, daughter of 
Malcolm, king of Scots, November 11 following; made peace 
with his brother Robert, 1101; invaded Normany, 1105; at- 
tacked by Robert, whom he defeated and took prisoner, 1107, 
and sent him to England; betrothed his daughter Maude to 
the emperor of Germany, 1109; challenged by Louis of France 
1117; married Adelais, daughter of Godfrey, earl of Lovain, 
January 29, 1121; died December 1, 1135. He was succeed- 
ed by his nephew Stephen, third son of his sister Adela, by the 
earl of Blois. He left £100,000 in cash, besides plate and 
jewels to an immense value. 

Maude, daughter of Henry I. born 1101, married to Henry IV. 
emperor of Germany, 1109; buried her husband, 1127; mar- 
ried Jeffery Plantagenet, earl of Anjou, 1130; set aside from 
the English succession by Stephen, 1135; landed in England 
and claimed aright to the crown, September 30, 1139; crown- 
ed, but soon after defeated at Winchester, 1141; retired to 
France, 1147; returned to England, and concluded a peace 
with Stephen, 1153; and died in Normandy, September 10th, 
1167. 

Stephen, crowned December 2, 1135; taken prisoner at Lincoln 
by the earl of Gloucester, Maude's half-brother, February, 
1141, and put in irons at Bristol, but released in exchange for 
the earl of Gloucester; taken at Winchester; made peace with 
Henry, Maude's son, 1153; died October 25, 1154, and suc- 
ceeded by Henry, son of Maude. 

House of Jlnjou, or Plantagenet, French, three hundred and thirty- 
one years. 

Henry II. grandson of Henry I. married Eleanor, the divorced 
wife of Louis VII. king of France. He invaded England 1153; 
was, with his queen Eleanor, crowned at London, 1154; died 
1189, and was succeeded by his son Richard. 

Richard I. 1189 ; wounded with an arrow at Chaluz, in Norman- 
dy, and died April 6, 1199; succeeded by his brother, 

John, the youngest son of Henry II, 1199; divorced his wife 
Avisa, and married Isabella, daughter of the count of Angou- 
lesme; imprisoned his queen 1208; died October, 1216; was 
buried at Worcester, where his corpse was discovered nearly 
entire in 1797, having been buried 580 years. He was suc- 
ceeded by his son, 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 131 

Henry III. born October 1, 1207; crowned 1216; married Elea- 
nor, daughter of the count of Provence, January 14, 1236; 
pledged his crown and jewels for money, when he married 
his daughter Margaret to the king of Scots, 1242; died 1272; 
and was succeeded by his son, 

Edward I. married Eleanor, princess of Castile, 1253; succeed- 
ed to the crown 1272; wounded in the Holy Land with a poi- 
soned dagger; recovered and landed in England 1274; Eleanor 
his queen, died on her journey to Scotland, 1296; married 
Margaret, sister to the king of France, September 12, 1299; 
conquered Scotland 1299, and brought to England their coro- 
nation chair, &c; died July 7, 1307; was buried at Westmin- 
ster, where, on May 2, 1774, some antiquarians, by consent of 
the chapter, examined his tomb, when they found his corps* 
unconsumed, though buried 466 years. He was succeeded by 
his fourth son, 

Edward II. was the first king of England's eldest son that had th9 
title of prince of Wales, with which he was invested in 1284. 
He ascended the throne, July 7, 1307; married Isabella, daugh- 
ter of the French king, 1303; went on a pilgrimage to Bou- 
logne, December 13, 1313; declared his queen and all her ad- 
herents enemies to the kingdom, 1325; conveyed his French 
dominions to his son Edward, September 10, 1325; dethroned 
January 13, 1327, and succeeded by his son, Edward III.; 
murdered at Berkeley castle, September 21 following, and was 
buried at Gloucester. 

Edward III. 1327; he married Philippa, daughter of the earl of 
Hainault, January 24, 1328; claimed the crown of France, 
1329; confined his mother Isabella, and caused her favourite, 
earl Mortimer, to be hanged at Tyburn, November 23, 1330; 
invaded France, and pawned his crown and jewels for 50,000 
florins, 1340; quartered the arms of England and France, 
1341; made the first distinction between the lords and com- 
mons, 1342; defeated the French at Cressy, 30,000 slain, 
among whom was the king of Bohemia, 1346; the queen took 
the king of Scotland prisoner, and 20,000 Scots slain, the 
game year; Calais besieged and taken August 16, 1347, and 
St. Stephen's chapel, now the house of commons, built 1347; 
the order of the garter instituted 1349; the French defeated 
at Poictiers, their king and prince taken, and the king of Na- 
varre imprisoned, 1356; the king of Scotland ransomed for 
£100,000, 1357 — in which year Edward lost his eldest son, 
Edward, the Black Prince, of a consumption; the king of 
France ransomed for £300,000, 1359; four kings entertained 
at the lord mayor's feast, viz. England, France, Scotland and 
Cyprus, 1364; Philippa, his queen, died at Windsor, August 
16, 1369; Edward died at Richmond, June 21, 1377, and wag 
succeeded by his grandson, Richard II. son to 

Edward the Black Prince, who was born June 15, 1330; created 
duke of Cornwall in full parliament, March 7, 1337, the first 



132 ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 

in England that bore the title of duke; created prince of Wales 
1344; brought the king of France prisoner to England, from 
the battle of Poictiers, September 19, 1356; went to Castile, 
1367; died JuneS, 1376. 

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, fourth son of Edward III.; 
born 1340; married Blanch, daughter of the duke of Lancas- 
ter, 1359, by whom he became possessed of that dukedom and 
title; she died 1369, and in 1372 he married the daughter of 
the king of Castile and Leon, and took that title; in 1396, he 
married a third wife, Catherine Swinford, from whom de- 
scended Henry VII. He died 1399, and was buried in St. 
Paul's cathedral, London. 

Richard II. born at Bordeaux, January 6, 1367; had two royal 
godfathers, the kings of Navarre and Majorca; succeeded his 
grandfather, Edward III. June 21, 1377, when not seven years 
old, and crowned at Westminster, July 16 following; the re- 
bellion of Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, 1378; married Anne, 
sister to the emperor of Germany, and king of Bohemia, Jan- 
uary, 1382, who died without issue, 1395; married Isabella, 
daughter to the king of France, 1396. He was taken prison- 
er by Henry, duke of Lancaster, his cousin, and sent to the 
Tower, September 1, 1399; resigned his crown September 29 
following, and was succeeded by Henry IV. Richard was 
murdered in Pomfret castle, February 13, 1400, and buried 
at Langley, but removed to Westminster. 

Thomas, duke of Gloucester, uncle to Richard II. was smother- 
ed February 28, 1367. 

Thomas Beaufort, duke of Exeter, half-brother of Richard II. 
died without issue, December 24, 1424, and was buried at St. 
Edmondsbury, where his body was discovered uncorrupted in 
1772, after his burial 348 years. 

Henry IV. duke of Lancaster, grandson of Edward HI. married 
Mary, the daughter of the earl of Hereford, who died 1394, 
before he obtained the crown; fought with the duke of Nor- 
folk, 1397, and banished; returned to England in arms against 
Richard II. who rasigned him his crown, and Henry was 
crowned October 13, 1399, when he instituted the order of 
the Bath, and created forty-seven knights; defeated by tho 
Welsh 1402; married a second queen, Joan of Navarre, widow 
of the duke of Bretagne, 1403; she was crowned with great 
magnificence the 26th of January following, and died in 1437; 
in 1403 began the rebellion of the Percies, suppressed July 
following. He died March 20, 1413; was buried at Canter- 
bury, and succeeded by his son, 

Henry V. who, when prince of Wales, was committed to prison 
for insulting one of the judges, 1412; crowned at Westminster 
April 9, 1413; claimed the crown of France, 1414; gained the 
battle of Agincourt, October 24, 1415; pledged his regalia for 
£20,000 to push his conquests, 1416. The emperor Sigismund 
paid a visit to Henry, and was installed knight of the garter, 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 133 

1416; invaded Normandy with an army of 26,000 men, 1417; 
declared regent, and married Catherine of France, on May 30, 
1420; outlived Henry, and was married afterwards to Owen 
Tudor, grandfather of Henry VII. Henry died August 3i, 
1422, and succeeded by 

Henry VI. ascended the throne on August 31, 1422; proclaimed 
king of France the same year; crowned at Westminster, No- 
vember 6, 1429; crowned at Paris, December 17, 1430; mar- 
ried to Margaret; daughter of the duke of Anjou, at Southwick, 
Hampshire, April 22, 1445; Jack Cade's insurrection, 1446; 
Henry taken prisoner at St. Alban's, 1455; but regained his 
liberty 1461, and deposed March 5 following, by his fourth 
cousin, Edward IV.; fled into Scotland, and taken prisoner in 
Lancashire, 1463; restored to his throne, October 6, 1470; ta- 
ken prisoner again by Edward, April 11, 1471; queen Marga- 
ret and her son taken prisoners at Tewkesbury by Edward, 
May 4; the prince killed in cold blood May 21, and Henry 
murdered in the Tower June 20 following, and buried at 
Chertsey, aged 49. 

Humphry, duke of Gloucester, fourth son ©f Henry IV. was 
strangled by the order of his nephew, Henry VI. and buried 
at St. Alban's, 1447. 

Edward IV. descended from the third son of Edward III. elect- 
ed king March 5, 1461; and before his coronation was obliged 
to take the field, and fight the battle of Towton, when 35,781 
fell, and not one prisoner taken but the earl of Devonshire, 
March 13; was crowned at Westminster June 28, 1461; sat 
publicly with the judges in Westminster Hall, 1462; married 
lady Elizabeth Grey, widow of sir John Grey, of Groby, March 

I, 1464, who was crowned the 26th following. Edward was 
taken prisoner by the earl of Warwick in Yorkshire, whence 
he was brought to London with his legs tied under his horse's 
belly, 1467; escaped and was expelled the kingdom, 1470; 
returned March 25, 1471, and restored; and caused his bro- 
ther, the duke of Clarence, who had joined the earl of War- 
wick, to be drowned in a butt of malmsey wine, March 11, 
1478; died at Westminster, April 9, 1483, and was buried at 
Windsor, where his corpse was discovered undecayed March 

II, 1789, and his dress nearly perfect, as were the lineaments 
of his face. He was succeeded by his infant son, 

Edward V. proclaimed king at London, April 9, 1483; deposed 
June 20 following, and with the duke of York, his brother, 
smothered soon after by their uncle, who succeeded him. 

Richard III. duke of Gloucester, brother to Edward IV. took 
prince Edward, son of Henry VI. prisoner at Tewkesbury, and 
helped to murder him in cold blood, (whose widow he after- 
wards married) 1471; drowned the duke of Clarence, brother 
to Edward IV. in a butt of malmsey wine, 1478; made protec- 
tor of England May 27, 1483; elected king June 20, and 
crowned July 6 following; ditto at York, September 8; lost 
12 



134 ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 

his queen March 6, 1485; slain in battle at Bosworth August 
22, 1485, aged 32; was buried at Leicester, and succeeded by 
Henry, duke of Richmond, or Henry VII. 

House of Tudor, Welch, one hundred and eighteen years> 

Henry VII. 1485; defeated Richard III. in Bosworth-field, and 
was elected king in 1485; crowned the same year; married 
Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV. January 18, 1486; defeat- 
ed Lambert Symnel, the impostor, June 16, 1487; received of 
the French king, as a compromise for his claim on that 
crown, £186,250, besides 25,000 crowns yearly, 1492; Mary, 
his third daughter, married Louis XII. of France, August 12, 
1514, by whom she was left without issue; and she married 
October following, Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, by whom 
she had issue, and died 1533, and was buried at St. Edmonds- 
bury; where her corpse was discovered September 6, 1784, in 
a perfect state. She was grandmother of the unfortunate La- 
dy Jane Grey. Henry married his daughter Margaret to 
James IV. of Scotland, 1501; died April 22, 1509, aged 54, 
was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his son, 

Henry VIII. married Catharine, infanta of Spain, widow of his 
brother Arthur, June 3, 1509; crowned June 24, following; re- 
ceived the title of Defender of the Faith, 1521 ; styled Head 
of the Church, 1532; divorced queen Catharine and married 
Anne Bulleyn, November 14, 1532; Anne crowned June 1, 
1533, assumed the title of head of the church of England, in the 
presence of his whole court, January 18, 1535; he was excom- 
municated by pope Paul, August 30, 1535; Catharine, his first 
queen, died at Kimbleton, January 8, 1536, aged 50; he put 
Anne, his second queen to death, May 19, and married Jane 
Seymour, May 20, 1536, who died in childbed October 12, 
1537; he dissolved the religious foundations in England, 1539; 
married Ann of Cleves, January 6, 1540; divorced her July 10, 
1540; married Catharine Howard, his fifth wife, August 8 fol- 
lowing, and beheaded her on Tower Hill, with Lady Rochr 
ford, February 12, 1542: the title of king of Ireland was coi>- 
firmed by act of parliament, January 24, 1543, to the king 
and his successors; married Catharine Parr, his sixth wife, 
July 12, 1543. He died of a fever and an ulcerated leg, at 
Westminster, January 28, 1547, in the 56th year of his age; 
he was buried at Windsor, and was succeeded by his only son, 

Edward VI. 1547; who died 1553, and was succeeded, agreeably 
to his will, by his cousin, 

Jane Grey, born 1537; proclaimed queen July 9, 1553; de- 
posed soon after and sent to the tower, where she, with lord 
Dudley, her husband, and her father, were beheaded, Febru- 
ary 12, 1554, aged 17, by order of 

Mary, proclaimed July 9, 1553; and crowned October 1, follow- 
ing; married Philip of Spain, July 25, 1554; died of a dropsy 
November 17, 1558; was buried at Westminster, and was suc- 
ceeded by her half sister, 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 135 

Elizabeth, born September 7, 1533; sent prisoner to the tower, 
1554; began to reign November 17, 1558; crowned at West- 
minster, January 15, 1559; Mary of Scots fled to England, 
May 16, 1568, and was imprisoned in Tutbury castle, January, 
1569; Elizabeth relieved the Protestants in the Netherlands, 
with above 200,000 crowns, besides stores, 1569; a marriage 
proposed to the queen by the duke of Alencon, 1571; but final- 
ly rejected, 1581; beheaded Mary, queen of Scots, at Fother- 
ingay castle, in Northamptonshire, February 8, 1587, aged 
44; the Spanish armada destroyed, 1588; Essex, the queen's 
favorite, beheaded, February 25, 1602; the queen died at 
Richmond, March 24, 1603; was buried at Westminster, and 
was succeeded by the son of Mary, queen of Scots, then James 
VI. of Scotland. 

House of Stewart, Scotch, and also including the Protectorship of 
Oliver Cromwell, one hundred and eleven years. 

James I. born at Edinburgh, June 19, 1566; was crowned king 
of Scotland, July 22, 1567; married Anne, princess of Den- 
mark, August 10, 1589; succeeded to the crown of England, 
March 24, 1603; first styled king of Great-Britain, 1604; ar- 
rived at London, May 7, following; married his daughter Eli- 
zabeth to the prince Palatine of the Rhine, 1612; from whom 
his late majesty George III. is descended; died March 27, 
1625; was buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by 

Charles I. born November 19, 1600; succeeded to the crown, 
1625; married Henrietta, daughter of the king of France, the 
same year; crowned February 2, 1626; crowned at Edinburgh, 
1633; went to the house of commons and demanded the five 
members, January 1641-2; retired to York, March, 1642; 
raised his standard at Nottingham, August 25 following; tra- 
velled in the disguise of a servant, and put himself into the 
hands of the Scots at Newark, May 5, 1646,- sold by the Scots 
for £200,000, August 8, following; seized by col. Jcice, at 
Holmby, June 3, 1646; escaped from Hampton court, and re- 
treated to the Isle of Wight, July 29, 1648; closely confined 
in Hurt castle, December 1, following; removed to Windsor 
castle December 23; to St. James's house, January 19, 1649; 
brought to trial the next day; condemned the 27th; beheaded 
at Whitehall the 30th, aged 48, and buried in St. George's 
chapel, Windsor. 

Oliver Cromwell, born at Huntingdon, April 25, 1599; chosen 
member of parliament from Huntingdon, 1628; made a colonel 
1643; went over to Ireland with his army, July, 1649; return- 
ed May, 1650; made protector for life, December 12, 1653; 
was near being killed by falling from a coach-box, October, 
1654; re-admitted the Jews into England, in 1656, after their 
expulsion for 3-65 years; "refused the title of king, May 8, 
1657; died at Whitehall, September 3, 1658; and was suc- 
ceeded by his son, 



136 ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 

Richard Cromwell, proclaimed protector, September 4, 1658; 
resigned April 22, 1659 j died at Cheshunt, in Hertfordshire, 
July 12, 1712. 

Charles II. born May 29, 1630; escaped from St. James's, April 
23, 1648; landed in Scotland, 1650; crowned at Scone, Janu- 
ary 1, 1651; defeated at the battle of Worcester, 1651; landed 
at Dover, May 20, 1660, and restored to his throne; crowned 
April 13, 1661; married Catharine, infanta of Portugal, May 
21, 1662; accepted the city freedom, December 18, 1674; died 
February 6, 1685, aged 54, of an apoplexy; was buried at 
Westminster, and was succeeded by his brother James. 

James II. born October 15, 1633, married Anne Hyde, September 
1660, who died 1671; married the princess of Modena, No- 
vember 21, 1673; succeeded to the throne February 6, 1685; 
Monmouth, natural son of Charles II. landed in England, June 
J], 1685; proclaimed king at Taunton, in Somersetshire, 
June 20, following; defeated near Bridgewater, July 5; be- 
headed on Tower-hill, July 15, following, aged 35; James's 
queen had a son born June 10, 1688; the king fled from his 
palace, December 12, 1688; was seized soon after at Fever- 
sham, and brought back to Whitehall; left England, Decem- 
ber 23, following; landed at Kinsale in Ireland, March 12, 
1689; returned to France, July, 1690; died at St. Germain's, 
August 6, 1701. 

William III. prince of Orange, born November 4, 1650; created 
stadtholder, July 3, 1672; married the princess Mary of Eng- 
land, daughter of James I. November 4, 1677; landed at Tor- 
bay, in England, with an army, November 4, 1688; declared 
king of England, February 13, 1689; crowned with his queen, 
April 11, 1689; landed at Carrickfergus, June 14, 1690; and 
defeated James II. at the battle of the Boyne, July 1, follow- 
ing: a plot laid for assassinating him, February 1690; fell from 
his horse and broke his collar-bone, February 21, 1702; died 
March 8, aged 51; was buried April 12, following, and left his 
sister-in-law Anne, his successor to the crown. 

Mary, William's queen, born April 30, 1612; proclaimed (with 
her husband) queen regent of England, February 13, 1689; 
died of the small-pox December 28, 1694, aged 32, and was 
buried at Westminster. 

Anne, born February 6, 1665; married to prince George of Den- 
mark, July 28, 1683, by whom she had 18 children, all of 
whom died young; she came to the crown March 8, 1702, 
crowned April 13 following; lost her son George, duke of 
Gloucester, by a fever, July 29, 1700, aged 11; lost her hus- 
band, who died of an asthma and dropsy, October 28, 1708, 
aged 55; the queen died of an apoplexy, August 1, 1714, aged 
49; was buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS, 137 

House of Brunswick, German. 

George I. elector of Hanover, duke of Brunswick, Lunenburgh, 
born May 28, 1660; created duke of Cambridge, &c. October 
5, 1706. Princess Sophia, his queen, mother of George II. 
died June 8, 1714, aged 83. He was proclaimed August 1, 
1714; landed at Greenwich, September 18, following; died on 
his journey to Hanover, atOsnaburgh, 1727, and was succeed- 
ed by his eldest son, 

George II. born October 30, 1683; married the princess, Wilhel- 
mina Carolina Dorothea, of Brandenburgh, Anspach, 1704; as- 
cended the throne June 11, 1727; suppressed a rebellion, 
1745; died suddenly at Kensington, October 25, 1760, aged 
77, and was succeeded by his grandson, George III. 

Frederick Lewis, prince of Wales, son of George II. born Janu- 
ary 20, 1706; arrived in England, December, 1729; married 
Augusta, princess of Saxe Gotha, April 27, 1736; forbidden 
the court the year following; died March 20, 1751, aged 44; 
having had issue, Augusta, born August 11, 1737, afterwards 
duchess of Brunswick; George Augustus, the late king of 
England; Edward Augustus, born March 25, 1759, died duke 
of York, September 17, 1769; Eliza Caroline, born January 
10, 1740, died September, 1759; William Henry, born No- 
vember 23, 1743, late duke of Gloucester, died August 25, 
1805; Henry Frederick, born on November 7, 1745, late 
duke of Cumberland, married October, 1771, Anne Horton, 
daughter of lord Irnham, and died without issue, September 
18, 1790; Louisa- Anne, born May 29, 1748, died May 21, 1768; 
Frederick William, born May 24, 1750, died May 10, 1765; 
Caroline Matilda, born July 22, 1751, died queen of Denmark 
1775. His princess died of a consumption, February 8, 1772, 
aged 52. 

George III. eldest son of Frederick, late prince of Wales, was 
born June 4, 1738; created prince of Wales, 1751; succeeded 
his grandfather, October 25, 1760; proclaimed the next day; 
married Charlotte Sophia, princess of Mecklenburgh Strelitz, 
September 8, 1761, who was born May 19, 1744, and both 
were crowned, September 22, 1761. His majesty was derang- 
ed in mind from October, 1788, to March 1789; on April 24, 
1789, he went in procession to St. Paul's cathedral; recover- 
ed from a second attack, March 16, 1804; relapsed, 1810; 
died , January 29th, 1820. 

George IV. born August J2, 1762; married April 8, 1795, Ca- 
roline Amelia Augusta, the second daughter of the duke of 
Brunswick, (by Augusta, the eldest sister of George III.) born 
May 17, 1768, by whom he had issue Charlotte Carolina Au- 
gusta, born January 7, 1796— succeeded his father, January 
29th, 1820, and is now the reigning king. 

N. B. Every king's reign begins at the death of his prede- 
cessor. For example, George III. began October 25, ngo. 
The first year of his reign is complete, October 25, 176l. 
12* 



138 POPULATION, &c— ERA. 

Population of the British Islands in 1821. 

England 11,260,555 

Wales 717,103 

Scotland 2,092,014 

Army and Navy ." 310,000 

Ireland 6,846,919 

Isle of Man 40,081 

Guernsey and dependent isles 20,827 

Island of Jersey . . 28,600 

Scilly Isles 2,614 

Total 21,318,743 

Government, annual expense of, was 62,000/. in 1652; 1,300, 000 J 
in 1658; 2,200,5002. in 1659; 1,200,000/. in 1660; 6,000,000*. 
in 1694; 7,000,000/. in 1756; 75.670,641/. 8s. 2d. in 1808; 
117,587,984/. 10s. 5d. in 1814; 102,808,294/. Is. 10U. in 1815; 
180,185,826/. in 1816. 

Engraving on metal plates, first known in Europe ate. C. 504, by 
a map on brass brought from Qonia by Anazagoras of Samos; 
and yet it was not until A. D. 1423, that impressions were 
taken on paper from engraved plates; the art of taking im- 
pressions from engravings on copper as now used, 1511; in 
mezzotinto, and improved by prince Rupert, of Palatine, 
1648; to represent wash, invented -by Barable, a Frenchman, 
1761: crayon engraving invented at Paris by Bonnet, 1769. 

Engraving on tfood invented in Flanders, 1423; revived by Alb. 
Durer, 1511 ; on glass invented 1799, at Paris, by Boudier. 

Epsom mineral spring first discovered 1630. 

Era, that of Nabonassar, was 747 before Christ; Phillipic, or 
death of Alexander, 324 before Christ; of Seleucidae, 312 be- 
fore Christ; the Christians made their era the birth of Christ, 
which was S.. M. 4004, but did not use this reckoning till the 
year 600, using in the mean time the civil account of the em- 
pire; the Mahometans began their Hegira (for so they term 
their computation) from the flight of their prophet from 
Mecca, when he was driven thence by the Philarchse, A. D. 
622; the Grecians reckon by Olympiads, the first of which is 
placed in the year of the world 3187; but this account per- 
ishing under the Constantinopolitan emperors, they reckoned 
by indictions, every indiction containing fifteen years, and 
the first beginning A. D. 313, which among chronologers are 
still used; the Romans reckoned first from the building of 
their city, which was A.M.* 3251, and afterwards from the ] 6th 
year of the emperor Augustus, A. M. 3936, which reckoning 
was used among the Spaniards till the reign of Ferdinand the 
Catholic; the Jews had divers epocha; as 1st, from the crea- 
tion of the world in the beginning of time; 2nd, from the uni- 
versal deluge, ann. 1656; 3rd, from the confusion of tongue?, 
ann. 1771; 4th, from Abraham's journey out of Chaldea into 



ERIE— FAIRS—FAMINE. 139 

Canaan, ann. 2008; 5th, from the departure of the children 
of Israel out of Egypt, ann. 2515; 6th, from the year of the 
jubilee, ann. 2540; 7th, from the building of Solomon's tem- 
ple, ann. 2999; and 8th, from the captivity of Babylon, A. M. 
3397; but in historical computation of time, are used only the 
two most ordinary epochs, the world's creation, and Christ's 
appearance in the flesh; the Christian era began to be used in 
Italy, &c. in 525, and in England in 816. 

Erie, fort, taken by the American general Brown, July 3, 1814; 
attacked unsuccessfully by the British, with the loss of 962 
men, August 15, 1814; sortie from, repulsed by the British, 
but with great loss, September 17, 1814; evacuated by the 
Americans, November 5, 1814. 

Esopus on North river, in New- York, totally destroyed by the 
British, with great quantities of stores, October 15, 1777. 

Etching- on copper invented with aqua fortis, 1512. 

Etna, celebrated volcanic mountain in the island of Sicily, rising 
to 10,936 English feet, which, on that parallel, is above the 
region of perpetual snow. The irruptions of this remarkable 
mountain reach beyond history; in modern times, beside many 
of lesser note, there were eruptions in 1169, 1408, 1444, 1536, 
1669 and 1694, when the city of Catanea, with the adjacent 
country was destroyed, and 18,000 people perished; again in 
1699 and 1787. 

Eustatia, island of, settled by the Dutch 1632; taken by the 
French from Holland, 1689; by the English, 1690 and 1781; 
re-taken by the French the same year; restored to Holland, 
1783. 

Excise, the first used in England, 1643. 

Exchequer, court of, instituted on the model of the Normans, 
1074; exchequer bills invented, 1695; first circulated by the 
bank, 1706. 



F. 

Fairs and markets first instituted in England by Alfred, about 
886. The first fairs took their rise from wakes; when the 
number of people then assembled brought together a variety 
of traders annually on these days. From these holidays they 
were called feriai, or fair. 

Fans, mud's, masks and false hair, first devised by the harlots in 
Italy, and brought into England from France, 1572. 

Falmouth, seaport of Massachusetts, taken and burnt by the 
British, October 18th, 1775. 

Famine which lasted seven years, 1708 before Christ; at Rome, 
when many persons threw themselves into the Tiber, 440 be- 
fore Christ; in Britain, so that the inhabitants ate the barks 
of trees, 272 after Christ; one in Scotland, where thousands 



140 FER— FIR 

were starved, 306; in England and Wales, where 40,000 were 
starved, 310; ail over Britain, 325; at Constantinople, 446; 
in Italy, where pu; ents ate their children, 450; in Scotland, 
576; all over England, Wales and Scotland, 739; another in 
Wales, 747; in Wales and Scotland, 792; again in Scotland, 
803; again in Scotland, when thousands were starved, 823; 
a severe one in Wales, 836; in Scotland, which lasted four 
years, 954; famines in England, 864, 974, 976, 1005; in Scot- 
land, which lasted two years, 1047; in England, 1050, 1087; 
in England and France, from 1193 to 1195; in England 1251, 
1315, 1318, 1335, 1348; in England and France, called the 
dear summer, 1358; in England 1389 and 1438, so great that 
bread was made of fern roots; in 1565 two millions were ex- 
pended on the importation of corn; one in 1748; another in 
1798; in the province of Vellore, in 1810, by which 6000 peo- 
ple perished; in the diocess of Drontheim, in Norway, in con- 
sequence of the intercepting of supplies by Sweden, 5000 per- 
sons perished, 1813. 

Ferrol surrendered to the French, January 26, 1809; evacuated 
by the French, June 21, 1809. 

Festival of the Jews, the principal, being the feast of the taber- 
nacles, is celebrated by them to this day; it was instituted by 
Moses in the wilderness, 1490 before Christ, but was celebra- 
ted with the greatest magnificence for fourteen days, upon 
the dedication of the temple of Solomon, 1005 before Christ. 

Festivals of Christmas, Easter, Ascension, and the Pentecost, or 
Whitsuntide, first ordered to be observed by all christians, 68. 
Rogation days appointed 469; jubilees in the Romish churck 
instituted by pope Boniface VIII. 1300; (at first they were 
observed every hundred years, but future popes reduced them 
to fifty, and then to every period of twenty-five years.) 

Feudal laws, the tenure of land, by suit and service, to the lord 
or owner of it, introduced into England by the Saxons, about 
600; the slavery of this tenure encreased under William I. 
1068- This was dividing the kingdom into baronies, giving 
them to certain persons, and requiring those persons to fur- 
nish the king with money, and a stated number of soldiers. 

Figueras, fortress of, surprised by the Spaniards April 10, 1811; 
retaken by the French August 19, 1811. 

First fruits and tenths instituted by Clement V. 1306; first col- 
lected in England, 1316; granted by queen Anne for the relief 
of poor clergy, February 7, 1704. 

Fire engine, to force water, invented 1663. 

ships first invented 1588. 

under water invented 622. 

FIRES IN AMERICA, EUROPE, &c. 

Ajax, a British ship of the line, burned off Tenedos, February 
14th, 1807, when 350 men perished. 



FIRES IN AMERICA AND EUROPE. 141 

Auburne, Wiltshire, England, two thirds of, destroyed, Sep- 
tember 10th, 1777; Auburne, state of New-York, S. Dill's 
mills and carding machine consumed, December 21st, 1816. 

Auxonne in France, destroyed September, 1810. 

Bergen in Norway, sixty houses destroyed, December 20, 1795. 

Berlin in Prussia, theatre consumed, July 28th, 1817. 

Bombay in the East-Indies, February 27th, 1803, when the city 
was almost entirely destroyed. 

Brest, marine hospital at, consumed, with many sick and fifty 
galley slaves, December 1st, 1776. 

Casan in Russia, almost totally destroyed, September 8th, 1815. 

Charleston, South-Carolina, 200 houses of, consumed, July 15th, 
1778. 

Colmar in Sweden, 150 houses destroyed, August, 1800. 

Copenhagen, one third of, destroyed June 9th, 1795. 

Constantinople, September 4, 1778, 2,000 houses consumed; 
October 22nd, 1782, 10,000 houses and 50 mosques destroyed; 
July 8th, 1783, 7,000 houses destroyed; 1791, upwards of 
30,000 nouses in the course of the year; September 22nd, 
1818, great injury and many thousand houses consumed; Ja- 
nuary 28th, 1820, destructive conflagration and insurrection. 

Dublin, February 28th, 1792, common's house destroyed. 

Flemish theatre, at Amsterdam, consumed with about thirty 
persons; May 15th, 1772. 

Gottenburgh in Sweden, in great part consumed, September 
27th, 1813. 

Kingston, Jamaica, February 8th, 1782, conflagration at, when 
was destroyed property to the amount of £500,000. 

Konigsberg in Prussia, July 1st, 1811, 250 houses destroyed, 
damage estimated at 10,000,000 of rix dollars. 

Liverpool, January 18th, 1795, council room burned September 
14th, 1802, property in warehouses, &c. destroyed to the 
amount of £1,000,000. 

Manchester theatre, burned January 18th, 1789. 

Mittau in Coinland, palace of, destroyed December, 1788. 

New-Orleans, March 21st, 1788, a most ruinous conflagration, 
by which the far greater part of the city was reduced to 
ashes . 

New-York, August 7th, 1788, 300 houses destroyed. 

Petersburgh in Russia, August 26th, 1780, damage done by fire 
to the amount of 2,000,000, of rubles. 

Petersburg, Virginia. See Petersburg. 

Richmond theatre. See Richmond. 

Portsmouth, New-Aampshire, 300 houses destroyed December 
26th, 1802. 

Queen Charlotte, British man of war. burned off Leghorn, with 
the loss of above 700 lives, April 6th, 1800. 

Sarragossa, theatre at, burned December 17, 1778. 

Smyrna, destructive fire, January 5th, 1820. 

Spanish town in the island of Trinidad, destroyed March 24th, 
1808, 



142 FIRES IN AMERICA AND EUROPE. 

Venice, very destructive fire at, January 14, 1789. 

Warradin in Croatia, 600 houses consumed, April 26th, 1776. 

Wilmington, North-Carolina, a most destructive fire, November 
1798; July 22nd, 1810, three stores and five houses consum- 
ed, occasioned by lightning. 

Baltimore, fires in, December 4th, 1796, the Methodist Church 
and academy, with seven houses destroyed; September 21st, 
1804, destructive fire at Fell's Point; March 16th, 1810, Com- 
merce-street; November 21st, 1812, Johnson's brewery, 
March 5th, 1817, in the penitentiary. 

Boston, March 21st, 1673, castle at the harbor burned; Novem- 
ber 27th, 1676, 45 houses, the north meeting house, &c. des- 
troyed; August 8, 1679, 80 houses, 70 warehouses, and a num- 
ber of vessels destroyed; February 2nd, 1798, theatre in Fe- 
deral-street destroyed; October 4th, 1804, in Beach-street, 
when two men perished; March 21st, in Fish-street; May 
10th, on the Long wharf; December 24th, 1816, in several 
parts of the city; 3d November, 1818, the fine and spacious 
Exchange consumed. 

New-York, December 29th, 1773, government house destroyed; 
a great fire by which about 1000 houses were consumed with 
Trinity church, the Charily school, Lutheran church, &c. 
September 21st, 1776; 300 houses destroyed, August 7th, 
1778; December 9th, 1796, destructive fire at Maiden-lane, 
between 60 and 70 houses were destroyed; December 18th, 
fire began at 104, Front-street, about 40 houses, amount of 
loss estimated at $ 106,700; June 5th, and again on December 
15th, 1810; in 1811, on May 19th, October 29th, and Novem- 
ber 3rd; the first on Duand and Chatham-streets, 100 houses 
destroyed; 1813, August 12th, Rcekman-street; August 31st, 
21 houses destroyed on Dover, and Water-streets, and again 
same year, 1816; on December 4 and 5, a most ruinous con- 
flagration on Water-street, loss estimated at $200,000; Janu- 
ary 15th, 1817, in Chatham-street; same year March 3rd, 
two fires, one in Broadway, and the other in Wall-street. 
From a report presented to the common council of New- 
York, by the chief engineer, it appears that 131 fires occur- 
red in that city, from the 2nd of January, to the 3rd of Decem- 
ber, 1828, and the supposed loss of property is estimated at 
$680,402. 

Philadelphia, 1790, March 24th, calico manufactory, S. W. cor- 
ner of Market and Ninth-streets; 1793, Coates-street; and on 
the 10th and 11th of the same month and year, destructive 
conflagration on Third below Chesnut; again same year, Sep- 
tember 8th, Dobson's printing office, Chesnut; 1794, Decem- 
ber 26th, German Lutheran or Zion church; 27th January, 
1797, fire in the printing office and dwelling of Andrew 
Brown, in Chesnut-street — his wife and three children per- 
ished, and he lingered until the 4th of February, when he ex- 
fired; 1799, December 17th, Ricketts' circus, &c. destroyed; 



FIRES IN LONDON. 143 

1803, March 3rd, in Whalebone alley, the first in the city, 
after the establishment of hose companies; 1811, destructive 
fires on March 1, 5, April 11th, June 15th, August 11th, Oc- 
tober 19th and 23rd; of these, that on the 11th of April, on 
Locust-street, and that of the 19th of October, on Drinker's 
alley, were very destructive; 1816, on May 8th, July 12th, 
and December 10th and 24th; that on the 8th of May, on 
Coates'-street, was very destructive, seven houses being con- 
sumed; February 19th, 1817, Gaskill-street, fire overcome 
with gL-eat difficulty, from the fire plugs being frozen; October 
23rd, same year on Arch, between Front and Second. 

The most lamentable fire which ever occurred in Philadel- 
phia, was that of the Orphan Asylum, on the very severely 
cold night between January 23rd and 24th, 1822, in which 
twenty-three of the poor orphans perished. 

A statement by the agent of the Virginia Mutual Assurance So- 
ciety, of the losses which that institution has sustained by fire 
in the four towns of Richmond, Norfolk, Petersburg and Fre- 
dericksburg, from 1796 to 1826 inclusive, shows the total loss 
to have been $673,850 74. 

Detroit. See Detroit. 

Washington City, August 24th, 1814, the eapitol, president's 
house, many private houses, the bridge over the Potomac, 
dock yard, &c. The Goths retreated on the 25th. 

Alexandria, most distressing conflagration, January 18th, 1827, 
in a most inclement season. Congress aided the sufferers with 
a donation of 20,000 dollars. 

Fires in London, one whick destroyed great part of that city, 
982; again in 1087, 1132, and in 1136; on London-bridge, 
which destroyed 2,000 persons, July 10, 1212; the remarkable 
fire that burnt down 113,000 houses, the city gates, Guildhall, 
&c. 86 churches, amongst which was St. Paul's cathedral, 
and 400 streets; the ruins of this city were 436 acres, extend- 
ing from ti:e tower to the Temple church, and from the north 
east gate to llolborn bridge and Fleet-ditch; it broke out near 
the Monument, September 2, 1666, and burnt four days and 
nights; Drury-lane playhouse and near 60 houses were burnt, 
January, 1671-2; in Southwark, 600 houses, 1676; in the 
Temple, January 26, 1679; Gray's-inn, February 7, 1680; 150 
houses were burnt down in Nightingale-lane, Wapping, De- 
cember 4, 1716; Shadweli had 50 houses burnt, September 
10, 1736; Covent-garden had 50 houses burnt, £70,000 da- 
mage, December 23, 1759; at Hermitage-stairs, which des- 
troyed 31 houses, besides other buildings, March 16, 1779; at 
Horslcydown, April 30, 1780, of near 30 houses, besides ware- 
houses and shipping; at the foot of Westminster bridge, 20 
persons killed or maimed, February 18, 1790; from Cherry- 
garden stairs to West-lane, Rotherhithe destroyed, and sever- 
al vessels, with sixty houses, September 14, 1791; at Wap- 
ping, where upwards of 630 houses were destroyed, together 



ItA FIRES IN LONDON. 

with an East India warehouse, in which 35,000 bags of salt- 
petre were destroyed, July 22 and 23, 1794; the whole loss 
was estimated at above £1,000,000 sterling; there was 
£40,000 worth of sugar in one sugar-house; the whole is said 
to be the most dreadful accident of the kind since the fire of 
London in 1666. At Astley's theatre, near Westminster 
bridge, which destroyed to the value of near £30,000, together 
with 19 other houses, August 17, 1794. The elegant church 
of St. Paul's, Covent garden, was burnt down by the care- 
lessness of workmen employed in its repair, September 17, 
17$5; the water works at Shadwell, which conveyed the wa- 
ter from the Tower to Limehouse, and raised 9U3 gallons in a 
minute, were burnt down in one hour and a half, on Decem- 
ber 12, 1797; near the custom-house, three large warehouses 
of West-India goods, valued at £300,000, destroyed February 
11, 1800; at Wapping, where 30 houses, besides warehouses, 
value £80,000, were burnt, and many lives lost, October 6, 
1800; it extended from New-stairs to Execution dock; at an 
inn in Chelmsford, at which 120 Hanoverian troops had been 
lodged a' few hours before, 12 of whom were burnt, October 
22, 1804; eight persons burnt in Adam-street, Edgeware-road, 
January 27, 1805; Covent garden theatre totally destroyed by 
fire, September 20, 1808; Drury-lane theatre, completely des- 
troyed, February 24, 1809; at the wharf of Messrs. Pocock 
and Buckley, Whitefriars-dock, by which timber to the 
amount of £30,000, and nine valuable horses were destroyed, 
January 1, 1810. At Reeves's floor-cloth manufactory, Little 
Titchfield-street, by which seven houses and Mr. Hunting- 
don's chapel were destroyed, July 13,1810; at the Mexican 
coffee-house, Lisle-street, Mr. Simeon, the proprietor, and his 
wife, destroyed in the flames, December 8, 1810; Goullee's 
pork-shop, corner of Half-moon-street, Bishopsgate-street, in 
which Mr. Goullee, his wife, three children, nurse, maid ser- 
vant, and shop-boy perished, April 22, 1811, at Mr. Merles, 
picture-frame maker, Leadenhall-street, by which every house 
to Billiter-lane was consumed, and three others, October 17, 
1812; at the custom-house, Thames-street, by which the whole 
range of buildings and many other houses were destroyed, 
February 12, 1814; at the mustard mills of Messrs. Lingard 
and Jones, South wark, by which great devastation was made, 
several adjoining warehouses being destroyed, and a great ex- 
tent of stabling belonging to Thell and Stell, August 28, 1814; 
in Narrow-street, Limehouse, by which 1 6 dwelling houses 
and several warehouses were burnt down, November 11,1814; 
at the warehouse of Mr. Henderson, by which several houses 
were burnt down, others damaged, and property to the amount 
of £40,000 destroyed, October 23, 1816; near Wapping docks 
by which the warehouses of Messrs. Viner and Co. and several 
adjoining ones were burnt, December 16, 1816; at Poplar, at 
the house of Mrs. Cock, by which that and nine other houses 



FIRES, &c— FLORIDA. 145 

were destroyed, Mrs. Cock, at the age of 80 years, perished 
In the flames, December 30, 1816; the extensive premises in 
Fleet-street, lately belonging; to Mr Mist, but since convert- 
ed into a bazaar, destroyed by fire, May 23, 1817; house of 
Mr. Black, oilman, facing Be; mondsey church, destroyed by 
fire, a ; ;d Mr 61a. k, his wife, and eldest child, found suffocated 
in the adjoining house. June 28, 1817. 

Fire-works, at the Parisian, exhibited in honour of the dauphin's 
marriage, the passages being stopped up occasioned such a 
crowd, that the people, seized with panic, trampled upon one 
another till they lay in heaps; a scaffold erected over the ri- 
ver also broke down, and hundreds were drowned; near 1000 
persons lost their lives. 

Fish, the increase of, is said to be in the following proportion: 
A flounder of two ounces contains 133,407 eggs or spawn; 
herrings weighing from four ounces to five and three-fourths, 
from 21,285 to 36,960; lobsters, from fourteen to thirty-six 
ounces, contain 21,699; mackerel, twenty ounces, 454,061; 
shrimps, from 2,849 to 6,807; smelts, from 14,411 to 38,278; 
soal of five ounces. 38,772; one of fourteen ounces and a half 
contains 100 362; to which may be added the cod, which 
produces 3,686,760. 

Flanders dismembered from France, 866; overrun by the French 
1792 and 1794, and declared part of that republic. 

Florence, founded ate. C. 1400; was taken possession of by the 
French in July, 1796, and March 20, 1799, and evacuated in 
July 18 following; evacuated by the Austriaus, and entered 
by the Neapolitans, April 6, 1815. 

Florida, discovered by Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, in 1512, and 
named ' Pasqua Florida;" granted by the crown of c pain to 
Francis de Guerray, and after his death to Allyon, 1524; in 
1528, invaded by Narvaex, who was destroyed by the savages 
with nearly his whole party; visited and traversed in 1539, 
1542, by de Soto — this leader died on his route, but his men 
made the first civilized settlement in the country, on the Ock- 
lookney and Swaunee rivers; 1562, a French colony under 
Ribault, and Spanish colony under Mendez, were fixed on the 
Atlantic coast, but in 1562 the former was destroyed by the 
latter, who were themselves retaliated upon 1568, by a French 
force from Dieppe, under Dominique de Gorgues; in 1568, 
St. Angus 1 ine founded, which place was taken and pillaged 
by sir FYancis Drake, 1586; taken and burnt by the Indians, 
1611, and again devoted to destruction in 1665, by a cap- 
tain Davis, an English pirate; Pensacola founded 1696; 
taken by governor Bienville, from Louisiana, 1719; retaken 
by the Spaniards and French, bat finally restored to the for- 
mer, 1722; the whole of Florida ceded to Great Britain 1763; 
receded to Spain, 1783; Amelia island taken by general Ma- 
thews, 1811; August, 1814, a British farce under colonel 
Nichols, entered Pensacola and hoisted the British flag, ana 
13 



146 FLORIDA, &C.—FRANCE. 

%vere driven from it by general Jackson, who entered that 
place with a military force, November 14th, and evacuated it 
on the 16th. In the month of March, 1818, general Jackson 
entered Florida in pursuit of the Creek Indians, and in May 
again took possession of Pensacola, which lie garrisoned un- 
der colonel King. In 1819, February 22, the two Floridas 
were, by treaty, ceded to the United States; and on the 17th 
of June, 1821, the exchange of flags left that country in the 
full possession of this government, which by an act of con- 
gress, passed March 30th, 1822, erected it into a territory, 
with the first form of that kind of jurisdiction, viz. under a 
governor and legislative council appointed by the United 
States In June, 1823, the territorial legislature fixed upon 
as the seat of government, Tallahasse. 

Fonts for baptism, instituted, A. D. 167. 

Fontainbleau, treaty of, by which Bonaparte renounced all claim 
to the throne ol France, signed April 5, 1814. 

Formosa, in the Chinese seas, shook off the Chinese yoke, and 
massacred 10,000 Chinese, driving the remainder into the 
Woods and rocks of the island, 1788. 

Fort St George, in India, first settled by the English East India 
Company, 1 620. 

Fortification, the present mode introduced, about 1500. 

Franco, the country of the ancient Gauls, a colony of the Belgae, 
from Germany, were permitted to settle in it, 200 before 
Christ. It was conquered by the Romans 25 before Christ. 
The Goths, Vandals, Allans, and Suevi, and afterwards the 
Eurgundi, divided it among them from A. D. 400 to 476, when 
the Franks, another set of German emigrants, who had settled 
between the Rhine and the M ine, completed the foundation 
of the late kingdom under Clovis. Conquered except Paris, 
by Edward III. of England, between 1341 and 1359. An en- 
tire conquest by Henry V. who was made regent during the 
life of Charles VI. acknowledged heir to the crown of France, 
and homage paid to him accordingly, 1420. The English 
crown lost all its possessions in France, in the reign of Henry 
VI. between 1434 and 1450 This is the only state in Eu- 
rope that could boast a perpetual succession from the con- 
querors of the Western empire. Its first king was Pharamond, 
Who began to reign in 418; Clovis was the first christian king, 
481. It was peopled by the natives of Gci many, who crossed 
the Rhine, to invade the Gauls. The assemblies, called the 
states general, first met in 1302, and continued to 1614. Scots 
guards were ever about the king, from the reign of St. Louis 
to that of Henry II. It continued through 41 reigns of kin^s 
from Charlemagne. King of, taken prisoner by the English, 
1356, by Edward the black prince. The Taillon tax establish- 
ed, 1549. The French began to date from the birth of Christ, 
1618; before they reckoned from the creation. Queen, mo- 
ther of, visited England, 1638. Law's banking scheme, some- 



FRANCE. 147 

thing like the South Sea bubble in England, took place, 171 6; 
destroyed, 1720. Francis I. taken prisoner by the imperialists, 
and carried into Spain, August, 1525; killed at a tilting 
match, 1559. Revolution there, July, 1789. King attempt- 
ed to escape, June 21, 1791; confirmed the constitutional 
laws presented him, September 15, 1791; resigned the regal 
dignity, and was sent to the temple for confinement, August 
20, 1792. Convention met, royalty abolished, republican 
year commenced, September 22, 1792. King beheaded Janu- 
ary 21, 1793. Biissotine party arrested, condemned 9th, r.nd 
guillotined 10th Brumaire, (May 31.) Robespierian party 
guillotined, July 27, 1794. New constitution put in force of 
five directors, September 22, 1795. Two directors and fil'ty- 
two deputies arrested for a conspiracy to intoduce royalty, 
September 4, 1795. Bonaparte seizes the government, and 
establishes the consulate, November 9, 1799; named first 
consul. Rattle of Marengo, June 14, 1800. Bonaparte first 
consul for life, with power to name his successor, August 2, 
1802; crowned emperor December 2. 

The war establishment, ,1805) was 554.407 men, viz. 

Infantry of the line 34 1,401 

Light infantry 100,180 

Cavalry of the line 14,150 

Light raval y 68,988 

Artillery on foot 20,656 

Horse artillery 3,229 

Sappers, miners, and engineers 5.873 

Total , 554,407 

The population of France is estimated at- .30.000,000 

The national debt of France, considering the efforts made 
during and subsequent to her revolution, and the heavy con- 
tributions of her enemies, is comparatively small. Her an- 
nual expenditure is about $130,000,000. The revenue is 
nearly an equal sum, but nominally a fraction higher. 

With all its reverses, this nation has gained immensely by 
the revolution. The crowd of useless nobility and govern- 
mental priests diminished; its internal industry revived, active 
and flourishing. The literary institutions are on a most re- 
spectable footing. There now exists in the kingdom 26 uni- 
versities; 36 royal colleges, 3070 primary schools; upwards of 
40 divinity schools; about 1400 boarding schools; and near 
22,500 primary schools. In all these seminaries are educated 
nearly 800,000 pupils. Without distracting foreign colonies; 
without paper money or false credit; and with a mild and li- 
mited government, France is now no doubt, one of the most 
happy and prosperous nations in Europe. 



148 KINGS OF FRANCE, &c. 

Kings of France from Pharamond, Merovingian Dynasty, 

Pharamond, began to reign A. D. 418; Clodion. 428, Merovee, 
448. ChildericI 458; Clovis 1. 481; Cbildebert I. 512; Clo- 
tairel. 559; Cherebert 560; Chilperic I. 574; Clotaire II. 
584; Dagobert 1. 628; Clovis II. 638; Clotaire III. 650; 
Childeric II. 668; Thiery I. 674; Clovis III. 690; ChiJdeberi 

II. the youngei, 695; Dagoberi 11. 711; Clotaire IV. 715; 
Chilperic II. 716; Thiery II. 720; Childeric III. 743. 

Kings oj the second race or Carlovirgian Dynasty. 

Pepin the small, 752; Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, 768; 
Lewis the Courteous, also emperor of the Western empire, 
714; Charles II. the Bald, emperor of the Western empire, 
840: Lewis II. 877; Lewis III. and Carloman, 879; Charles 

III. also emperor of the Western empire, 885; Cudes, 888; 
Charles the Simple, 898; Raoul or Rodolph, 923; Lewis IV, 
936; Lothahe, 954; Lewis V. 987. 

Third race or Capetian kings. 

Hugh Capet, 987; Robert. 996; Henry I. 1031; Philip L 1059; 
Louis VI. 1106; Louis VII. 1137; Philip II. 1180; Louis VIIL 
1223; Louis IX. 1226; Philip III. 1271; Philip IV. 1285; 
Charles VII. 1422; Henry VI. of England, proclaimed; Louis 
XI. 1461; Charles VIII. 1483; Louis XII. 1498; Francis I. 
1515; Louis X. 1314; John, 1316; Philip V. 1316; Charles IV. 
1322; Edward of England crowned; Philip VI. 1328; John 
1350; Charles V. 1364; Charles VI. 1380; Francis II. 1559; 
Charles XI. 1560; Henry III. 1574; Henry IV. 1589; Louis 
XIII. 1610; Louis XIV. 1643; Louis XV. 1715. 

Louis XVI. king of France, 1774; deposed August 10, 1792; be- 
headed January 21, 1793, and the country declared a republic. 

Louis XVII. died June 4, 1795, in prison. Napoleon Bonaparte 
crowned emperor, December 2, 1804. Louis XVIII. to whom 
the kingdom was restored in 1814, born October 9th, 1757. 
Bonaparte reinstated emperor, March, 1815. 

Louis XVIII. reinstated king June, 1815, and died September 16, 
1824, and was succeeded by Charles X the reigning king, 
who was crowned at Rheims, May 29th, 1825. 

The duke d'Angouleme, his son, heir apparent, married the on- 
ly daughter of Louis XVI. but they have no issue His brother 
the duke of Berry, who was assassinated at a theatre in Paris 
in 1818, married a princess of Sardinia, and has left a son, 
duke of Bordeaux, and a daughter. 

Frankfort declared by the allied Austrians, Russians and Prus- 
sians, an independent government, 1813. 

Franking letters first claimed 1660; restrained 1764, 1775, and 
1793. Counterfeiting a franking privilege in England, is a 
capital offence. 



FRE— FROST. 149 

Freemason 's-hall, Queen-street, Lincoln-inn fields, London, 
built 1775; consecrated May 23, 1776. Lodges of, prohibited 
by the pope, 1814. 

French Protestants expelled their country by the revocation of 
the edict of Nantes, 1685; hospital, London, incorporated, 
1718. 

Frenchtown taken by the American general Winchester, Janu- 
ary 18, 1813; retaken by colonel Proctor, 22d of the same 
month. 

Friars and nuns, 10,000 turned out of the monasteries in Eng- 
land, 1535; in Germany in 1785; in France 1790. 

Friesland, East, and Hariingen, annexed to ihe kingdom of Han- 
over, 1815. 

Frost, in Britain, lasted five months, 220. The Pontus sea was 
entirely frozen over for the space of 20 days, and the sea be- 
tween Constantinople and the Scutari, 401; so severe a frost 
all over Britain, that the rivers were frozen up for above two 
months, 508; one so great that the Danube was quite frozen 
over, 558; the Thames frozen for six weeks, when booths 
were built on it, 695; one that continued from Octobi-r 1, to 
February 26, 760 one in England which lasted nine weeks v 
827; carriages were used on the Adriatic sea, 859; the Medi- 
terranean sea was frozen over, and passable in carts, 860; 
most of the rivers in England frozen for two months, 908; the 
Thames frozen thirteen weeks, 923; one that lasted 120 days, 
which began December 22, 987; the Thames frozen five weeks, 
998; a frost on midsummcrday, so vehement, that the corn 
and fruits were destroyed, 1035; the Thames frozen fourteen 
weeks, 1063; a frost in England from November to April, 
1076; several bridges in England being then of timber, broken 
down by a frost, 1114; a frost from January 14 to March 22, 
1205; one of fifteen weeks, 1207; the Mediterranean sea was 
frozen over, and the merchants passed with their merchandise 
in carts, in 1234; the Cattegatt, or sea between Norway and 
Denmark, was frozen, and that from Oxslo, in Norway, they 
travelled on the ice to Jutland, in 1294; the sea between Nor- 
way and the promontory of Scagernit frozen over, and from 
Sweden to Gothland, 1296; the Baltic was covered with ice 
fourteen weeks, between the Danish and Swedish islands^ in 
1306; the Baltic was passable for foot passengers and horse- 
men, for six weeks, in 1323; the sea was frozen over, and 
passable from Stralsund to Denmark, in 1349; the Baltic x. as 
quite frozen over from Pomerania to Denmark, in 1402; the 
whole sea between Gothland and Geland was frozen, and from 
Restock to Gezoer, in 1408; the ice bore riding on from Lu- 
bec to Prussia, and the Baltic was covered with ice from 
Mecklenburgh to Denmark, in 1423, 1426, and in 1459; the 
sea between Constantinople and Iskodar, was passable on ice 
in 1420; in 1709, the Adriatic sea was frozen and the olive- 
trees killed in the south of Europe: in 1779-80, the ice was 
13* 



150 FROST— FRUIT— GARDENING. 

driven out of the mouth of the Mississippi into the Mexican gulf 
—a circumstance never known before or since; in 1788, which 
lasted only from November to January, 1789, when the Thames 
was crossed opposite the custom house, the tower Execution- 
dock, Putney, Brentford, &c; it was general throughout Eu- 
rope, particularly in Holland, at the same time; the most se- 
vere on December 25, 1796, that had been felt in the memory 
of man; severe one in January, 1814, when booths were erect- 
ed on various parts of the Thames, anil the antiquarian socie- 
ty of New-castle recorded, that the rapid river Tyne was fro- 
zen to the depth of twenty inches; severe frost at Quebec, 
August 7, 1815. 

Fruits of foreign countries first brought into Italy, 70 before 
Christ, and flowers, sundry sorts before unknown, were 
brought into England in the reigns of Henry VII. and VIII. 
from about 1500 to 1578. Among others of less note, the 
musk and damask roses, of great use in medicine, and tulips. 
Several sorts of plum-trees and currant-plants; also saffron, 
woad, and other drugs for dying, attempted to be cultivated, 
but without success. 

Fugee islands, considerable number of the crew of a vessel, at 
ene of these islands, massacred and devoured by the natives, 
September, 1813. 

Funeral service performed at Paris for Louis XVI. and XVII. 
queen Maria Antoinette, and madame Elizabeth de France f 
May 14, 1814; the remains of Louis XVI. and Maria Antoi- 
nette disinterred and re-buried, December, 1814. 



G. 

Gamut in music invented by Guy L'Aretin, 1025. 

Ga'-sevoort fort, built 1812. 

Gardening introduced into England from the Netherlands, from 
whence vegetables were imported, till 1509; the pale goose- 
berry, with salads, garden roots, cabbages, &c. brought from 
Flanders, and hops from Artois 1520; the damask rose brought 
by Dr. Linacre, physician to Henry VIII. pippins brought to 
England by Leonard Mascal, of Plumstead. in Sussex, 1525; 
currants or Corinthian grapes, first planted in England, 1555 j 
brought from the isle of Zant, belonging to Venice; the musk 
rose and several sorts of plums, from Italy, by lord Cromwell; 
apricots brought here by king Henry VIII* s gardener; tamar- 
ask plant from Germany, by archbishop Grindal; at and about 
Norwich the Flemings first planted flowers unknown in Eng- 
land, as gilliflowers, carnations, the Provence rose, &c. 1567; 



GARDENING, &c— GEN 151 

woad originally from Thoulouse, in France; tulip rooti first 
brought into England from Vienna, 1578; also beans, peas, 
and salads, now in common use, 1660. To which subjoin the 
following list, with the. countries whence they originally 
came. 

Rye and wheat, from Tartary and Siberia, where they are yet 
indigenous; barley and oats unknown, but certainly not indi- 
genous in England; rice from Ethiopia; buckwheat, Asia; bo- 
rage, Syria; cresses, Crete; cauliflower, Cyprus; asparagus, 
Asia; chervil, Italy; fennel, Canary Islands; annise and pars- 
Jey, Egypt; garlick, the East; shallots, Siberia; horseradish, 
China; kidney-beans. East Indies; gourds, Astracan; lentils, 
France; potatoes, Brazil; tobacco, America; cabbage, lettuce, 
&c. Holland. 

Jassamine comes from the East Indies; the elder tree from Per- 
sia; the tulip from Cappadocia; the daffodil, from Italy; the 
lily, from Syria; the tube-rose from Java and Ceylon; the car- 
nation and pink, from Italy, &c; rananculus, from the Alps; 
apples, from Syria; apricots, from Epiru^.; artichokes, from 
Holland; celery, from Flanders; cherries, from Pontus; cur- 
rants, from Zant; damask and musk roses, from Damascus, as 
well as plums; hops, from Artois and France; gooseberries, 
from Flanders; gilliflowers, carnations, the Provence rose, 
&c. from Thoulouse, in France; oranges and lemons from 
Spain; beans and peas from Spain. 

Gas, use of, introduced in London, for lighting shops and streets, 
1814; nrstintotheUnitedStat.es, at Baltimore, 1821. 

Gauging of wine, &c. established by law, 27 Edward III. 1350, 

Gavilgar, in the East Indies, taken by the English, December 
15, 1803. 

Gauze, lawn, and thread manufactures, began at Paisley, ia 
Scotland, in 1759, which in 1784 yielded £575,185, and em- 
ployed 26 664 hands. In gauze alone, £350,900 

Gazeit.es, of Venetian origin, and so called from the price being 
gazetta, a small piece of money ; the first published in England, 
was at Oxford. November 7, 1665; the London Gazette was 
first published February 5, 665-6. One was ingeniously forged 
for a stock-jobbing purpose, November, 1787; the first pub- 
lished at Paris, was in 1723; at Leipzic, in 1715. 

Gazette Universal, Spanish newspaper, the editors of, condemn- 
ed to six years labor in the galleys, for stating that one of the 
Spanish armies had declared their determination to support 
the constitution and the ortes, June 16, 1814. 

Gemappe, battle of, November 6th, 1792; French defeat the 
Austrians 

Geneva, republic, founde'l 1512. 

Geneva entered by the allied army, under general Budna, by ca- 
pitulation, which permitted the French governor to retire 
yri\h his garrison, December 30, 1813. 



152 GENOA— GEORGIA—GERMANY. 

Genoa, taken by the English and Austrians, in May, 1800; sur- 
rendered to the French the July following; surrendered to 
the combined English and Sicilian army, April 18, 1814; trans- 
ferred to th°. king of Sardinia, 1816. 

Genoese republic, founded 1096. Genoa annexed to the French 
empire, 1805. Transferred to the king of Sardinia, 1814. 

Georgia, one of the United States. Length 380 miles; mean 
width 150; area within a small fraction of 58, 00 square 
miles. Population in 1820, 340,972. In 1824, the popula- 
tion of Georgia had risen to 222,282 whites, and 170,618 peo- 
ple of colour; aggregate, 392,900 It now, 1828, probably 
exceeds 400,000. 1 he aggregate population of Georgia, in 
1820, in respect to employment, was subdivided as follows: 

Persons engaged in Agriculture 97,231 

Do do.... Manufactures 3,427 

Do do. . . .Commerce 1,989 

Chronology of Georgia — 1732, general Oglethorpe obtains a 
patent for a colony south from the Carolinas; 1733, first body 
of settlers arrive in the country, and form a treaty of friend- 
ship with the native Indians, and found Savannah; 1736, a co- 
lony of Highlanders; 1742, invaded from Florida by the Spa- 
niards, who were repulsed, and a new model of government 
introduced; 1752, the proprietary patent relinquished, and 
the province made a regal government; 1778, Savannah tak- 
en by the British, on December 29th; 1779, October 4th, Sa- 
vannah besieged by the Americans and French, who are re- 
pulsed with great loss on the 9th, in an attempt to take the 
the place by assault; 1782, May 21st, a body of the British 
near Savannah, defeated by general Wayne; 1786, the found- 
er of Georgia, general Oglethorpe, dies; 1798, May 29, con- 
stitution of Georgia ratified at Louisville. 

Georgia, government of, general assembly annually chosen; 
senate and house of representatives, senators one for each 
county, house of representatives in proportion to population, 
excluding two-fifths of people of colour; governor by the le- 
gislature biennially, with powers of a qualified negative. Ju- 
diciary elected by the people; judges of the superior court for 
three years, and justices of the peace annually. Sends seven 
representatives to congress. 

George, prince, man of war, burnt off Lis'.on, when 435 of her 
crew perished, 1758. 

George, the royal, of 100 guns, overset at Portsmouth, by which 
misfortune admiral Kempenfelt, with the crew were lostj 
there were near 100 women and 200 Jews on board, June 28, 
1782. 

Georguim Sidus discovered by Herschel, 1781. 

Germany was divided anciently into several independent states, 
which made no figure in history till 25 before Christ, when 
they withstood the attempts of the Romans to subdue them* 



GERMANY. 153 

who conquered some parts; but by the repeated efforts of the 
Germans were entirely expelled about A. D. 290, In 432, 
the Huns, driven from China, conquered the greatest part of 
this extensive country; but it was not totally subdued till 
Charlemagne became master of the whole, A. D. 8()2. He 
was the first emperor, and added the second head to the eagle 
for his arms, to denote that the Empires of Rome aud Ger- 
many were in him united. It was called Allemania. from Al- 
leman, i.e. in German, 'Every man,* denoting that all na- 
tions were welcome there. Dukes being at this time made 
governors of those provinces, they claimed a right to sove- 
reignty; hence came most of the sovereign princes of Ger- 
many. It continueu united to the crown of France till 841. 
Conrad I . was the first elected emperor, 912; he is deeme ! the 
first emperor of Germany freely chosen, but we have no au- 
thentic account of the electors of the empire till 1273, when 
Rodolph of Hapsburgh was chosen emperor by the seven elec- 
tors, after an interregnum of 22 years. — The electors, accord- 
ing to some, reduced to seven, in 999 To bring in their sons 
successors, the emperors, in their life-time, politically got 
them elected king of the Romans, which was a part of the 
sovereignty; the first emperor so elected, 1054. The elective 
power originated by the emperors getting their last will, 
wherein they nominated their successors, confirmed before 
their deaths by the princes and great men. The emperor 
Philip murdered, 1208. Seven electors first appointed to 
choose an emperor, 1258. Louis V. made the empire inde- 
pendent of the holy see, August 8, 1338. Golden bulls relating 
to the election of the emperors, established by Charles V. of 
Germany, 1357. To get his son elected king of the Romans, 
Charles IV. gave each elector 100,000 ducats, and w is forced 
to mortgage several cities to raise the money, 1376; the de- 
scendants of the mortgagees continue still in the possession of 
them. Charles V. born 1500; resigned his crowns to his 
brother and son, 1556. Rodolph was the first emperor of the 
house of Austria, in which family the German empire con- 
tinued till it passed into the house of Lorraine, by the mar- 
riage of the heiress of Austria, the celebrated queen of Hun- 
gary, to Francis, duke of Lorraine, who was elected emperor, 
1745. There are nine electors, three ecclesiastical and ix 
secular, in whom is invested the right of electing the empe- 
rors of Germany. The three ecclesiastical are the archbish- 
ops of Mentz, Treves and Cologne. The secular are Bohe- 
mia, Saxony, Brandenburgb, the Palatine, Bavaria and Hano- 
ver. The two last have been added in violation of the golden 
bull, which restricted the number to seven. The heir appar- 
ent to the empire must be chosen by the electors, king of the 
Romans, to secure his succession. The emperor Leopold was 
poisoned, March 1, 1792. The emperor of Germany, Francis 
I'L resigned that title and assumed the title of emperor of 



154 GERMANY, EMPERORS OF-GHENT, &e. 

Austria, August 11, 1804. By the confederation of 1815, Ger- 
many was new modelled, and now stands as follows: A per- 
manent diet is formed, and holds its sessions at Frankford on 
the Maine. The states which are entitled to representation 
in thai body are as follows Austrian Germany, Prussian Ger- 
many, Bavaria, Wirtemberg, Hanover, Saxony, Baden, Grand 
Dutch}, Hesse Darmstadt, Hesse Cassel, Holsteir: and Lunen- 
feerg, Luxemburg, Mecklenburg Schwerin, Brunswick, Nassau. 

Emperors of Germany, Jrcm Charlemagne. 

Charlemagne begun 800; Lothario I. 840; Lewis II. 855; Charles 
the Bald, 874; Lewis 111. 875; Charles the Fat, 879; Arno.d, 
888; Guy and Lambert, 891; Lewi^ the Infant, 899; Conrad I. 
911; Heiry the Fowler, 918; Otho the Great, 936 Othr II. 
973;Otho 111: 983; Henry II. 1002; Conrad II 1024; Henry 

III. 1039; Henry IV. 1056; Henr) V. 1106; Lothario II. 1125. 
Conrad HI. 1133; Frederick I. 1151; Henry VI 1190; Philip, 
H97;OthoIV. 1208; Frederick II. 1212: William, or Conrad 

IV. 1250; Rodolphus ol Hapsburgh, 1273; Adolphus of Nas- 
sau, 1291; Alberi I. of ustria, 1298; Henry VII 1 309; Lew- 
is V 1314; John and Philip V. the Long, 1317; Charles VI. 
1342; Gunther of Schwartzbuig, 1349; Wemeslaus, 1378; 
Frederick and Robert Palatine, 1400; Joseph of Moravia, Si- 
gismund of Luxemburgh, 1410; Albert ot Austria. 1438; Fred- 
erick III. 1440; Maximilian I. 1493; Charles V. 1519; Ferdi- 
nand I. 1558; Maximilian II. of Hungary, 1564; Rodolphus II. 
1576,Mathias, 161 -;Ferdirard II. 1619; Ferdinand 111.1639; 
Leopold I. 1656; Joseph 1. 1705; Charles VI. 1711; Charles 
VII. of Bavaria, 1742; Ftarcis I. of Lorraine, 1745; Joseph 
II. 1765; Leopold II. 1790; Francis 1792, who took the title of 
em eror f Austria August 11, 1804. 

Ghent, British and American commissioners met at, for the ne- 
gotiation of peace between the two powers, August 6, 1814; 
treaty of peace and amity signed by them December 24 fol- 
lowing. 

Gibraltar was taken from the Moors by the Castilians in '463; 
taken by sir eorge Rooke, July 23, 1704; besieged by the 
Spaniards September 13, 1782, when their floating batteries 
were burnt by red-hot balls from the garrison, commanded 
by gem- ral Elliott 

Giessen, circle of the Upper Rhine, a piece of ground of twelve 
acres, gradually sunk, from August 13 to September 4. 1812, 
fifteen feet, and on September 19 presented a level sheet of 
water. 

Gilding with leaf gold on bole ammoniac, art of, invented by 
Margaritone, 1273; on wood, 1680. 

Gipsies quitted Egypt when attacked by the Turks in 1515, and 
wandered over almost all Europe. 

Glass, the art of making it, known to the Romans at least before 
79; known to the Chinese about 200; introduced into England 



GLA— GUN 155 

by Benedict, a monk, 674; glass windows began to be used in 
private houses in England, 1180; glass first made in England 
into oottles »nd vessels, 1557; the first plaie g.ass for looking 
glasses and coach-windows, made at Lambeth, i67.'i; in Lan- 
cashire 773; window glass first made in England, 1557 
Globe if the earth, the first voyage round it was by sir Francis 
Drk:. I58u; me second uy Magellan, 1591; the third b) sir 
Thomas lavendish, 1586; by lord Anson in 1740; by captain 
Cook in 1768; and by Peyrouse in 1793—4. 
Grammarians, he first regular ones flourished, 276 before Christ. 
Granada recovered from the Moors, 1491, surrendered to the 

French, January 28, 1810. 
Grand Cairo taken hy the Turks from the Egyptian Sultans, and 

taeir empire subdued, 1516; seized by the French in 1799. 
Grapes brought to England and planted first at Blaxhall, in Suf- 
folk, 1552; cultivated in Flanders U76. 
Great seal of England first used 1050; stolen from the lord chan- 
cellor and destroyed, vlarch 24, 1784 
Gre-k first introduced into England, 1491. 
Greek empire mastered by the Latins, 1204; reconquered 1261; 

invaded by the Turks, 1350; its final overthrow, 1453 
Green dye for mtton, invented by Dr. R. Williams, 1777. 
Gregorian calendar, first used in the Catholic states of Europe, 
1582; in most of the others, 1710; in England and in Sweden, 
1752 
Greenwich hospital instituted 1694, first began to receive disa- 
bled seamen, 1737; had the Derwentwater estate given it, 
1735; injured by a fire, January^ 1779; chapel rebuilt and 
opened for service. September 2, 1789. 
Grenelle, near Paris, an explosion at, occasioned by the blowing 
up of powder- alls, when near 3000 persons lost their lives, 
and all the adjacent buildings were nearly destroyed, Septem- 
ber 3, 1794. 
Gristmills invented in Ireland, 214. 

Guidaloupe isle, discovered by Columbus, 1493; planted by 
France, 1635; taken by the English, 1759 and 1779, and again 
1794; surrendered to the British, February 6, 1810. 
Guinea coast discovered by the Portuguese, 1482; slave trade 
commenced here by captain Hawkins, an Englishman, 1563. 
He wa3 assisted with a subscription by sundry of his country- 
me i— sailed from England with three ships, purchased ne- 
groes, sold them at 'lispaniola, and returned home, richly la- 
den vith hides, sugar and ginger, 5 Eliz. 1563. 
Guineas were first coined, 1573, from gold brought from the 

coast of Guinea. 
Gunpowder invented, 1330; first made in England, 1418; first 

used in Spain, 1344. 
Gunpowder-plot discovered, Nov. 5, 1605. 

Guns, great, invented, 1330; used by the Moors at the siege of 
Algesiras, in Spain, in 1344; used at the battle of Cressy, in 



156 C5UN— HEL 

1346; when Edward had four pieces of cannon, which gained 
him the battle; they were used at the siege of Calais, in 1347; 
in Denmark, 1354; at sea by Venice against Genoa, 1J77; first 
used in Spain, 1406; first made in England of brass, 1635; of 
iron, 1547; invented to shoot whales, 1731. first used in Eng- 
land, at the siege of Berwiek, 1405; bombs and mortars in- 
vented, 1634. 



H. 

Habeas corpus act passed, 1641, and May 27, 1679; attempt 
made in the senate of the United States to suspend it, but re- 
jected by the house of representatives, 1806 

Hackney coaches first used, twenty in number, in London, 1625. 

Hair-powder in use, 1590; a guinea per year tax on those who 
wear it, 1795. 

Hamburgh founded, 804; walled, 811; disfranchised, and incor- 
porated with France, January, 1810; restored to independence 
by the allied sovereigns, 1814. 

Handkerchiefs first manufactured at Paisley, in Scotland, 1748, 
when £15,886 worth were made; in 1784 the manufacture 
yielded above £164,385. 

Hanover, hitherto but a village, walled, 1556; obtained the pri- 
vileges of a city, 1578; made the ninth electorate, 1692; an- 
nexed to Westphalia, by Bonaparte, March 18, 1810; regain- 
ed to England, November 6, 1813; principality of Hildesheira 
annexed to it, 1813; erected into a kingdom, '814: assembly 
of the states of the new kingdom, opened by the duke of Cam- 
bridge, December 15, 1814; East Friesland and Harlingen ad- 
ded to it, 1815; duke of Cambridge appointed lieutenant- 
governor of, November, 1816. 

Harmonicon or Musical Glasses, invented by Francis Hopkin- 
son, of Philadelphia; also attributed to Dr. Franklin. With- 
out knowledge of the preceding facts, Francis Hopkinson 
Smith, of Baltimore, greatly improved and adapted this sim- 
ple, rich and delicate instrument, to every key of the gamut, 
1825. 

Hastings, Warren, gov. gen. of India, tried by the peers of 
Great-Britain for high crimes and misdemeanors, which 
trial lasted seven years and three months, and Avas acquitted 
on April 23, 1795, with only six dissenting voices. The East 
India "ompany, in June following, proposed an annuity of 
£5,000 per annum on him, for his services. 
Hats invented at Paris, 1404; first made in London, 1510. 
Hebrew points invented, 475. 

Heidelbergh, first great wine vessel or tun, built at, 1343. 
Helena, St. discovered, 1502; first possessed by England, 1600.; 
settled by the English, 1651. 



HEM— HUR 157 

Hemp and flax first planted in England, 1533. There are 
180,0001b. of rough hemp used in the cordage and sails of a 
first rate man of war. 

Heraldic lines for colours in coats of arms invented, 1639. 

Heraldry had its rise, 1 100. 

Hcrculaneum suffered first by an earthquake, February 5, 63; to- 
tally overwhelmed with Pornpeium, by an eruption of Mount 
Vesuvius, November 1, 70; discovered 1730; 150 volumes of 
MSS. found there in a chest, December, 1754. 

Herculaneum, the ancient city of, discovered, 17-0; which had 
been buried in the lava of an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, 
November 1, 79. 

Hermoine Spanish ship, taken March 21, 1762, which sold for 
£544,684 clear of expenses. 

Herring fishery, first practised by the Hollanders, 1164; her- 
ring pickling first invented 1397. 

Holland, originally part of Ihc territory of the Belgse, conquered 
by the Romans, 47 before Christ; a sovereignly founded by 
Thierry, first count of Holland, A. D. 868; continued till 1417, 
when it passed by surrender to the duke of Burgundy, A. D. 
1534; being oppressed by the bishop of Utrecht, the people 
ceded the country to Spain. The Spanish tyranny being 
insupportable, they revolted and formed the republic now 
called the United Provinces, by the union of Utrecht, 1579. 
The office of sladtholder, or captain general of the United 
Provinces, made hereditary in the prince of Orange's family, 
not excepting females, 1747; a revolt formed, but prevented 
by the Prussians, 1 787; invaded by the French in 1793; who 
took possession of it, January, 1795, and expelled the stadt- 
holder; erected into a kingdom by the command of Bonaparte, 
and the title of king given to his brother Louis, June 5, 1806; 
the throne abdicated by Louis, July 1, 1810; united to France 
by a decree of Bonaparte, July 9, 1810; restored to the honse 
of Orange, and Belgium annexed to it, November 1813. 

Hospitals in England have a revenue of above £250,000 per 
annum; Greenwich alone has near £70,000. 

Hour Glasses were invented in Alexandria, 240, and introdu- 
ced at Rome, 158 years before Christ. 

Hudson's bay discovered by captain Hudson, 1607. 

Hudson Bay forts destroyed by the French, 1686 and 17S2. 

Huguenots murdered at Paris, August 24, 1672. 

Hungary conquered by Charlemagne, 791. 

Hurricane, violent winds, particularly in the torrid zone, and im 
a manner particularly destructive in the West Indies: The 
following is a list of the most remarkable of these phenomena. 
1670, 1674, 1675, Barbados; 1691, Antigua; 1700, 1702, Bar- 
bados; 1707, Carribbee Islands in general; 1712, Jamaica; 
1720, Barbados; 1722, Jamaica, August 31; 1733, Caribboo 
Islands in general; 1744, Jamaica; 1764, Martinico, Cartha- 
gena, and particularly over some of the Caribbee Islandi; 
14 



158 ILLINOIS. 

1779, most of the Caribbee Islands; 1760, October 3, Jamaica, 
1828, February 18, violent gale at St. Ubes, Portugal, British 
ship Terror, and 1 00 men lost. 

These gales are also highly destructive along the southern 
coast of the United States, and have extended with great 
force as far north as Boston. It is, however, in southern Asia, 
where the ravages of the wind have been most extensive and 
ruinous in their effects. 
Bydrostaticks taught by Archimedes, 200 before Christ. 



I. 

Iajabic verse invented by Archilochus, who flourished G86 be- 
fore Christ, 

Ich Dien, the Bohemian motto, first used by the prince of Wales 
after the battle of Cressy, 1346. 

Ignatius de Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, the commemoration 
of, celebrated with great pomp at Rome, December 31, 1814. 

Illinois, between lake Michigan, the Wabash, Ohio and Mis- 
sissippi rivers. Illinois has a boundary on N. lat. 42° 30' 210 
miles. Has an outline of 1206 miles. Area 58,900 square 
miles. By the census of 1820, there were found in Illinois, 
whites, 53,788; free coloured persons, 506; and slaves, 917; 
the whole amounting to 55,211, thus classed: 

Foreigners not naturalized 598 

Persons engaged in Agriculture 12,395 

Do do Manufactures * . .1,007 

Do do Commerce 233 

Illinois was admitted into the confederacy ,December, 1818. 
In 1810, the number of inhabitants was, 12,282; and in 1825, 
by the state census, 72,817. 

1783 — This country was included in the great western ter- 
ritory, ceded by Great-Britain to the United States. Govern- 
ment of, legislature, a senate and house of representatives — 
the members of both bodies elective biennially by the people. 
The senate vacate their seats annually by rotation. Execu- 
tive, a governor, lieutenant-governor, and council of revi- 
sion; the two former chosen by the people quadrennially. 
The council of revision, formed of the governor, lieutenant- 
governor, and judges of the supreme court. The council of 
revision having a qualified negative on the acts of the legisla- 
ture, but on a bill being returned, a simple majority of both 
houses is sufficient to give it the authority of a law. The ju- 
diciary is composed of a supreme court and such inferior 
courts as may, from time to time, be established by the le- 
gislature. 



INDIANA, 159 

Indiana, state of the United States, bounded by Ohio river, S. 
the state of Illinois W., Lake Michigan N. W., Michigan 
territory N., and state of Ohio E. 

Indiana has an interior boundary on Ohio river, opposite 
Kentucky, from the mouth of Great Miamee, to Wabash 

of 360 miles 

Up Wabash river to a meridian line extending 

from N. lat. 39° 23' 150 

Along meridian line to lake Michigan 160 

Along lake Michigan, to N. lat. 41° 45' 33 

E. along parallel of N. lat. 41° 45' to the north 

east angle of the state 110 

Due S. to the mouih of Great Miamee 185 

Having an outline of 973 

Area 34.000 sq. me,; 

They are classed by the census thus: 

Foreigners not naturalized 833 

Engaged in Agriculture 61,315 

Do Manufactures 3,229 

Do . . Commerce 429 

Indiana was admitted into the Union as a state, Decem- 
ber, 1816. 

Chronology of Indiana. — 1690, explored by the French; 
1702, Vincennes settled by the French; 1763, ceded to Eng- 
land; 1778, taken by an American force, under general Clark; 
1783, included in the United States by the treaty of Paris; 
1788-95, exposed to Indian war; 1801, formed into a territo- 
ry, including Illinois and Michigan; 1811-13, exposed to In- 
dian war; 1815, permitted by act of congress to form a state 
constitution; 1816, June 10th, constitution ratified by the 
convention, and the state admitted into the union in Decem- 
. ber. Indiana, government of, legislature, a senate, and house 
of representatives; the former elected for three, and the lat- 
ter for one year. Executive, a governor, and lieutenant-go- 
vernor, each elected for three years, and re-eligible once. 
The governor has a qualified negative on the acts of the le- 
gislature, but a simple majority of both houses is sufficient, to 
give a bill returned, with his objections, by the governor, the 
validity of a law. The judiciary is composed of a supreme 
and circuit courts; the judges holding their offices for seven 
years. Judges of the supreme court appointed by the govern- 
or and senate; presiding judge of the circuit court, appointed 
by the legislature, and two associates by the people. 
Iodigo, first produced in Carolina 1747; cultivated in the open 

air at Vaucluse, in France," 1808. 
Inoculation first tried on criminals, 1721. 



160 POPULATION OF EUROPE— IRELAND. 

Inhabitants of the principal cities of Europe, at the distance of 
a century from the most approved authors: 

In 1688 In 1788 

London 696,000 1,100,000 

Paris 438,000 800,000 

Madrid 400,000 • -160,000 

Marseilles 200,000 180,000 

Lyons t 250,000 150,000 

Naples 200,000 354,000 

Koine = . 200,000 157,000 

Amsterdam 187,000 1 85,000 

Venice 134,000 100,000 

Bordeaux 100,000 200,000 

Inquisition, court of, began, 1204; abolished in Naples, 1782; in 
Tuscany, 1785; in Spain, 1811; in Rome, 1S09; restored in 
Spain, 1814. 
Inscriptions first collected for publications, 1505. 
Installation of Knights of the Bath, at Westminster-abbey, May 

19, 1803. 
Institution, Royal, of London, founded 1799. 
Insurance on ships and merchandise, Suetonius conjectures that 

Claudius was the first contriver of, 43. 
Insurance on shipping began in England, 1560. 
Insurance offices established in London, and its vicinity, 1696. 
Insurance policies were first used in Florence in 1523; first so- 
ciety established at Hanover, 1530; that at Paris, 1740. 
Interest first mentioned as legal, 1199, at 10 per cent.; in 1300, 
at 20 per cent. ; in 1558, at 12 per cent. ; in 1571, at 10 per 
cent. ; in 1625, at 8 per cent ; in 1749, the funds were redu- 
ced from 4 to 3i and 3 per cent. 
Ionian islands ceded to Britain, by the allied sovereigns in con- 
gress, November 5, 1815. 
Ireland, the original inhabitants of this country are supposed to 
have been of the Celtic stock; it was divided formerly among 
a number of petty sovereigns. King Henry II. set sail from 
Milford Haven with a large army on board 440 transports, 
for the conquest of Ireland; he landed near Waterford, Octo- 
ber 26, 1171, and completed the conquest of the whole island, 
1172; in 1314, the Scots fomented a rebellion, and Edward 
Bruce, their sovereign, having expelled the English, was pro- 
claimed king of Ireland, 1315; the Scots were driven out by 
the English, 1318; all the Irish were ordered home, 1423; the 
kings of England were called lords of Ireland till 1542, when 
Henry the VIII. took the title of king; erected into a king- 
dom by a bull from Pope Paul IV. 1555; invaded by the Spa^ 
niards, 1582; again by the Spaniards, at Baltimore, 1601; 
admitted to a free trade by the British parliament, 1779; and 
released from subserviency to the English privy council, 1782; 
harassed by the Peep-of-day boys, 1789; invaded by the 
Frenchj 1797. Broke out in open revolt in May, 1798, which 



IRO— JER Ifil 

was suppressed in August following; again the French mad© 
an unsuccessful landing at Killala Bay, and were all taken 
prisoners, 1798; union with England took place on the first of 
January, 1801. Population of Ireland in 1824, estimated at 
7,500,000. 

Iron discovered by the burning of mount Ida, 1406 before Christ; 
first cast in England at Backstead, Sussex, 1544; first discov- 
ered in America, in Virginia, 1715; bullets first used in Eng- 
land, 1550. 

Iron wire, English, before 15G8, all made and drawn by main 
strength alone, in the forest of Dean, and elsewhere, until the 
Germans introduced the drawing it by a mill. The greatest 
part of iron wire and ready made wool cards, hitherto im- 
ported. 

Iron mill for slitting bars, the first in England was set up at 
Dartford, 1590. 

Isthmian games instituted by Sisyphus, king of Corinth, fifteen 
years after the rape of Ganymede, 1326 B. C. 

Italian method of book-keeping, published in England, 1569. 

Jamaica discovered by Columbus, 1494; settled by the Spaniards 
1509; plundered, 1595; pillaged by the English, 1635; taken 
by the English, May 7, 1655. Earthquakes at, June 7, 1692; 
hurricane, August 20, 1722, September 1, 1734, and October, 
1744; another which did £300,000 damage, August 10, 1751; 
in 1781, July 30, 1784, and 1790; had a violent storm of hail- 
stones, which measured three inches and a half in circumfer- 
ence, April 25, 1793; a most tremendous hurricane at, by 
which the whole island was deluged, many vessels wrecked, 
many houses washed away, and many seamen and white peo- 
ple drowned, with some hundreds of negroes, October 18. 1815. 

Jamestown, first capital of Virginia, founded 1607. 

Japan discovered, 1542; visited by the English, 1612. 

Java, island of, capitulated to the British, September 18, 1811; 
Sultan of Djojacarta, in the island of Java, dethroned by the 
British, and the hereditary prince raised to the throne in his 
stead, June 22, 1813. 

Java, British frigate, captured by the American ship Constitu- 
tion, December 29, 1812, and afterwards burnt. 

Jenite, a new mineral discovered in the island of Elba, 1808- 

Jesuits' bark introduced into France, in 1050; in general uap 
1680. 

Jeremiah wrote his Lamentations, 610 B. C. 

Jerusalem built 1800 before Christ; destroyed by Titus, 70; re- 
built by Adrian, 130; again destroyed, 136; taken by the Sa- 
racens, 637; taken by the Crusaders, July 14, 1099, when 
70,000 infidels are said to have been massacred; taken from 
the christians by Saladin, 1190; taken by David from the Je- 
busites, 1048; by Nebuchadnezzar, after a siege of 18 months, 
June 9, 587 before Christ; destroyed by Titus, August 31, a! 
D. 70; taken by Robert, duke of Normandy, 1100. 
14* 



162 JEWS, &c. 

Jesus Christ was born December 25, A. ]\T. 4004, year of Rome 
752, his baptism by John, and bis first ministry, 30; celebrat- 
ed the lastpassover, and instituted the sacrament in its room, 
on Thursday, April 2; was crucified April 3; r.rose April 5; 
and ascended Thursday, May 14 following, in the 33d yearof 
his age. 

Jews, the seventy years captivity of, began 606 B. C; they 
about Cyrene, headed by one Andree, murdered near 100,000 
Greeks and Romans; above 580,000 destroyed by the Romans, 
135; first arrived in England, 1079; every Jew, who lent mo- 
ney on usury, was commanded to wear a plate upon his 
breast, signifying that he was an usurer, or to quit the realm, 
1274; two hundred and sixty-seven were hanged and quarter- 
ed for clipping, 1277; all the synagogues were ordered to be 
destroyed,' 1282; all the Jews in England apprehended in a day, 
their goods and chatties confiscated to the king, and they to 
the number of 15,660 banished the realm, having only susten- 
ance money allowed, 1287; they remained banished 364 years, 
till Oliver Cromwell restored them; a general massacre of 
them at Verdun by the peasants, who, from a pretended pro- 
phecy, conceived the Holy Land was to be recovered from 
the infidels by them; five hundred of these Jews took shelter in 
a castle, and defended themselves to the last extremity, when 
for want of weapons, they threw their children at the enemy, 
and then killed each other 1317; driven out of France, 1394 ; 
driven out of Spain to the number of one hundred and fifty 
thousand, 1492; they retired to Africa, Portugal and France. 
It was against them that the Inquisition was there first estab- 
lished. There was not a Jew in the island of Great-Britain 
from 1610 to 1624; act passed to naturalize them, 1753; re- 
pealed on the petition of all the cities in England, 1754. 

We find the Jewish nation scattered over all parts of the 
world — no where do they form an independent people. 

The number has not decreased nor increased much since 
the time of David and Solomon. Their population was then 
four millions; at the present day they amount to about three 
millions two hundred thousand souls. There are no Jews in 
Spain nor Portugal; there never have been any in Norway; 
Sweden did not admit them until lately; in the Austrian states 
they enjoy some rights; in England they participate in all the 
rights of Dissenters; in Russia they are tolerated under strict 
surveillance; in the states of the German confederacy, in 
France, in the Netherlands, and in Prussia, the Jews enjoy all 
the rights of the citizens, without however being eligible to 
places of public trust. 

John, St. the baptist's, festival instituted, 488. 

■ the apostle wrote his epistles, 92; the evangelist, wrote 

his Revelation, 96; his Gospel, 97, his festival instituted, 313. 

Joshua, book of, written 1415 B. C. 

Journal? of the house of peers, the first taken, 1550. 



JUB_KENTUCKY. 163 

Jubilee, general throughout the kingdom, celebrating the en- 
trance of George the third, on the fiftieth year of his reign, 
October 25, 1809; jubilee among the christians at the end of 
every century, instituted by pope Boniface VIII. 1300; this 
was celebrated afterwards every fifty years by order of Cle- 
ment VI.; Urban VI. reduced it to every 33rd year; and Paul 
II. to every 25th year, at which period it is now fixed. 

Jude, St. wrote his epistle, 71; festival instituted, 1030. 

Jugurtha, war with, 111 before Christ. 

Julius Agricola, totally subdued by the Britons, 78. 

Jupiter's satellites discovered by Jansen, 1590. 

Juries first instituted by Ethelred, 979; the plaintiff and defend- 
ant in those times used to feed them; whence the common 
law of denying sustenance to a jury after hearing evidence- 
Justinian published his codex of the civil law, 529; and four 
years after, his work of the same kind, called the digest. 



K, 

Kamtschatka discovered by the Russians, 1739. 

Kentucky, bounded by Virginia, east; Tennessee, south, and the 
Ohio river west, north west and north; having an entire 
outline of twelve hundred and seven miles. Area, 37.680 sq- 
ms. or 24,1 15,200 acres. The greatest length of Kentucky, is 
from the south-west angle of the state on Mississippi river, 
to the head of Great Sandy river 380 miles; mean width 99 
miles. Population in 1820, 564,317, nearly 15 to the square 
mile. Of this population, 2,759 are free blacks, and 126,732 
are slaves, leaving a white population of 434,826. The dif- 
ferent members of this mass, according to the census of 1820, 
were classed thus: 

Foreigners not naturalized ♦ .529 

Engaged in Agriculture 132,161 

Do . . . .Manufactures 11,779 

Do .... Commerce 1,617 



146,086 

Chronology of Kentucky.— 1769 to 1771, explored by Daniel 
Boone, who headed the first colony, which formed an estab- 
lishment on Kentucky river, March, 1775; 1780, the settlers 
had been so severely harassed by the savages, and pressed by 
other difficulties, that they came to the resolution of aban- 
doning the country, but being timely succoured by new settlers, 
persevered; 1782, supreme court formed; 1792, June 1st, ad- 
mitted into the union. Government— a general assembly, a 



164 KIN— LAB 

senate and house of representatives; the senators are chosen 
by districts, and hold their seats four years; one- fourth re- 
chosen annually; must be a citizen of the United States, and 
thirty-five years of age — state residence six years, and district 
residence one year; number limited to 38. Members of the 
house of representatives, chosen by counties or by towns; 
must be a citizen of the United Stales, and 24 years of age; 
state residence two years. The governor is chosen by the 
people; term four years, and ineligible the ensuing seven 
years: he must be a citizen of the United States, have resid- 
ed in the state six years, and be 35 years of age. A lieuten- 
ant-governor is chosen by the same means, for a like term, 
and with the same requisite qualifications. The governor, 
and when acting as governor, the lieutenant-governor, has the 
pardoning power, and qualified negative. Judiciary, a su- 
preme court, and such inferior courts as may from time to time 

i< be established by the legislature; the judges holding their offices 
during good behaviour. 

King of the Romans in Germany, first instituted, 1096. 

Kingdoms, origin of, by Nimrod, at Babylon, 3233 years before 
Christ. 

King's speech, the first delivered, ] 107, by Henry I. 

King's evil, supposed to be cured by the touch of the kings of 
England. The first who touched for it was Edward the Con- 
fessor, 1058. It was dropped by George I. 

Kissing the pope's foot first practised, 709. 

Knee ordered to be bent at the name of Jesus, 1275. 

Knitting stockings invented in Spain, about 1550. 

Knives first made in England, 1563. 



:l. 

Labour, price of — Anno Dom. 1352, 25 Edw. III. wages paid to 
haymakers, was but one penny a day. A mower of meadows 
5d. per day, or Gd. an acre; reapers of corn, in the firstjgeek 
of August, 2d. in the second 3d. per day, and so till the" end of 
August, without meat, drink, or other allowance, finding their 
own tools; a master carpenter 3d. a day, other carpenters 2d. 
per day, a master mason Ad. per day; other masons '3d. per 
day; and their servants 1M. per day. By the 34th of Ed- 
ward III. 1361, chief masters of carpenters and masons Ad. a 
day, and the others 3d. or 2d. as they arc worth; 13th Richard 
II. 1389, the wages of a bailifFof husbandry 13s. 4d. per year, 
and his clothing once a year at most; the carter 10s.; shepherd 
10s.; oxherd 6s. 8d.\ cowherd 6s. 8d.; swineherd 6s.; a woman 
labourer 65. a day ; driver of plough 7s. From this up to the time 



LAC— LAV 165 

of 23d of Henry VI. the price of labour was fixed by the justi- 
ces by proclamation. In time of harvest, a mower Ad. a day; 
without meat and drink Gd; reaper or carter 3d. a day, with* 
out meat and drink 5d. ; woman labourer, and other labourers, 
2d. a day; without meat and drink AM. per day. By the 11th 
Henry VII. 1496, there was a like rate of wages, only with a 
little advance; as, for instance, a freemason, master carpen- 
ter, rough mason, bricklayer, master tiler, plumber, glazier, 
carverjoiner, was allowed from Easter to Michaelmas to take 
6d. a day, without meat and drink, or with meat and drink Ad. 
from Michaelmas to Easter to abate a Id. ; a master, having 
under him six men, was allowed a Id. a day extra. By the 
6th of Henry VIII. 1515, the wages of shipwrights were fixed 
as follows: a master ship-carpenter, taking charge of the 
work, having men under him, 5d. a day in the summer sea- 
son, with meat and drink; other ship-carpenter, called an hew- 
er, Ad. ; an able clincher 3d.; holder 2d; master caulker Ad; a 
mean caulker 3d.; a day labourer, by the tide, Ad. 

Lace, Flanders, more valuable than gold — one ounce of fine Flan- 
ders thread has been sold in London for Al. Such an ounce 
made into lace maybe sold for 40/. which is ten times the 
price of standard gold, weight for weight. 

Lacteals, the, discovered by chance, in opening a dog, by Asel- 
lius, July 23, 1662; in birds, fish, &c. by Mr. Hewson, sur- 
geon, of London, 1770. 

Lake of Harantoreen, in the county of Kerry, Ireland, a mile in 
circuit, sunk into the ground with all its fish, March 25, 1792. 

Lamp for preventing explosion by fire-damp in coal mines, in- 
vented by sir Humphrey Davy, 1815. 

Land-carriage, fish first brought to London by, 1761. 

Land, piece of, in Findland, 4000 square ells in extent, sunk 15 
fathoms, but most of the inhabitants escaped, February, 1793. 
A tract of, amounting to 120 English acres, and of the depth of 
sixty feet, slid, with a tremendous crash, into the river Nid, 
nearDrontheim in Norway, March 7, 18i6. 

Lancaster was created a county palatine by Edward III. in favor 
of John of Gaunt. 

Lancastrian schools of education established in most of the 
principal towns of England, 1810. 

Lanterns invented by king Alfred, 890. 

Lapis calaminaris discovered in England, 1561. 

Laplanders, several arrived in London with game, which were 
in fine preservation after travelling upwards of 1000 miles, 
February 8, 1816. 

Laquer varnish first used instead of gilding, 1633. 

Latin ceased to be the vernacular tongue over western Europe, 
between A. D. 450 and 600. 

Lavalette, condemned at Paris for high treason, escaped from prV 
fpn, in the clothes of MadameLavalettej December 21, 1813. 



itG LAWS, &c. 

Eawns and thread gauze were in 1784, manufactured at Paisley 
to the value of 164,385Z. 16s. 6.5d. 

LAWS, COURTS OF JUSTICE, OATHS, TAXES, -&c. 

Abjuration oath, first required, 1701. 

Admiralty, court of, erected, 1357; incorporated June 22, 1768. 

Adultery punished by cutting of the nose and ears, 1031; made 
capital, 1650. 

Affirmation of the Quakers first accepted as an oath, 1702; al- 
teration made in it, December 13, 1721. 

African bill, to supply that trade with calicoes, 1765. 

Agrarian law introduced at Home, 486 before Christ. 

Ale and ale-houses in England made mention of in the laws of 
Ina, king of Wessex; first licensed, 1551. 

Aliens forbidden to hold church livings, and juries for their tri- 
als to be half foreigners, 1430; prevented from exercising 
any trade or handicraft by retail, 1483. 

Allegianco, oath of, firat administered, 1606. 

Almanack stamps increased, 1781. 

Ambassadors first protected by a law, 1709; their protection re- 
strained, 1773. 

American duties, act passed, 1764; on tea, 1767. 

Arbitration act passed in England, 1698, 

Armorial bearings introduced into England, to distinguish no- 
bles, 1100; taxed, 1798, 1808. 

Arrest, vexatious ones, prevented by an act, May 17, 1733; foj 
less than 10L forbidden, 1779; for less than 20/. or on a bill 
of exchange for 15/. June 14, 1810. 

Artificers' bill, to prevent their seduction, 1787. 

Assaying of gold and silver, legally established, 1354. 

Assize of bread and ale in England established, 1266; again, le- 
gally, 1710. 

Auction and sales tax began, 1779. 

Bachelors' tax, 1695 and 1796. 

Bankrupts in England first regulated by law, 1543. Enacted 
that members of the house of commons becoming bankrupt?, 
and not paying their debts in full, shall vacate their seats, 
1812. 

tfirth of children taxed, 1695, 1783. 

Boston port bill, for its removal, 1775. 

Bread ordered not to be sold, till 24 hours old, to lessen its con- 
sumption, March, 1800. 

Brokers regulated in London, by law, 1697. 

Buckingham-house bought for the queen of England, 1775. 

Bonaparte, bill for detaining him in custody in the island of S& 
^Helena, passed April 9, 1816. 

Burials taxed in England, 1695, 1783. 

Buttons and button holes of cloth prohibited by law, 1721* 

Qiijaon law first introduced into England, 1140. 



LAWS, &c. 167 

Caps — A law enacted that every person above seven years ot 
age, should wear on Sundays and holidays, a cap of wool, 
knit made, thickened and dressed in England, by some of the 
trade of cappers, under the forfeiture of three farthings fop 
every day's neglect, excepting maids, ladies and gentlewo- 
men, and every lord, knight, and gentleman, of twenty marks 
of land, and their heirs, and such as have borne office of wor- 
ship in any city, town, or place, and the wardens of the Lon- 
don companies, 1571. 

Chancery, court of in England, established 605. The first per- 
son qualified for chancellor by education, was sir Thomas 
More, 153G, the office before being rather that of a secretary 
of state, than the president of a court of justice. 

Christenings taxed in England, 1783. 

Circuits, justiciary, established, 1176; in Scotland, 1712. 

Clergy forbidden drunkenness by law, in England, 741. 

Clocks and watches taxed, 1797; repealed, 1798. 

Common pleas in England, court ef, established 1215. 

Copy-right secured, by an act passed 173.0; farther secured, hi 
England, by an act passed in 1814. 

Corn, bill to permit the exportation of, passed 1814, to permit 
the importation when British wheat shall be at 80s. per quar- 
ter, 1815. 

Courts of justice instituted at Athens, 1272 before Christ. 

Criminals ordered for transportation instead of execution, 159'0; 
Henry VIII. executed 72,000 during his reign. 

Curfew bell established by William the conqueror, 1068; abol- 
ished in 1100. 

East-India company's act in England, passed, 1718. 

Exchequer chamber, court of, erected by Edward III. 1359; im- 
proved by Elizabeth,. 1581. 

Feodal or feudal laws, the tenure of land by suit and service to 
the lord or owner of it, introduced into England by the Sax- 
ons about 600. The slavery of this tenure increased under 
William I. 1068. This was dividing the kingdom into baro- 
nies, giving them to certain persons, and requiring those 
persons to furnish the king with money, and a stated number 
of soldiers. It was discountenanced in France by Louis XI. 
about 1470; restored, and limited by Henry VII. 1495; abol- 
ished by statute, 12 Charles II. 1662. 

Fiery ordeal enforced in England, 10 12. 

Forgery first punished with death in England, 1634. 

French tongue abolished in the English courts of justice, 1362- 

Game acts passed in England, 1496, 1670, 1753, 1784,1785, and 
1808. 

Gipsies expelled out of England, 1563. 

Gladiators, the combats of, abolished, 325. 

Hackney coaches established by act of parliament, June 24, 
1694; regulated 1784, 1786, 1800, 1815. 

Hanover succession established by law, 1701. 



168 LAWS, &c. 

Harlots, or common prostitutes, obliged to wear striped hoods 
of party colours, and their garments the wrong side outwards, 
27 Edward III. 1355. 

Hat tax commenced, October 1, 1784; stamps for ditto, 1796; 
repealed, 1811. 

Juries first instituted, 970; trial by, in civil causes, in Scotland, 
passed into a law, March, 1815. 

Justices of the peace first appointed in England, 1076. 

Justinian published his codex of the civil law, 529; and four 
years alter, his work of the same kind, called the Digest. 

Land-tax, the first in England, 991; amounted annually to 
£82,000, in 1018; every hide of land taxed 3s. in 1109. 

Laws primitive. — The Laws of Moses were given, ate. C. 1452; 
those of Minos in Crete, 1406; of Lycurgus at Sparta, 884; 
those of Draco, and Solon at Athens, the former 623, the lat- 
ter 580;of the Twelve Tables at Rome, 451; of Locri by Da- 
lericus, 450; and of Thurium, in Italy, by Iharcndas, 446. 

Latin tongue -abolished in courts of law, 1731. 

Laws of the land first translated into Saxon, 590; published, 
610. 

Laws of Edward the confessor composed, 1065. 

Legacies taxed, 1780; advanced, 1796, 1808. 

Licenses for public houses first granted, 1551; for brewers and 
exciseable articles enforced, 1784. 

Longitude, a reward promised bv parliament for the discovery 
of, 1714. 

Lords lieutenants of counties instituted, July 24, 1549. 

Luxury restricted by an English law, wherein the prelates and 
nobility were confined to two courses every meal, and two 
kinds of food in every course, except on great festivals; it also 
prohibited all who did not. enjoy a free estate of £100 per 
annum, from wearing furs, skins or silk; and the use of foreign 
cloth was confined to the royal family alone, to all others it 
was prohibited, 1337. An edict was issued by Charles VI. of 
France, which says, "Let no one presume to treat with more 
than a soup and two dishes," 1340. 

Magna charta granted by king John, June 12, 1215. 

Mail coaches first established to Bristol, 1784; to other parts of 
England, and an act to regulate and encourage them, 1785, 
and exempt them from tolls. 

Maiming and wounding made capital, 1670. 

Marriages taxed, 1695, 1784. 

Marriage act passed, June, 1753; amended 1781. 

Marriages of the royal family restrained by an act passed 1772. 

Mortmain act passed, 1279; and another, May 20, 1736. 

Mutiny act first passed, in 1689. 

Nantz, edict of, passed by Henry IV. by which Protestants en- 
joyed toleration in France, 1598; revoked by Louis XIV. 
1685; by this infamous policy 50,000 French Protestants left 
France, and came to England, and other parts of Europe. 






LAWS, &c. 169 

Naturalization, first law for in England, 1437 and 1709. 

Naturalization of Jews, bill passed 1753; repealed December 
following. 

Navigation act first passed, 1381; again 1541; again for the co- 
lonies, 1646, 1651; which secured the trade of the British 
colonies, 1660 and 1778. 

New style act parsed 1752. 

Notes and bills first stamped, 1782: advanced 1796, 1808, 1815. 

Ordeal by fire and water, abolished 1261. 

Papal authority abolished by law, 1391. 

Papists excluded the throne of England, 1689; their estates va- 
lued at 375,284/. 15s. 3srf. per annum, in 1719; taxed 100,0001. 
November 23, 1722. 

Parli iinent of England, began under the Saxon government; the 
first regular one was in king John's reign, 1204; the epoch of 
the house of commons, January 23, 1265; peer's eldest son, 
Francis Russell, son of the earl of Bedford, was the first who 
sat in the house of commons, 1549; the lord mayor and an al- 
derman of London committed to the Tower, by the house of 
commons, 1771. 

Pleading introduced 786; changed from French to English, 1362, 

Polygamy forbiddsn by the Romans, in 393. 

Poor, the first act for the relief of, in England, 1597. 

Popery abolished in England, by law, 1536. 

Registers, parochial, first appointed in England, 1530. 

Registers of births, baptisms, marriages, and burials, law for the 
better regulation of, passed July 28, 1813. 

Roman Catholics in England relieved by an act passed 1776, 
and 1791. 

Roman Catholics in Ireland, relieved by an act passed 1792. 

Salic law first quoted 1327. 

Secretaries of state first appointed in England; lord Cromwell 
was so made by Cardinal Woolsey, 1529. 

Septennial parliament, act passed 1716. 

Shoes— the people had a way of adorning their feet; they wore 
the beaks or points of their shoes so long, that they encum- 
bered themselves in their walking, and were forced to tie 
them up to their knees; the fine gentlemen fastened theirs 
with chains of silver, or silver gilt, and others with laces. 
This ridiculous custom was in vogue from the year 1382, but 
was prohibited, on the forfeiture of 20s. and the pain of curs- 
ing by the clergy, 1467. 

Slave — a statute made in England, enacting that a runagate 
servant, or any who lives idly for three days, be brought be- 
fore two justices of the peace, and marked V. with a hot iron 
on the breast, and adjudged the slave of him who brought him 
for two years; he was to take the said slave, and give him 
bread, water, or small drink, and refuse meat, and cause him 
to work by beating, chaining, or otherwise; and if, within 
that space, he absented himself fourteen days, was to be 
15 



170 LAWS, &c— LET 

marked on the forehead or cheek, by a hot iron, with an S. 
and be his master's slave for ever; second desertion, felony, 
lawful to put a ring of iron round his neck, arm or leg; a beg- 
gar's child might be put apprentice, and on running away, a 
slave to his master, 1547; obtained their freedom by arrival 
in England, 1772. 

Stamp act in America, passed 1764; repealed March 18, 1766. 

Swearing on the Gospel, first used in England, 528. 

Taxes — the net produce of all the permanent, existing before 
the year 1793, and also of the taxes imposed in each subse- 
quent year, in England. For the year ending the 5th of Jan- 
uary, 1800 — Totals of customs, excise, stamps and incidents, 
prior to the year 1793, including the proportionate part of the 
produce of duties on sugar, the additional duty on malt, and 
the duty on tobacco, now annually voted, 15,586,504/. 7s, lOd. 
Total of duties pro anno 1798, 732,576/. 7s. lOieZ— Ditto 1799 
260,491/. 5s. 9d —General total, 23.791,794/. 15s. Oid. Per- 
manent taxes, to January 5, 1802, 25,199,088/. net produce; 
1803, 27,531,358/. 14s. 9 id.; 1804, 30,676,000/.,- 1812, 
40,986,860/. 16s. 10id.; 1817, 42,370,230/. The land taxre- 
deemed, to February 1st, 1808, amounts to the sum of 
22,976,829/. 10s. Ad. the interest of which amounting to 
689,304/. 17s. 4§d. is transferred over to the consolidated fund 
and constitutes part of the produce of the land tax in the ways 
and means of the current year. 

Tithes first granted in 854. 

Transportation of felons introduced 1590. 

Treason requiring two witnesses, in England, 1552. 

Tribute of wolves' heads paid in England, 971; paid by the 
English to the Danes in one year, 48,000/. 997. 

Watches and clocks taxed, 1797; repealed 1798. 

Wool and woollen manufactures of Ireland and America, pro- 
hibited to be carried any where but to England, 1700; enact- 
ed that none should be buried but in woollen, under the pen- 
alty of 5/. 1678. 

Wool exportation forbidden by an act passed 1788. 

Leaden pipes for conveying water invented, 1236. 

Leghorn was taken possession of July 29, 1796; by the French 
under Bonaparte, April 15, 1799. 

Leghorn attacked by the British and Italian forces without suc- 
cess, December 14, 1814. 

Leipsic, taken from the French by the allied Austrians, Rus- 
sians and Prussians, October 19, 1813. 

Llewellyn, the last prince of the Welch, defeated, and his head 
put on the Tower of London, 1286. 

Lent, the fast of, instituted 142. 

Letters invented by Memnon, the Egyptian, 1822 before Christ. 

Letters of marque were issued.by the Americans against Great 
Britain, March 22, 1776. 



LEY- LI V 171 

Leyden, the most magnificent part of, blown up by the accident- 
al explosion of a vessel lying in the Rapenburg canal, laden 
with gunpowder, January, 1807. 

Liege, the city of, taken by the English, 1702; by the French, in 
1792; by the French, in 1795; by the Austrians, in 1798. 

Library, the first private one, the property of Aristotle, 334 
before Christ; the first public library in history was founded 
at Athens, by Hipparchus, 526 B. C; the second of any note 
was founded at Alexandria, by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 284. 
It was burnt when Julius Caesar set fire to Alexandria, 47 B.C. 
(400,000 valuable books in MS. are said to have been lost by 
this catastrophe.) — The first library at Rome was established, 
167; at Constantinople, founded by Constantine the Great, 
about A. D. 335; destroyed, 477; a second library formed from 
the remains of the first at Alexandria, by Ptolemy's successors, 
and reputed to have consisted of 700,000 volumes, was total- 
ly destroyed by the Saracens, who heated the water of their 
baths for six months, by burning books instead of wood, by 
command of Omar, caliph of the Saracens, 642; the Vatican 
at Rome, by pope Nicholas V. 1446; re-built and the library 
considerably improved by Sixtus V. 1588; the imperial of Vi- 
enna, by Maximilian I. about 1500; the royal of Paris, by 
Francis I. about 1520; the escurial at Madrid, by Philip II. 
1557; of Florence, by Cosmo de Medicis, 1560; the Bodleian 
at Oxford, founded 40 Eliz. 1598; the Cottonian, formerly 
kept at Cotton-house, Westminster, founded by sir Robert 
Cotton, about 1600; appropriated to the public use and bene- 
fit, 13 William III. 1701; partly destroyed by fire, 1731; re- 
moved to the British museum, 1753; the RadclifFeian, at Ox- 
ford, founded by the will of Dr, Radcliffe, who left £40,000 
to the university for that purpose, 1714; at Cambridge, 1720, 
to which George I. gave £5,000, to purchase Dr. Moore's 
collection. 

Linen first made in England, 1253; the luxurious wore linen, but 
the generality woollen shirts. Table linen very scarce ia 
England, 1386. 

Litanies first used in churches, 443. 

Litany first used in England, in English, 1543. 

Lithographic printing, art of, first brought into England, 1801. 

Little Belt sloop and American frigate the President, rencontre 
between, December 14, 1813. 

Little theatre, in the Hay market, London, 15 persons were trod • 
den to death at the, by endeavouring to get admission to see 
the performance, on February 3, 1794, and several others 
greatly bruised, of whom some died. 

Liverpool received £4,000 damage by fire, February 20, 1762; 
and by a storm, June 29, 1789; had its Exchange, &c. burnt, 
January 18, 1795; suffered immense damage, January 19, 
1802; and on September 14, following, the warehouses and 
goods, valued at one million, were destroyed at France's 
wharf, 



1T2 LIVERPOOL— LONDON. 

Liverpool, the keystone of the tower of St. Nicholas church ifl 
that town gave way, by which fifty persons weFe killed, Feb- 
ruary 12, 1810. 

Trade to Liverpool — The number of American vessels which 
entered the port of Liverpool in 1827, from America, Mas 
519; British vessels from foreign ports, 802; British and fo- 
reign vessels from Europe, 1,117; from Ireland, 2,491; coast 
ways, 3,531; total, 8,441. The gross receipts of the customs 
during the year, was over three millions and a quarter Sterling, 
and the net receipt, after deducting bounties, expenses, &.c. 
■was over £3,113,000, which is a large advance on ihe preced- 
ing year, £180,000 more than the very productive year, 1825. 

Load-stone, polar attraction of, known in France before 1180. 

Loans. See the latter part of art. War. 

Locusts, the country of Palestine infested with such swarms of, 
that they darkened the air, and after devouring the fruits of 
the earth, they died, and their intolerable stench caused a 
pestilential fever, 406. A similar circumstance occurred in 
France, 873; a large swarm of, flew over the city of Warsaw, 
June 17, 181 G; swarms of, made their appearance near As- 
chersleben, June 24, 1816. 

Log-line in navigation used, 1570. 

Logwood first cut in the bay of Honduras and Campeachy by 
the English, 16G2. 

London fortified by the Romans, 50; walled, and a palace built, 
294; made a bisopi ic, 653; repaired by Alfred, 885; a charter 
by king John to the Londoneis to choose a mayor out of their 
own body, annually, to elect and remove their sheriffs at plea- 
sure, and their common couneilmen annually, 1208; aldei men 
first appointed, 1242; the houses thatched with straw; Cheap- 
side layout of the city, 1246; all built of wood, 1300; the city 
chiefly built of wood, and in every respect very irregulars, 
1600; the charter of the city declared forfeited to the crown, 
June 12, 1682; bui.t a mansion house, 1737; furnished and in- 
habited the same, 1752. London is now supposed to contain 
160,000 houses, 7,000 streets, to cover 3,000 acres, and to be 
in circumference 23 miles, and its population 1,2(10,000, 
There are in London about 4.050 public and private schools, 
including inns of court, colleges, &c; 10 societies for learn- 
ing and arts; 139 asylums for the sick; 13 dispensaries, and 704 
friendly societies; charities distributed £750,000 per annum. 
There are about 2,500 persons committed for trial in one year. 
The annual depredations amount to about £2.000,000, and on 
the Thames previous to the erection of the docks, £461,000. 
There are 18 prisons, and 5,204 alehouses within the bills of 
mortality. The amount of coin counterfeited is £200,000 
per annum. About 9,000 receivers of stolen goods; about 
10,000 servants at all times out of place; 20,000 persons rise 
every morning without knowing how they are to subsist 
during the day. Loudon consumes annually 110,000 b,ul- 



LONGEVITY. 173 

locks, 776,000 sheep and lambs, 210,000 calves, 200,000 hogs, 
60,000 sucking pigs, 6,930,000 gallons of millc, the produce 
of 8,500 cows, 10,000 acres of ground cultivated for vegeta- 
bles, 4,000 aeres f or trait, 700,90) quarters of wheat, 600,000 
chaldrons of coals, 1,113,500 barrels (34 gallons) of ale and 
porter, 11,146,73 3 gallons of spirituous liquors and com- 
pounds, 32,500 tons of wine, 16,600,000 pounds of butter; 
21,100,000 pounds of cheese, and 14,000 boat loads of cod. 

LONGEVITY. 

Extract from a very valuable English Chronology of publi* 
events, including fifty year*, or from 1772 to 1822. 

TABLE I. 

1772, in Fishmonger's alms houses, Mrs. Jane Simmonds, aged 
119 years; at Ophurst, near Litchfield, the widow Clun — she 
left two daughters above lOOyears old, 138; in Emanuel Hospi- 
tal, Mrs. Wyndamore — she was second cousin to queen Anne, 
108; James. Roberts, a soldier at Chelsea, 111; at Utretcht 
Margaret Aufree, 1 19; Peter Rogers, a fisherman of South- 
wark, 107; Jo >n si.np^oi, of Stradford, 112; in Hackney 
work-house, John Morse, 1 12; Dr. Baroughton, formerly mas- 
ter of the charter- !iouse, 112; Alexander Doysdale, a gardiner 
near Edinburgh, 107; at Dunkirk, captain Creed, 110; at Car- 
ney, in Cumberland, John Nobb, 114; Mrs. Williams, of Put- 
ney, 169. 

1773, at Eamont-bri Ige, near Penrith, James Ball, 115; John Ni- 
chols, at DarJiu^ton, a labouring man, 111; at Birmingham, 
Mr. Clarkson, 112, in Virginia, William Wootton, an old sol- 
dier, 111; in the island of Grenada, James Forthner, esq. he 
retained his faculties lo the last, excepthis eyesight, 127; capt. 
Creed, served in Queen Anne's wars, 110; Wachael Solomons, 
a Jewess, at Rotterdam, 1 10; Charles M'Findley, of Tipperary, 
he was a captain in the reign of Charles I. 143; Mungo Hum- 
phries, a fisherman of Folkstone, 113; at Ashbourne, Elle» 
Hitchcock, 115; Mrs. Rebecca Weldemear, of Deptford, 115; 
in Virginia, Mrs. Eleanor Spicer, 121; Mr. Hopley, a hop- mer- 
chant, of Newnham, 114. 

1774, Mr. William Beaby, in the county of Londonderry — ha 
was an ensign at the battles of the Boyne and Aghrim, 130; 
Allen Duncan, at Nize, Scotland, 112; Mr.Tice, of Hegley, in 
Worcestershire, 125; at Mortimer, Berkshire, Mr. John 
Smith, 103; Shelah M'Allister, of Londonderry, 118; Hugh 
Cumray, of Rathfarland, in Ireland, 114. 

1775, at Aucterless, North Britain, Peter Gordon— he retained 
his senses almost to the last, 131; David Mullary, atLiney, 
Ireland, 127; in Camberwell work-house, a woman named 
Jones, 125; at Pinner, Middlesex, Mr. William Skilling* 
by, 119. 

15* 



174 LONGEVITY. 

1776, Mary Coon, of Westborough, Ireland, 112; Mr. Movet, sur- 
geon near Dumfries, 139; David Brian, of Tennicrane, Ire- 
land, 117; at Marie, in Piccardy, De Metz, a soldier, 106; 
Mrs. Dorothy Clarke, near Southwell, Northamptonshire, 
112; Martha Jackson, of Kill James, Ireland, 127; at Shcffuals, 
Mary Yates, 128; Mrs. Sarah Brookman, of Glastonbury, 160; 
Mrs. Kennedy, of Dumfries, 110. 

1777, Peter Fierville, cc median, 107; Peter Derry, Dublin, 
119; Mrs. Davis, of Hackney, 113; Francis Wilkes, of Stour- 
bridge, 109; John Houseman, Thirsk, 111; John Dyer, of Bui- 
ton, Lancashire, 112. 

1778, at Newton Regis, near Tamworth, Mrs. Elizabeth Worth- 
ington, 117; in St. Giles's, Jonathan Williams, a soldier in the 
reign of queen Anne, 113; at Blenchingly, in Surry, Thoma3 
Cockcy, a laboring man, 132. 

1779, J. Simpson, in Derbyshire, 114; John Aragus, nearRagusa, 
123; Mrs. Mary Pollard, of Barbados, 115. 

1780, at Stepney, Mrs- Armstrong, 110; Robert McBride, a 
fisherman, in the island ofHerries, 130; St. Just, Cornwall, 
Maurice Bengham, a fishewnan, 116; Jane Petit, St. Martin's 
workhouse, London, 113; Mr. German, of Louth, in Ireland. 
125; Liverpool, Mr. W. Ellis, 130; Gray's-in-Lane, Mrs. Swan- 
broke, 111; Queen's county, Ireland, Mr. John Woodworth, 
112; Cullridge, in Kildare, Ireland, Mrs. Mary McKee, 110, 
near Clevenage, Mrs. Thorpe, 109; Carrickfergus, in Ireland, 
Mr. James O'Brian, 114. 

1781, Drury-lane, Mary Parker, 108; Rottingdean, Richard So» 
lomons, 110. 

1782, Valentine Catesby, at Preston, near Hull, 116. 

1783, at Paris, Joseph Buller, 1 14; in Russia, Hade'l, a gentleman 
who served under prince Sobieski, 124; at Treaty, in Ar- 
magh, Ireland, Mrs. Bridget Scover, 108. 

1784, Llanvier in Anglesea, Hugh Rowland Hughes, 114. 

1785, General Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia, 102; Fob- 
hill, near Coventry, a poor woman named Noah, 112. 

1786, Fionia, in Sweden, Christian Soughen, 114; Magnus Reid, 
of Dunbar, 114; James Buller, a Savoyard, 113; Mrs. Heath 
of Ottery, Devonshire, 119; Vicessimo Noguiero, in Portugal, 
117. 

1787, Mary Brook, Horton, in Staffordshire, 148. 

1788, at Galv/ay, Patrick Conolly, esq. 114; at Selkirk, Mr. 
Riddell. 116. 

1789, J. Hewett, at Llantrepent, Monmouthshire, 109. 

1790, at Ferny Hill, Edinburgh, John Buchanan, 113. 

1791, in St. Elizabeth's, Jamaica, a negro woman, named Coo- 
na, 110, at Inch Keith, an island of Scotland, Alexander Ca- 
meron, 112, at Valencia, in Spain, Pascal Serva, 111. 

1792, Mrs. Judith Scott, at Islington, 162; Mr. Johnson, near 
Birmingham, 120; the great grand daughter of the celebrateJ 
Thomas Par, in Ikeddy's almshouse, near Cork, 102; W. Mar- 
shall, a tinker, at Kircudbright, Scotland, 120. 



LONGEVITY. 175 

1793, Flora Gale, a negress, at Savannah-la-Mar, Jamaica, 120; 
Deretend, near Birmingham, Mrs. Johnson, 120. 

1806, John Strouge of Eltham, 110; Mary Farmer, of Sunder- 
land, 112; Mrs. Roope, of Thurston, 113; John Blakeney, of 
Aberdeen, 114; Mr. Creek, of Thurlow, 125; John Tucker, of 
Ilchiu Ferry, 131; Catharine Lopez, of Jamaiea. 134; among 
the deaths in Russia, this year, twelve were recorded above 
120 years of age. 

1807, at Limerick, Michael Macnamar, 110; at Belfast, a poor 
woman, 120; Michael M'Namara, Limerick, 110; John Ram- 
say, Colercoats, near N. Shields, 115; a poor woman of Bel- 
fast, 123. 

1808, Valentine Walsh, Glencullen, Ireland, 109; Mrs. Ann Pic- 
up, Blackburn, Lancashire, 111; Martha Hannah, Cullybacky, 
Ireland, 126. 

1810, Elizabeth Burnet, widow, Edgeworth, Ireland, 116; Sarah 
Malcomson, Drumgorlin, Nathfryland, 121; Dorothy Rich- 
ards, Haverdfordwcst, 109; John Rees, Llanelly, 109; Anne 
Taylor, Spetchly, near Worcester, 114; Thomasin Robinson, 
Newcastle, 111. 

1811, Mr. Maley, Cappaghviear, near Castlebar, 110; Mrs. 
Anno Jarrard, Lynn, 111; John North, South Holme, York- 
shire, 111; John Leary, Limerick, 112. 

1812, Morgan Corslett, Crosswen, Glamorganshire, 109; Mrs. 
Dorothea Borough, Limeriek, 109; Sam Mog, a soldier under 
general Wolfe, at Quebec, 102; Thomas O'Brien, county of 
Limerick, 110; Cornelius Madigan, county of Clare, 117; Mrs 
Belinda Crawford, county of Galway, 115; Mrs. Mary Harris, 
Falmouth, 113; Elizabeth Williams, Tavistock, Devonshire,' 
111; Ann Harris, Baddock, Cornwall, 113; Isabella Sharp, 
Gateshead, 114. 

1813, Thomas Warden, Epping, 111; Eliz. Freer, Wigston poor- 
house, Leicestershire, 116; Charles Haveran, near Newry, 
Ireland, 115; Mrs. Mary Meighan, Donoughmore, 129. 

1814, Mary Lines, Glasnakilly, Isle of Sky, 127; John Garrow, 
Northumberland, 110; William Ruthven, Avondale, Scotland, 
116; James Beaty, Noynalty, county of Meath, 112; Thomaa 
Gaughan, county of Mayo, 112. 



LONGEVITY OF THE LEARNED. 

Greek — Zenophilus, 169 years of age, died — B.C.; Theophrastu3, 
106, 288; Zenophanes, 100, 500; Democritus, 100, — ; Isola- 
tes, 98, 338; Thales, 92, 348; Carneades, 90, — ; Pyrrho, 90, 
284; Sophocles, 91, 406; Simonides, 90, 468; Zeno, 97, 264; 
Pythagoras, 00, 510; Hyppocrates, 80, — ; Chrysippus, 83. 
204; Diogenes, 88, — ; Pharycides, 85, — ; Solon, 82, 558; Pc- 
riander, 87, 579; Plato, 81, 348; Thucydides, 80, 391; Zeno- 
crates, 81, 314: Zenophon, 89, 359; Polybius, 81, 124; Socra- 
tes, poisoned, 70, 400; Anaxagoras, 72, 428; Euripides, 76, 407; 



176 LONGEVITY. 

^schylus, 70, 456; Aristotle, 63, 322; Anaximander, 64, 547; 
Pindar, 69, 452— Greek authors 30— died above 100, 4; 90, 
3; 80, 11; 60, 7. 
Roman — Varro, 87 years of age, died 28 years before Christ; 
Lucian, 80, — ; Epicurus, 73, 168; Cicero, 63, 43; Livy, by a 
violent death, 67, A. D. 17; Pliny, the elder, 56, 79; Pliny, the 
younger, by a violent death, 52, 113; Ovid, 59, 17; Horace, 
57, — ; Virgil, 51 B.C. 19. 



MODERN AUTHORS. 

Adams, John, died July 4th, 1826, aged 91 years; Bacon, Roger 
1294, 80; Bacon, chancellor, 1625, 57; Boerhaave, 1738, 70; 
Boyle, 1691, 65; Brahe Tycho, 1601, 55; Burnet, 1725, 85; 
Camden, 1623, 72; Copernicus, 1543, 71; Erasmus, 1536, 69; 
Fontenelle, 1557, 100; Fothergiil, 1780, 68; Franklin, Benja- 
min, 1790,84; Frederick II. 1786,74; Gallileo, 1623, 76; Gro- 
tius, 1645, 62; Hale, sir Mathcw, 1676, 67; Haller, 1777, 69; 
Hales, 1761, 84; Halley, 1742, 85; Hoadley, 1761, 83; Hobbes, 
1679, 92; Jefferson, Thomas, 1826, 84; Johnson, Samuel, 1784, 
75; Locke, 1704, 73. Liebnitz, 1715, 69; Milton, 1674, 66; 
Murray, Lindlev, 1826, 80; Newton, 1727,84; Puffbndorff, 
1693, 62; Kobertson, 1793, 72; Scaliger, .1. J. 1609, 69; Scali- 
ger, J. C 1558, 74; Selden, 1654, 70; Sherlocke, 1762, 84; 
Sloane. Hans, 1752, 92; Swedenborg, 1772, 83; Voltaire, 
1779, 85; Vossius, J. Gerard, 1649. 72; Vossius, Isaac, 1683, 
70; Whiston, 1762, 95. 

Brief notices of some of the great actors in our revolution. 

General Benjamin Pierce invited his revolutionary companions, 
who are now citizens of the town of Hillsborough, to dine 
with him on the 25th of December, 1825. The following ve- 
terans attended, viz: Ammi Andrews, Ipswich, Massachusetts, 
aged 89 years; John M'Colley, Hillsborough, N. H. 83; 
•James Taccgert, Londonderry, N. H. 81; "William Johnson, 
Billerica, Mass. 77; * William Gamel, Boston, Mass. 74; 
Mames Carr, Litchfield, N. H. 73; William Taggert, Merri- 
mack, N. H. 73; William Parkor, Chelmsford, Mass. 72; 
*Thaddeus Munroe, Billerica, Mass. 71; *Thaddeus Good- 
win, Leominster, Mass. 70; "Nathaniel Parmeter, Spencer, 
Mass. 70; "William Dickey, Londonderry, N. H. 70; Daniel 
Russell, Andover, Mass. 70; *John Shed, Dunstable, N H. 70; 
*Isaac Andrews, Ipswich, Mass. 69; Daniel Killam, Wilming- 
ton, Mass. 69; Robert Carr, Litchfield, N. H. 68; "Zachariah 
Robbins, We-tford, Mass. 63; "Benjamin Pierce, Chelmsford, 
Mass. 66; David Livermore, Sudbury, Mass. 62; Samuel Mor- 
ril, Manchester, N. H. 59; Nathaniel Johnston, Andover, 
Mass. 59. 

Those marked * were in the battle of Bunker's or Breed's 
Hill. 



LONGEVITY. 177 

MUSTER ROLL OF REVOLUTIONARY OFFICERS, 

%Vho met at Richmond to welcome Gen, Lafayette, October 2Qlh, 1824. 

Francis Smith, captain in the 1st Virginia regiment, aged 83 
years,- *GaOriel Long, do. in Morgan's regiment, 73; VV. J. 
Stevens, do. in do. 73; Charles Cameron, do. in 10th regi- 
ment, 72; Robert Porterfield, do. in 11th regiment, and aid to 
general Woodford, 72; Thomas Price, in Gunpowder expedi- 
tion and various other services, but not in continental ser- 
vice, 71; John Smith, 1st lieutenant 4th Virginia regiment, 73; 
Samuel Carter, captain 1st regiment, 70; John L. Crute, lieu- 
tenant 15th regiment, 70; Johv Marshall, captain I lth do. 
(the present distinguished chief justice of the supreme court 
of the United States— see Biography Marshall) 69; James 
Morton, 4th Virginia regiment, 68; William Evans, 10th do. 
do. 63; John Nichols, 1st Virginia state regiment, 66; Church- 
ill Gibos, captain 1st do. do. do. 66; Carter Page, do. legion of 
dragoons continental, 66; D. M. Randolph, Bland's regiment 
dragoons, 65; Wade Mosby, captain horse, under colonol Call, 
63; William Bro;idus. captain 1st Virginia state regiment, 63; 
Edward Eggleston, state legion, 64; Francis Brooke, 1st lieu- 
tenant 1st regiment continental artillery, commanded by- 
Harrison, 60; Clermrtnt Carrington, ensign in Lee's legion, 
G2; James Lyons, private in captain C. Page's cavalry, 61; 
Daniel Verser, captain in 15th V. regiment, 69; Charles 
Woodson, captain 3d do. do. 65; Charles Gee, 2d North Ca- 
rolina regiment, Nash's brigade, 67; William Price lieu- 
tenant 1st Virginia regiment, 67; R. A. Saunders, lieuten- 
ant in first Virginia regiment, 67; Matthew J. Eggleston, 
Call's cavalry, 61; Peter Foster, lieutenant in 1st Virginia 
state regiaient, 66; PhKlp Holcomb, major in state service at 
surrenderor York, 61; Robert Pollard, Culpepper battalion of 
minute men, 67; James Dozwell, 14th Virginia regiment, 69; 
major Allen McLane, of the old dominion continental line, 73 
year* of age, 8th August, 1824,78; Samuel Tinsley, lieuten- 
ant colonel Dabney's regiment of Virginia, 64; Philip Slaugh- 
ter, captain 11th Virginia continental regiment, 66; John 
Slaughter, private 1st regiment dragoons col. Bland, 66; John 
Trabue, 7th Virginia regiment, 62; John Nelson, major com- 
manding state cavalry, 71; Richard Thurnon, private, Hol- 
comb's regiment, 81; John Kilby, navy, Bon Homme Rich- 

arde, 66. 

■•The last of Morgan's captains is no more! — Major Gabriel 
Lo?ig, died at his residence, in Culpepper county, Virginia, on 
the 3d Febru iry, 1827, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. 

Boston, July 4, 1824. — The survivors of those who fought on 
Bunker's Mill, in 1775, are more than 90. The whole number 
of those who served in the revolutionary war, and who were 
present in the procession of this day, exceeded 200. Thero 
were present seven captains, three lieutenants, and one en- 



1T8 LONGEVITY. 

sign. Of the captains were colonel Clark, aged 95; eaptam 
Mann, aged 85; captain R. S. Trevell, of artillery, aged 74; 
and general Henry Dearborn, aged 74. 

Died in Lexington, Massachusetts, on the 25th December, 1825, 
William Tidd, in the 91st year of his age, a lieutenant in the 
company of provincials, at Lexington Common, on the mem- 
orable 19th April, 1775; and with the exception of colonel 
William Monroe, was the last surviving officer. 

Colonel William Monroe, the last surviving officer of that little 
band who met the British at Lexington, Massachusetts, April 
19th, 1775, died October 29th, 1827, aged 86. 

Died on same day with John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, in 
Wayne township, Mifflin county, Pa. Mr. William Ross, aged 
one hundred and nine years, a soldier of Braddock's Field, in 
1755, slightly wounded; enlisted at the commencement of the 
revolutionary war, and was in most of the engagements. He 
served with credit to himself during the whole war, was in 
most of the engagements, and was honorably discharged. 
Although poor, he never received a pension. 

Longevity, miscellaneous instances of, in Limestone county, South 
Carolina, 1826, Mrs. Phoebe Johnson, in the 114th year of her 
age. She was born in 1712, and was married in 1732, to cap- 
tain Johnson, in the British service, who removed to Georgia, 
with general Oglethorpe, at the first settlement of that state. 
Mrs. J. retained her faculties in an eminent degree to the last. 
She never used spectacles until she was 100 years old, and in 
ler latest days conversed with great accuracy of the occur- 
rences of her early life. 

Died on the 22d of January, Mary Sutton, of Baden county, N. 
C. aged 116 years. She was a native of Culpepper county, 
Virginia, and had five sons and seven daughters, all now liv- 
ing. Her descendants amount to 1492. At 52 her eye-sight 
failed her, but returned again at 76 as good as ever, and con- 
tinued so till 98, then failed again to her death. She had 
been at the births of 1121 children. 

Died on the 12th September, 1826, in the town of Alexandria. 
a colored woman named Winny Williams, who had lived to 
the extraordinary age of 119 years. 

Longevity in certain animals. 

Cricket lives 10 years; Spider, sometimes more than 1; scorpi 
on, generally, and sometimes more than 1; river cray-fish, 
20; carp, 100 to 150; pike, sometimes more than 40; croco- 
dile, 100; tortoise, 100; hen, 10; peacock, 24; nightingale and 
lark, 16 to 18; canary, if it does not couple, 24; canary, if it 
Heeds annually, 10; sparrow hawk, 40; goose, 50, one died in 
England, January, 1815, aged 54; swan, 100; eagle, 100; parrot, 
110; rabbit, 8 to 9; goat, 10; sheep, 10; hog, 20; cat, 18; squir- 
rel, 7; hare, 7 to 8; dog, 23 to 28; wolf and bear, 20; fox, 15; 



LOO- LOUISIANA. 179 

lion, 60; cow, sometimes more than 20; bull, 30; ox, employ- 
ed in agriculture, 19; deer, 20; horse, 25 to 30; ass, 25 to 50} 
camel, 50 to 60; Elepant, 150 to 200. 

Looking-glasses made only at Venice, 1300. 

Looms, the power-loom invented by the Reverend Mr. Cart- 
wright, a clergyman of Kent, in England, 1787. 

Lord mayor's shows instituted 1453; public feast instituted 1501- 

Lotteries, the first mentioned by historians for sums of money, 
1630; established 1693. 

Lottery for repairing the fortifications on the coasts of England, 
in 1569, and drawn at the west end of St. Paul's cathedral, 
for pieces of plate. The first in France was in 1657. 

Lotteries prohibited from their immoral tendency, by the grand 
duke of Hesse, October, 1816. 

Lottery for Cox's Museum, in 1774. 

for the Pigot diamond, 1801. 

for alderman Boydel's collection of pictures and prints, 

1805. 

Lottery for Dr. Thornton's botanical engravings, 1813. 

Louisiana, state of the United States; bounded by the Gulf of 
Mexico, south and south east, Mississippi north east; Arkan- 
sas Territory, north or rather north west, and by Texas 
west. Having an entire outline of 1212£ miles; area about 
48,220 square miles. Population in 1820, 153,407. 

Chronology of Louisiana — 1717, New-Orleans founded, and Louisi- 
ana ceded by Crozat to the West company; 1731, West compa- 
ny cede the province to France, and it became a royal govern- 
ment; 1763, ceded by France to Spain; 1769, taken possession 
of by Spain; 1800, October 1st, treaty entered into at Paris, by 
which Louisiana was receded to France; 1803, April, Louisia- 
na formally purchased by the United States from France, and 
on the 20th of December of the same year, transferred by the 
latter to the former power at New Orleans; 1804, March, di- 
vided into two territories, separated by north lat. 33°; the 
southern the "Territory of Orleans," and the northern "the 
Missouri Territory." 1811, admitted into the union; 1812, Ja- 
nuary 22d, constitution ratified. Louisiana, government of, 
legislature, a senate elected for four years; one half vacating 
their seats every second year, and members of the lower house 
elected for two years ; governor elected for a term of four 
years, and ineligible for the next four years. Two persons to 
be elected by the people, from whom the legislature in joint 
ballot chooses one, who is to be the governor; his powers, no- 
mination to office, remission of fines and forfeitures, qualified 
negative, &c. The judiciary, a supreme court, with ap- 
pellate jurisdiction only, and such inferior courts as the legis- 
lature may from time to time establish. 

Louvre, in Paris, built 1552. 



180 LUB— MAINE. 

Lubec, entered by the Prussian?, March, 1801, taken by the 
French, June, 1803; taken by storm by the French; Novem- 
ber b, 18t)6; capitulated to the allied Au&trians, Russians and 
Prussians, December 5, 1813. 



M. 

Macedok, kingdom of, began 814 before Christ: continued to 
exist 646 years, to ate. C. 168, under thirty-nine king*; about 
360, Philip II. raised Macedonia to the command «;i Greece, 
and from 336 to 323 his son Alexander swept over Asia and 
Africa, forming an empire, which fell to pieces when he died. 
• Macedonia gradual)} declined, and was finally overran in the 
conquests of the Romans, ate. C. 168. 

Macedonian war commenced 200 years before Christ. 

Madagascar discovered by the Portuguese, 1500. 

Madeira, island of, discovered 1344 at d 1418. 

Madras, fire at, consumed 1,000 houses, February 14, 1803; hur- 
ricane at, by which the ships at anchor were driven into the 
town, and seventy sail of small craft sunk, with their crews, 
May, 1811. 

Madrid, king Joseph Bonaparte made his public entry into, July 
20, 1808; evacuated by the French, July 27, 1808; retaken 
by them December 7; entered by the allied army under lord 
Wellington, August 12, 1812; reoccupied by the French, iSo- 
vember 1, 1812. 

Magdalen college, Oxford, in Fr-gland, founded 1479. 

. Cambridge, England, founded 1519. 

Magellan, straits of, discovered 1520. 

Magic lantern, first invented by Rojier Bacon, 1252. 

Magna Charla was signed by king John, at Runna Mead, in Eng- 
land, June 15, 1215. 

Magnifying glasses invented by Roger Bacon, 1260. 

Maine, ore of the United States, bounded by the Atlantic ocean 
S. E. New-Hampshire S. W. Lowei Canada N. W. and New 
I runswick E.; has an entire outline of 850 miles; its area 
35,000 square miles; population in 1820,297,839. 

Chronology of Maine .— 1 035, first permanent settlement; 
1639, granted to sir Ferdinand Gorges; 1640, first general 
court held at gaco; 1 652, claimed as a part of Massachusetts, 
and made a county by the name of Yorkshire; 1676, the 
claim of Gorges quieted by purchase; 1691, included in ihc 
charter then granted to Massachusetts; 1785, convention held 
at Portland for the purpose of considering the subject of sepa- 
ration from Massachusetts, which was finally voted for in 
town elections, 1819; in the same year, a constitution was 



MAINE— MALTA— MAN. 181 

ratified at Portland, ard en March 3d, 1820, tie former dis- 
trict ol Maine was ieceived into the Union as an independent 
state. Government — the legislative power consists of a se- 
nate and house of representatives. The senate, the house of 
representatives, and the governor, elected hy the people annu- 
ally, and a council of seven persons appointed for the same 
term by the legislature, the governor having the power of 
qualified negative. The judiciary is composed of a supreme 
court, j id such inferior courts as the legislature may, from 
time to time, organize. Judges tenure of office during; good 
behavior but superannuated and removed at the age of seven- 
ty > ears. 
Malt liquor used in Egypt 450 before Chiist. 
Malta given to the knights of Rhodes by the errperor Claries 
V. 1522; had its observatory, with its valuable apparatus and 
manuscript observations, destroyed by fire. Apti Ctb. 1789; 
surrendered to the French, June 12, 1798; the emperor of 
Russia declared himself grand master, June I7 ( J9. See Mal- 
ta under military orders. 
Mammoth, a complete one discovered on the borders of the Fro- 
zen Ocean, 1799: the skeleton of one found in the ice at the 
mouth of the river Lena, in Siberia, 1809; the skeleton of an 
enormous one discovered in erecting a causeway in the coun- 
ty of Hout in Geimany, 1814. 
Man — Politico — Arithmetically considered. On an equal space 
where there exists in Iceland 1 man, there are in Norway 3; 
Sweden 14; Turkey 36; Poland .02; Spain 63; Ireland 99; Swit- 
zerland 114; Great Britain 119; Germany L77; England 152; 
France 153; Italy 172; Naples 192; Venice 196; Holland 224; 
and in Malta 1,103- 

Out of 1000 men, 28 die annually. 

The number of inhabitants of a city or country, is nearly re- 
newed every thirty years. 

Of 200 ehil iren, no more than one dies in the birth: of 100, 
one does not die during the mother's lyin^ in: of 1000 infants 
fed by means of the mother's milk, not above 300 die; but of 
the same number reared by wet nurses, 500 die. The natural 
smoll po : usually carries off 8 out of every 100 attacked; but 
of 300 inoculated, no more than one dies. One tenth of all 
the deaths in London during the last century were of the 
small-pox. 

Among 3125 who die, it appears by the registers, that there 
is only one of 100 years of age. 

More old men are to be found on elevated situations, than in 
plains and vallie«. 

The proportion between the deaths of women and men is as 
100 to 108. The probable duration of female lives is 60; but 
at that period the calculation is more favourable to them! 
than to the males. 

Married women live longer than maidens. 
16 



182 MAN, &c.— MANUFACTURES. 

In the country the spring is the most fatal period; but in 
great cities ft is the winter. 

One half of those who are born, die before 17. 

The number of old men who die in cold weather, is to the 
number of those who die in warm weather, as 7 to 4. 

According to Boerhaave the mi si health) children are born 
in January, February and March. 

The married women are to the single in the ratio of 1 to 3; 
and the married to the unmarried men, as 3 to 5. The number 
of twins born to that of single children as 1 to 65 or 70. 

The number of marriages is to that of the inhabitants of a 
country as 175 to 1000. 

In the country there are about 4 children produced by every 
marriage: in cities there are but 35 to 10 marriages. 

The men able to bear arms, form a fourth part of the inhabi- 
tants of a country. 

In the course of the year 1806, in the empire of Russia, 
among the deaths were, 

1 between 145 and 150 years. 

1 130 135 

4 125 130 

6 120 125 

32 115 120 

26 110 115 

86 105 110 

137 100 105 

1134 95 100 

Manchester calico manufactory, valued at above £100,000, de- 
stroyed by fire, March 15, 1792. 

Manheim was taken by the French in 1793, and retaken by the 
Austrians, November 22, 1795, with 10,338 prisoners, 4 gen- 
erals, and 400 guns, besides stores; was taken by the French 
1796, but retaken by the Austrians, September 18, 1799. 

Manufactures of England, at the close of the last century, were 
computed at eighty-two millions. In lie statistical researches 
published by the prefect of the Seine in 1823, the shawls and 
fancy tissues made at Paris are valued in round numbers at 
£15,000,000; ihe goldsmiths wo: k and jewelry at £27,000,000; 
the clock and watch making at £ 19,000,000; the gilt bronzes 
at £5,000,000; and on these goods alone, the mere wages 
paid to workmen in the city, amount annually to £22,000,000 
or $97,680,000. 

Manufactures of the United States— The following cannot ba 
regarded as any other than an attempt to shew the probabla 
Talue of some of the manufactures of the United States, which 
▼alue is supposed to include all the cost of the materials used, 
and of the various processes by which they are fitted for con- 
sumption: — 



MANUFACTURES, &c. 183 

Cotton, flax and hemp, for all purposes $75,000,000 

Wool 65,000,000 

Hides and skins and furs 40,000,000 

Various minor articles, ornamental or useful, and 

chiefly used by persons 10,000,000 

Precious metals, such as jewelry and plate, and 
those of iron, brass, &c. for personal or house- 
hold purposes 8,000,000 

$198,000,000 
Iron, lead, copper and other metals, including ma- 
chinery 75,000,000 

Wood, such as in furniture, ships, and farming 

utensils, &c 55,000,000 

Mineral and other earths, glass, &c 15,000,000 

Grain and fruits, for drinks 25,000,000 

Paper and books, &c 15,000,000 



$383,000,000 
In making this rough estimate, the idea was entertained of 
excluding the value of the products of mechanics proper; 
such as bricklayers, carpenters, tailors, blacksmiths and many 
highly important branches of business, which chiefly operate 
on materials supplied by others, and make little or nothing 
for promiscuous sales. 

The first aggregate would shew that only $16.50 are allow- 
ed to each person in the United States for all articles of per- 
sonal clothing, use or ornament, including the value of all 
manufactures of cotton, wool, leather, &c. required for house- 
hold purposes, which are supposed to be of domestic manufac- 
ture; or, if the value of such articles, and for such purposes, 
imported, be added, the average for each person may be about 
$18 per annum. The whole value of the household and other 
manufactures of the United States much exceeds four hundred 
millions of dollars. 

It is probable that one million of spindles were operating, 
and required 200,000 bales of cotton, the last year. 
Map of England, the first, 1520, by George Lilly; maps and 
globes invented by An iximander, 600 before Christ; mapt 
and sea-charts first b -ought to England by Bartholomew Co- 
lumbus, to illustrate his brother's theory respecting a western 
continent, 148SJ. 
Marcley Hill, near Hereford, moved from its situation on Satur- 
day, Feb. 17, 1571; continued in motion till Monday following; 
carried along with it the trees, hedges, and cattle on its sur- 
face*; overthrew a chapel in its way; f >rmed a large hill 12 fa- 
thoms high, w'>ere it settled, having left a chasm 40 feet deep 
and 30 lon^, wh<$re it stool before. In 1583, a similar pro- 
digy happened in Dorsetshire; a field of three acres, with the 



184 MARYLAND. 

trees and fences, at Black-moor, moved from thence, 
over another field, and settled in the highway to tlearn. 

Mark, St. wrote his gospel, 44. 

Marriage in Lent forbidden, 354; forbidden the priests, 1015; 
first celebrated in churches, 1-326; banns of, first published in 
churches, about 1900; act of solemnizing it by justices of the 
peace, 1653; first celebration of a marriage in Virginia, 1608. 

Maryland, one of the stales of the Un ited States, having the At- 
lantic Ocean, Chesapeake bay, and part of Virginia, south- 
east, other parts of Virginia, south, south-west and west, 
Pennsylvania north, and Delaware east. Has an entire out- 
line of 770 miles; area, exclusive of water, about 9,300 square 
miles. Between lat. 38° and 3-)° 43' N. Maryland is the 
most irregular in its form of any state of the United States, 
and contains the least surface when compared with its out- 
line. Maryland produces in itself iron ore and mineral coal, 
with inexhaustible masses of limestone, and other building 
stone. Flour and tobacco are its most abundant and valua- 
ble staples. Its manufactures are nu n rous and increasing. 
In 1515, the tonnage exceeded 156,000. Population 407,350. 
Of this mass, in 18 23, there were found whites, 260,223; free 
blacks, 33,731); slaves, 107,^98. In respect to pursuit or em- 
ployment, the population of Maryland in 1823, were thuj 
classed: 

Engaged in Agriculture 79,135 

Do^ Manufactures 18,640 

Do Commerce 4,771 

There were in the state, unnaturalized foreigners 3,776 

Population to the square mile 37 

Progressive population since 1790, inclusive: in 1790, 
319,723; in 1800, 349,632; in 1810, 330,546; and in 1820, 
407,350. 

Chronology of Maryland— \ 63 1 , First settlement on Kent island 
by Clayborne; 1632, Charles I. granted a patent to lord Balti- 
more; 1634, first colonial assembly, under the patent of lord 
Baltimore; 1635, first legis ative astern dy composed of one 
house; 1639, legislature divided into two branches or rather 
species of representation, viz. Burgesses elected by tike peo- 
ple, and the other callel by special w it. — when convened, 
they sat in one chamber; 1650, legislature actually divided 
into two houses; 166), population about 12,000; 1639, taken 
from the proprie f ary by the government of England — restor- 
ed in 1716; 1639, seat of government fixed at Annapolis; 
1774, June 22d, five delegates from, sit in continental con- 
gress at Philadelphia. Maryland, government of, the legisla- 
ture is composed of a senate and house of delegates; the sen- 
ate are chosen bv electors, who are themselves elocted by the 
freemen every fifth year, two from each county, and one from 
each of the two cities of Baltimore and \nnapolis. These 
©lectori choose nine senators from the western and six from 



MARYLAND— MASSACHUSETTS. 185 

the eastern shore, who hold their offices five years. The de- 
legate* are chosen annually, four from each county, and with- 
out any reference to respective population. The governor is 
cho-eu annually, in joint ballot of the two houses, with a 
council of FIVE to assist him; but has no negative on the acts 
of the legislature. The governor nominates, and the council 
appoints to office. He cannot serve more than three years 
successively, and is ineligible four years after he goes out of 
office. The judiciary is composed of a court of appeals, 
chancery, ami county courts. The charter admitted into Ma- 
ryland, all English and Irish subjects, without exception to 
crc.'d or profession, ar.d by an act of 1649, it was provided 
that all professing christians should be equally protected; 
notwithstanding this signal liberality, Jews were alone ex- 
cluded from political rights, until 1826. 
Mass first use 1 in Latin, 394; intr duccd into England, 680; 

elevation required prostration, 1201. 
Massachusetts, state of the United States, having the Atlantic 
ocean east and s mth-cast, Rhode-Island and Connecticut, 
south, New-York west, and Vermont and New-Hampshire 
north. Has an entire outline of 540 miles; area 7,250 square 
miles. Total population in 1820, 521,725. Of this mass were, 

Foreigners not naturalized 3,425 

Persons engaged in Agriculture 63,460 

Do do Manufactures 33,464 

Do do. ... Commerce 13,301 

Chronology of Massachusetts. — The aborigines were of the 
powerful tribe.-, of Massachusetts, the Mohegies, Narragan- 
setts, Pequods, &c; 1620, first settlement at Plymouth; 
1628, royal charter obtained; 1639, first representative legisla- 
ture: from which period to 1092, the two colonies of Massachu- 
setts Bay and Plymouth, were alternately harassed by intestine 
religious disputes, Indian wars, or in resisting; the encroach- 
ments of the crown of England; 1674, bloody war with the 
Indians, called Phillip's war; 1692, the second charter uniting 
Plymouth to Massachusetts Hay, fixed the government of the 
united colony up to the revolution 1775. In every war be- 
tween France and Great-Britain, from 1692 to 1763, Massa- 
chusetts was an actor and sufferer, and in that contest parti- 
cularly, called "The French War," contributed not a little 
to the conquest of Canada. The mid design of taxing all 
the colonies without giving them a representation in the Bri- 
tish parliament, was principally aimed at, and met its first re- 
sistance from the people of Massachusetts, who first proposed 
a congress in June, 1774, which led to the union among them- 
selves, and whereby they became an independent empire; 
a constitution March 1st, 1780, and amended November, 
1820; Massachusetts, government of, the legislature consists 
of a senate and h vise* of representatives, chosen annual- 
ly by the people. The executive consists of a governor, lieu- 
16* 



136 MASSACRES. 

tenant-governor, annually elected by the people, and a coun- 
cil of nine members. The governor having a qualified nega- 
tive. Judiciary, a supreme court, county and probate courts. 
Judges hold their office during good behavior. 
Massacres, of all the Carthagenians in Sicily, 397 before Christ; 
2,000 Tyrians crucified, and 8,000 put to the sword for not 
surrendering Tyre to Alexander, 331 before Christ. The 
Jews of Antioch fall upon the other inhabitants and massacre 
100,000, for refusing to surrender their arms to Demetrius 
Nicanor, tyrant of Syria, 154; a dreadful slaughter of the Tuc- 
tones and Ambrones, near Aix, byMarius the Roman general, 
200,000 being left dead on the spot, 102; the Romans through- 
out Asia, women and children not excepted, cruelly massa- 
cred in one day, by order of Mithridates. king of Pontos, 89; 
a great number of Roman senators massacred by Cinna, Ma- 
rius, and Sertorius, and several of the patricians dispatched 
themselves to avoid their horrid butcheries, 86; again, under 
Sylla, and Cataline his minister of vengeance, 82 and 79; at 
Praeneste, Octavianus Caesar ordered 300 Roman senators, and 
other persons of distinction to be sacrificed to the manes of 
Julius Caesar, 44; at the destruction of Jerusalem, 1.000,000 
Jews were put to the s vord, A. D. 70; Cassius, a Roman ge- 
neral, under the emperor M. Aureliu*, put to death 37,000 of 
the inhabitants of Seleucia. 197; at Alexandria, of many thou- 
sand citizens, by order of Antoninus 213; the emperor Probus 
put to death 700,000 of the inh ibitants upon his reduction of 
Gaul 277; of eighty christian fathers, by order of the empe- 
ror Gratian, at Nicomediu; they were put into a ship, which 
was set on fire, ami driven out to sea, 370; of Thessa'onica, 
when upwards of 7,000 persons, invited jnto the circus, were 
put to the sword by order of Theodosius, 390; Belisarius put 
to death above 30,000 citizen^ of Constantinople for a revolt, 
on account of two rapacious ministers set over them by Justi- 
nian. 532; of the Latins, by An Ironicin, 1184 (at Constantino- 
ple); the Sicilians massacred the French throughout the 
whole p Msland, without distinction' ofsexor-age, on Eastc-day, 
the first bell for vespers being the signal; this horri I affair is 
known in history by the name of the Sicilian vespers 1282; at 
Paris 1418; of the Swedish nobility at a feast, by order of 
Christian II. 1520; of 70,000 Huguenots or French pro est- 
ants, throughout the kingdom of France, attended with cir- 
cumstances of the most horrid treachery and cruelty; it began 
at Paris in the night of the festival of St. Martholomew, Au- 
gust 25, 1572. by secret orders from Charles IX. king of 
France, at the instigation of the queen dowager, Catharine 
de Medicis,his mother, which is styled in history the massacre 
of St. Bartholomew; of the christians in Croatia, by the Turks, 
when 65,000 were slain, 1592; of a great number of protest- 
ants at Thorn, who were put to deafh under a pretended legal 
sentence of the chancellor of Poland, for being concarned ia 



MASSACRES, &c. 187 

a tumult occasioned by a popish procession 1724; at Bataria, 
where U,000 Chinese were killed by the natives, October, 
1.740; in England, 300 English nobles, by Hengist, A. D. 475; 
of the Danes, in the southern counties of England, in the 
night of November 13, 1002, and the 23d Elheldred II. at 
Londoj/ • the most bloody, the churches being no sanc- 

tuary^ ..gst the rest Gunilda, sister of Swein, king of 
Denn/ . «c, left in hostage for the performance of a treaty but 
newly concluded; of the Jews, (some few pressing into West- 
minster Hall, at Richard I.'s coronation, were put to death by 
the people, and a false alar n being given, that the king had 
ordered a general massacre of them, the people in many 
parts of England, fr>m an aversion to them, slew all Ihey 
met; in York, 500, who had taken shelter in the castle, killed 
themselves, rather than fall into the hands of the people,) 
1189; of the English, by the Dutch at Amboyna 1624; of the 
protestants in Ireland, when 40,000 were killed, 1641 of the 
Macdonalds at Glencoe, in Scotland, for not surrendering: in 
time accordin; to king William's proclamation, though with- 
out the king's knowledge, 16.1:2: several dreidful massacres 
in France during the revolution, from 17*9 to 1794 massacre 
of 600 negroes, by the French at St. Mark's. 1802; massacre at 
Algiers, March 10, 1806; insurrection and dreadful massacre 
at Madrid, May 2, 1803; dreadful massacre of the Mamelukes 
in the citadel of Cairo, March 1, 131 1. 

Massacres in the Uaitel States, of the fir<t settle-s of Virgi- 
ginia, of who n 317 were murle'-ed in one night, 1622, by 
the savages; at Wilkesbarre by the British and savage*, July 
3rd, 1773; by the liriti-m an I savvges at Cherry Valley, in 
New-York, November 11th, 1773 — bath these sanguinary acts 
were done under the direction of col vie! John Butler; of the 
Moravian Indians, by a parly f r > m the western part of Penn- 
sylv inia, healed by colonel Willia nsoi. June, 178 2; Ameri- 
can garrison of Chi^aTo, on their retreat fro ti the pla^.e, by 
the savages, August 15th, 1812; of the American wounded 
prisoners at Frenehtown, on the river Raisin, January 22nd, 
1813, by the Indians, with the privity of the Kritish. 

Massacre of the Greeks in the island of Scio. to the number of 
twenty or thirty thousand, June, 1822, by the Turks; and 
again of the Greek garrison and inhabitants of the is'and of 
Hydra, 1824, which was, however, mou severely retaliated 
upon the Turks in a few days, a bo ly of Greek troop-; landing 
and putting the whole Turkish force to the sword; April 23rd, 
1826, the inhabitants and garrison of MUsilonghi, were mur- 
dered under circumstances of accumulated horrors. 

Matthew, St. wrote his Gospel, 44. 

Mahomet began to promulgate his opinions, 614. 

Medical simples first brought from the east into Europe 1300. 

Mercator's charts invented 1556. 

Mercury discorered to be anti-renereal 1512. 



188 METHODISTS. 

Methodists — It appears that in 180G, a conference of this socie- 
ty was held at Leeds, and the numbers appeared as follows: 

In Great? Britain there arc 110 814 

In Irelan 1 23,773 

In Gibraltar 40 

In Nova ->otia,New Brunswick & Newfoundland, 1,418 

In the vVeU-lndies, whites 1,775 

In the West-Iu lies, blacks 13,165 

In the United States, whites 9."x,628 

In the U.iited States, blacks 24,316 

Total 270,9 19 

Methodist Church in the United States, taken from the annual 
conferen e reports for the vear 1827. From documents it ap- 
pears there are seventeen annual conferences, divided into 
eighty-five districts, embracing eight hundred and fifty-nine 
circuits and stations — there are fifteen hundred and seventy-six 
travelling pre.tohers; one hundred and eleven of whom are su- 
perannuated; and there are three hundred and eighty -one 
thousand nine hu idred an J ninety-seven church members; be- 
ing a nett increase since the list year, of twenty-one thou- 
sand, one hundred and ninety-seven. The following table, 
presents at one view the number of members and preachers 
in each conference: 
Conferences. Indians. Total. Trav. P. 

Pittsburg, 20,432 82 

Ohio, •• 30,048 90 

Kentucky, 20,492 100 

Illinois, 14.272 52 

Missouri, 3,356 20 

Holstein, 17,567 54 

Tennessee, 17,682 76 

Mississippi, 11,497 51 

S.Carolina, 45,9/4 109 

Virginia, 31,368 75 

Baltimore, 35,020 97 

Philadelphia, 38,827 107 

New-York, 30,223 155 

New-England 18,035 161 

Maine, 8,254 61 

Genesee, 1 30,446 136 

Canada, 522 8,565 39 

Total 523 381,997 1,465 

Superannuated, Ill 

1,576 
Total last year, 360,800 1,406 

Increase this year 21,197 170 



MEXICO. 



189 



Meteoric-stones, a shower of, fell in Connecticut, January 30, 
1810; shower of, at Agen, in France, September 5, 1814. 

Metonic cycle, a period of ^940 days, in which are completed 
very nearly 19 tropical retentions of the sun, and 235 luna- 
tions or changes of the moon. The Metonic cycle is not, 
however, exact; 6,940 days exceed 19 tropical years 9£ hours, 
and 235 lunations 7£ hours. It is still, however, used in 
common calculations. It was adopted July 16th, ate. C. 432. 

Mexico, republic of, once an empire under native monarchs, 
then a viceroyalty of Spain, and now an independen republic 
of confederated states. The country extends from latitude 
15° 50' to 42' N.: the intermediate space enbracing every va- 
riety of soil. The elfltfaied plains are broken and decorated 
by collossal summits, ris&ig from 12 to upwards of 17,000 feet. 
In one of those aerial valleys, stands the city of Mexico, 
7,400 feet above the level of the Gu;f of Mexico; it posses- 
ses every climate of the earth; its metalic wealth is u ) less 
abundant than its vegetables. 



Spanish provincial sub- Recent divisions 


in'o 


.Vt'ii *J sqiare 


Population in 


divisions. 




states and territories. 


miles. 


18.5. 


Mexico, 


i 


Mexico and 




30,482 


1,508,90(1 


Queralaro. 




13,482 


754,992 


Puebla, 


\ 


Puebla de los. 
Angeles, 


} 


18,411 


1,212,495 


Guanaxuato, 




GKianaxuato, 




6,255 


813,150 


Valadolid, 




Mechoacan, 




24,166 


563,874 


Guadalaxara, 




Jalisco, 




72,389 


941.867 


Zacatecas, 




Zacatexas, 




17.589 


230,298 


Oaxaca, 




Oaxaca, 




32,697 


S3 1, »76 


Yucatan, 




Yucatan, 




79,534 


695,732 


Tabasca, 




Tabasca, 




14,676 


78.056 


Chiapa, 




Chiapa, 




18,750 


93,750 


Vera fjrux, 




Vera Cruz, 




27,669 


156,710 


San Louis Potosi 


i 


San Louis Poto; 
Coahuila y 


i, 

] 


19,017 


174,957 


Interior of the E. 


} 1 ex is, 
) Taumalipis, 


! 


348,559 


346,824 




C 


New Leon, 


J 








r 


Durango, 


1 

) 
i 






Interior of the N 


• 


Chihuahua, 
New Mexico 


269,077 


299,828 




t 


territory, 


J 






Interior of the W . 


Sonora y Cinaloa, 


254,705 


188,636 


Old California, 


\ 


California, Low 
er territory, 


:j 


57,021 


13,419 




) 


California, Up- 
per territory, 


■} 


376,344 


25,403 


Amount, 


1,678.835 


8,902 994 









190 MEXICO— MICHIGAN— MILE. 

Chronology of Mexico. — 1810, revolution, which termina- 
ted in independence, commenced. This sanguinary strug- 
gle produced the temporary elevation of Iturbide, and his 
expulsion as emperor, from the country, with the condi- 
tion of perpetual exile, but disregarding the stipulations into 
which he had entered, returned, and landed at Santander, 
October 14th, 1824, was arrested, carried to Padilla, tried, 
condemned and shot on the 19th October, 1824. 

Michigan Territory — This expanse is composed of two parts 
naturally divided or separated. The first is formed by the 
peninsula between the lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan; the 
the second from the immense former NW. territory between 
the river Mississippi, N. latitude 49°, the river Rain, the 
lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, and the northern limits of 
the state of Illinois, on N. latitude 42° 30'. The second part 
is merely anne ed to the first for temporary purposes of civil 
government. This territory has an outline of 2610 miles; 
area 174,000 square miles; population in 1820, 8896. 

Chronology of Michigan — 1648-50, discovered and explor- 
ed by the Trench; 1670, Detroit founded; 1763, ceded with 
other parts of Canada to Great Britain; 1783, included in the 
United States, by the treaty of Paris, but held by Great Bri- 
tain until 1796; 1805, separated from the territory of the Uni- 
ted States, northwest of the river Ohio, and made a territory 
by the name of Michigan; 1812, August 16th, Detroit taken by 
the British and Indians; 1813, September 29th, Detroit re- 
taken by General Harrison. Legislative power vested in a 
governor and supreme court, judges appointed by the presi- 
dent and senate. 

Microscopes first used, 1621; the double ones, 1624; solar mi- 
croscopes invented, 1740. 

Milan, is reputed to have been built by the Gauls, 408 B. C. — 
It submitted to the Romans, 222 B. C; was formed into a re- 
public, A. D. 121; given to Austria, on Naples and Sicily being 
ceded to Spain, 1748; seized by the French, 1796; retaken by 
the Austrians, May, 179:). This city now forms a part of the 
Austro-Lombardian kingdom. 

Mile, a measure of length common in Europe, but of very une- 
qual length; the subjoined table sheas the length in yards of 
miles, leagues, &c. ancient and modern: — 

English and United States mile, 1760 yards; ancient Roman, 
mile, 1610.343; stadium Olympic, or furlong, the 1-8 of a 
Roman mile, 201.293; stadium, equal to 1-10 of a Roman 
mile, 161.035; stadium, the 1-1 100 of a decree of the great 
circle, 111.2; risin, Jewish, Ih. to a Roman mile, 214.713; 
leuca, gallic \h Roman mi'e, 2415.522; rast, German or 
common French league, 4831.044; schoene, Egyptian, 4 Ro- 
man miles, 6411.392; league, German or Scandinavian, 9662. 
088; mile, German, 8239.846; mile, Arabian, 1$ Roman miles, 
3415.522; mile, Roman modern, 1628.466; mile, Greek mo- 



MILITARY AND RELIGIOUS KNIGHTS, &e. 191 

dern, equal to the Russian werst, 1409.0545; league, modern 
French, equal to 2500 loises, 5328.75; werst, common of 
Russia, 1409.0545; league of Spain, 6441.392; league of Spain, 
large, 8051.74. 

Military and Religious Knights, and Titles oj Honour. 

Admiral, the first in England, 1297. 

ZRdiles first created at Home, 971 B. C. 

Alexander, St. knighthood began in Russia, 1700. 

Aldermen of London first appointed, 1242. 

Andrew, St. order of knighthood instituted in Scotland, 809; 

renewed in Scotland, 1452, 1G05; in Russia, 1698. 
Baror., the title first hy patent in England, 1388. 
Baronets first created in England, L 11. 

Bath, order of knighthood, instituted in England at the coro- 
nation of Henry IV. 1399; renewed, 1725. 
Cincinnqlus order hegan in America, 1783. 
Common-council of London first appointed, 1208. 
Consuls first made at Rome, 307 B. C. 

Creation by patents to titles first used by Edward III. 1344. 
Decemviri, first creation of, 450 B. C. 
Defender of the Faith, the title of, given to the king of England, 

1520. 
Dennis, St. order began in France, 1267. 
Dey of Tunis first appointed, 1570. 
Dictators began at Rome, 498 15. C. 
Duke, title of, first given in England to Edward, son of 

Edward III. March 17, 1336. 
Earl first used by king Alfred in 920, as a substitute for that 

cf king. 
Earl, the first created in England, October 14, 1C66. 
Electors of Germany began, 1298. 
Eminence, the'litle of, first gi\ en to cardinals, 1644. 
Esquire, first used to persons of fortune, not attendants on 

knights, 1345. 
Garter, order hegan, April 23, 1349; alteration in, 1557, and 

1788. It is remarkable, that this is the only order which has 

been granted to foreign princes. 
Golden Fleece, order of knighthood , began in Flanders, 1492. 
King of England, the title first used, 820; of Ireland, 1542; of 

Great Britain, 1605.- 
King of France, the title assumed by the king of England, and 

his arms quartered with the English, and the motto "Dieu et 

mon Droit,' 1 first used, February 21, 1340 — Relinquished 

January 1, 1801. 
King of the French began, 1791; abolished, 1792. 
Knighthood first used in England, 897. 
Legion of Honour, instituted by Bonaparte, confirmed bj Louis 

XVIII. 1814. 



192 MILITARY KNIGHTS, &c— MISSISSIPPI. 

Lord Mayors of Lcndon first appointed annually, 1208. 

Louis, St. order of knighthood, began May It), lfJ)8; abolished 
171)1. 

Majesty, the title used 1o Henry V III of Ei gland. 

Malta, knights of, alias Knights H capita Hers, :ilias Kniphts of 
St. John of Jerusalem; the fern dalii n of that order laid, by 
opening a house for the reception <f pilgrims at Jerusalem, 
1048; became a regular monastic ordi r, 1(19: and a military 
order, 1118; took Rhodes, and were « allt rl h rights < f Khodes, 
1310; being expelled from thence by the Turks, the emperor 
Charles V. pave ihem the island of Malta, 1523, and they 
were called Knights of Malta; expelled England, IMG; did 
great exploit? against the Infidels, 1595; conspiracy at Malta 
to destroy the whole order, for which 125 Turkish slates suf- 
fered death, June 26, 1749. 

Poet Laurcat, the first in England, 1487. 

Pope, ihe title first assumed, 154. 

Ship and Double Crescent, order of knighthced, began in 
r ranee, 1269. 

Templars, Knights, the first military order established, 1 118; all 
of them arrested in France in one day being clarecd with 
enormous crimes and great riches, when 59 of them were 
burn: alive in Paris, October 13, 1307; destro)ed by Philip of 
France, 1342. 

Tribunes of the people began at Rome, 495; military ores, with 
consular powers, created 455 B. O. 

Mississippi bubble, in France, ceased June 27, 1720, when its 
amount was £100,000,000, sterling. 

Mississippi, state of the United States, havir gthe Mississippi and 
Pearl rivers on the W. the 35th degree, of N. latitude, or the 
state of Tennessee N. the state of Alabama on the E. and the 
Gulf of Mexico, and N. latitude 31°, or Louisiana on the S.; 
has an entire outline of 1185 miles; area 45.760 square miles. 
The country near Natchez was settled by the French in 
1718; in 1763, Natchez was ceded by * pain to Great Britain, 
who retained possesion until 1781, when that place was con- 
quered by the Spaniards under Governor Bernardo Galvez. 
As the limits of the British and French colonies, and after- 
wards those between the British and Spanish colonies, had 
never been fixed, the Spanish authorities held Natchez and 
the adjacent country as an appendage of Florida until 1798, 
when the city and country were evacuated by the officers and 
troops of Spain, and the United States commissioner* took 
full possession. In 1799, the line of demarkation was com- 
pleted, -,«nd the boundary fixed, which now separates the 
states of Louisiana and Mississippi, between the Mississippi 
and Pearl rivers. 

By the census of 1820, the population of Mississippi was 
found composed of 4 2,176 whites, 32,814 slaves, and 458 co- 
loured persons, and elassed thus: 



MISSIONS—MISSOURI. 193 

Engaged in Agriculture, » . • • 22,033 

Do Manufactures, 650 • 

Do Commerce, 294 

Mississippi was admitted into the Union, as a state, Decem- 
ber, 1817. Government, senators chosen for three years, re- 
presentatives annually; Governor and Lt. Governor elected 
by the people; judges hold their offices during good behaviour, 
until they reach the age of 65. 
Missions, foreign — The eighteenth annual meeting of the Ameri- 
can Board, was held in New-York, on Wednesday the 16th 
October, 1827, and was adjourned on Monday following, af- 
ter a very animating and encouraging session. It appears 
that the expenditures of the year were as follows: — Mission 
to Bombay, $17,522 60; Ceylon, $25,056 78; Western Asia. 
$5,745 72; Sandwich Island, $9,761 31; South America, 
$120 00; among the Cherokees, $7,233 69; among the Choc- 
taws, $196 18; Cherokees of the Arkansas, $3,960 50; among 
the Osages, $6,360 61 ; Mackinaw, $6,100 24 ;Maumee, $337 J2; 
Indians in New York, $2,237 86; Indian missions generally, 
$211 73; foreign mission school, $1,898 43; Greek youths, 
$1,800 37; education of other youths, $217 13; debts of the 
Un. For. Miss. Society, $934.99; agencies, $3,325 88; general 
expenses, $239 74; Corresponding Secretary's department, 
$1,399 21; Treasurer's department, ^1,280 35; printing, &c. 
$3,820 45; agency in New York, $556,73; miscellaneous char- 
ges, £977 83; expenses of missionaries preparing for labour, 
$321 80; appropriated to permanent fund, towards apprehended 
losses by Eagle bank, $1,000 00. Total expenditures of the 
year, $104,430 30. 
Missouri, state of, bounded NE. and SE. by the Mississippi 
river, S. by the territory of Arkansas, and W. and N. by the 
western unappropriated territory of the United States, for- 
merly a part of Louisiana. Has an outline of 1,272 miles; 
area within a trifling fraction of 63,000 square miles, equal to 
40,320,000 acres; population in 1820, 66,586, giving li to 
the square mile. 

By the census of 1820, the people of Missouri were found 
to be composed of 55,988 whites, 376 free coloured persons, 
and 10,222 slaves; and classed thus: 

Foreigners not naturalized, 496 

Engaged in Agriculture, 13,559 

Do Manufactures, . • . > 1,887 

Do Commerce, '• .480 

In the number employed in manufactures, it is probable are 
included about 1100 persons employed in the lead mines. 

June 4th, 1821, became a state of the United States; go- 
vernment, senate elected by districts, and serve four years; 
representatives elected by counties, serve two years; execu- 
tive and governor elected by the people for four years, with 
17 



\ 



114 MOB— MON 

a quailed negative; judiciary, a supreme court, chancellor 
and inferior courts. 

Mobile, West Florida, taken by the Americans, April 12, 1813; 
surrendered by capitulation to the British, January 11, 1815. 

Mogul empire — The first conqueror was Jenghis Khan, a Tar- 
tarian prince, who died, 1236; Timer Bek became great Mo- 
gul by conquest, 1399; the dynasty continued in his family till 
the conquest of Tamerlane, in the 16th ccnlury, whose de- 
scendants have kept the throne ever since. Khouli Khan, the 
famous sophi of Persia, considerably diminished the power of 
the moguls, carried away immense treasures from Delhi, and 
since that event many of the nabobs have made themselves 
independent. 

Monastery, the first founded, where the sister of St. Anthony re- 
tired, 270; the first founded in France, near Poictiers, by 
St. Martin, 360; Constantine IV. sends for a great number of 
friars and nuns to Ephesus, orders them to change their black 
habits for white, and to destroy their images; on their refusal, 
he orders their eyes to be put out, banishes them, and sells 
several monasteries, appropriating the produce, 770; they 
were totally suppressed by act of parliament in 1539. 

Money, first mentioned as a medium of commerce in the 23d 
chapter of Genesis, when Abraham purchased a field as a se- 
pulchre for Sarah, in the year of the world, 2139; first made 
at Argos, 894 before Christ; has increased eighteen times its 
value from 1290 to 1640; and twelve times its value from 
1530 to 1800. Silver has increased thirty times its value 
since the Norman conquest, viz: a pound in that age was 
three times the quantity what it is at present, and ten times 
in value in purchasing any commodity. 

oney, weights and measures. The subjoined table is insert- 
ed here, as the weights and measures of Great Britain. It 
should be observed that all the comparisons and explanations 
of foreign measures are here computed according to the new 
British imperial standard, which is about three per cent, lar- 
ger than the Winchester measure, or, more nearly, 31 gal- 
lons, bushels, #c. of the new, answer to 32 of the old. Hence, 
to reduce imperial measure to Winchester, add the thirty- 
first part to the number of gallons, &c. and for the reverse 
operation, subtract the thirty-second part. The contrary 
calculation must of course be observed with regard to prices. 
But these several proportions can be only stated with per- 
fect accuracy in a regular treatise on Metrology, and as this 
index is merely intended to give general illustrations, all mi- 
nute transactions are omitted. Alqueire, a corn measure in 
Portugal, answering to three imperial gallons. Arroba, a 
Spanish weight, answering to 25i lbs. avoirdupois. Barrel 
or Tunna, a corn measure in Sweden, answering to 4 h impe- 
rial bushels; barrel is also a weight for flour in America, and 
weighs 196 lbs. nett avoirdupois. Boissean, a corn measure ia 



MONEY, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 195 

Bordeaux, containing 2£ imperial bushels. Cent or Centime, 
the 100th part of a coin; it is of various values, according to 
the unit. Charge, a measure at Marseilles, Nice, &c. answer- 
ing to 4i imperial bushels. Chetwert, a corn measure in Rus- 
sia, which contains 51 imperial bushels. Dollar, a Spanish 
coin, and intrinsically worth 4s. 3}d. sterling, but is general- 
ly valued at 4s. 6d. The paper dollar of exchange in Spain 
is worth 36d. sterling, and at Leghorn 48. Ducat, a gold coin 
in Holland, of extensive use in the corn trade, is worth about 
9s. 4d. sterling. There are various other ducats, in different 
countries, in gold, silver and paper. Fanega, a corn mea- 
sure in Spain, containing about one bushel 4z gallons impe- 
rial measure; there are, however, different sized fanegas: thus 
the large, the regular, and the small fanega, which are to each 
other as 11, 10 and 9, nearly. Ferrado, corn measure at 
Corunna, about 3? imperial gallons. Florin, a coin and mo- 
ney of account in various countries. In Holland, it is called 
the guilder, and is worth about 21d. sterling. It is divided 
in Holland into 20 stivers of 16 pfennings each; but in other 
countries into 60 Kreutzers. Fls. Gr. means, at Dantzic, Flo- 
rins and Grochen. The Netherland guilder is divided into 
100 cents, and is equal to the florin in exchange. Franc, a 
silver coin, and money of account in France and other places. 
It is generally valued at 10d. .sterling, which is something 
above its intrinsic value. Grosche, a money of account in va- 
rious parts of Germany, and of different values: 24 generally 
make the rix dollar. Grote, half of a Dutch stiver, and at 
Hamburg, half the sol or shilling. Guilder, also called gulden, 
a money of Holland; see florin. The gold guilder is much 
used in the corn trade, and reckoned worth 28 stivers, or 
about 32d sterling. Guilder current, a money of the Nether- 
lands, seven of which equal six guilders of exchange. Halstei , 
a corn measure in the Netherlands, answering to about 6i 
gallons imperial measure. Hectolitre, the principal corn mea- 
sure of France, answering to 25 imperial bushels. Killo, a 
corn measure in Turkey, containing about Ih. imperial gallons. 
Killogramme, the principal weight in France, answering to 
2 lb. 3 oz. 4 dr. avoirdupois. Kreutzer or Crulzer, a small 
coin and money of account in Germany and other Northern 
nations. In Austria it is at present worth about 7d. sterling. 
Last, a large measure for corn in Holland, Germany, &c. va- 
rying from 10 to 12 imperial quarters. Livre, an imaginary 
money of France, and several other countries. It is general- 
ly considered of the same value as the franc. In Italy it it 
called the lira, and is mostly divided into 100 centimes. Lof, 
a corn measure in Libau and Riga, containing 1» bushel im- 
perial measure. Matter, a corn measure in many parts of 
Germany; at Frankfort it answers to four imperial bushels. 
Maravedi, a small money of account in Spain, 34 of which 
make the real or rial. Mdze } a corn measure in Fiume and 



196 MONEY, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, 

Trieste, answering to 12 imperial bushel nearly. Milrea, a 
money of account and exchange in Portugal worth about 5s„ 
8d. sterling. Mina, a corn measure in Genoa, equal to about 
3 bushels 3 gallons imperial measure. Mudde, a corn mea- 
sure in Holland, answering formerly to 32 English bushels, 
but in the new system of the Netherlands the mudde is reck- 
oned the same as the hectolitre. Paola, a money of Italy, 
worth about 5d. sterling. Peseta, a Spanish silver coin, one 
fifth of the hard dollar. Pezza, the dollar of exchange at 
Leghorn; worth about 4s. sterling. Quintal Metrique, a French 
weight of 100 killogrammes, answering to 220£ lbs. avordu- 
poise, or 2 cwt. less 3 h lbs. Quintal, a Spanish weight of ar- 
robas or 100 Castilian pounds, answering to about 101£ lbs. 
avoirdupois. It is also a corn measure at Bordeaux, contain- 
ing about 3 imperial bushels. Real, a Spanish money of dif- 
ferent values. The Real Vellon is the most common, and is 
worth about 23d. sterling; 20 such reals make the hard dollar. 
Rix dollar or Thaler, a coin and money of account in most 
Northern nations. It is of different value, and variously di- 
vided. Rouble, a money of Russia, which has varied consid- 
erably in value, viz: from 3s. 2d. down to 9d. sterling; lOd. is 
its present price. Rubbic, a corn measure in Ancona, answer- 
ing to nearly an imperial quarter. Sacco, a corn measure of 
Leghorn, containing about two imperial bushels. Scudo, an 
Italian coin, worth about 4s. 4d. sterling. Setter, a corn mea- 
sure in France, answering to about 1£ imperial bushel. Shef- 
fel, a corn measure at Dantzic, answering to about lg impe- 
rial bushel. It varies, however, in several parts of Germa- 
ny. Shilling r a division of the rix dollar. In Sweden it is 
the 48th part, and is divided into 12 rundestecken. Soma, a 
corn measure in the Venetian States, answering to 22 imperial 
bushels. Stajo, a corn measure in Italy, of various dimensions. 
In Fruli and Trieste it answers to about 2i imperial bushels. 
Stiver, a money of Holland, worth nearly Id. sterling. It is 
l-20th of the florin or guilder, and is divided into 16 pfennings, 
or 13 deniers. 

The following article upon the interesting subject of 
weights and measures, is not the sole one the publisher has re- 
ceived from a friend of distinguished science. Though brief- 
ly treated, the article will be found very interesting to scien- 
tific men. 

Weights and Measures. — This phrase is well understood in 
the ordinary operations of men, though in a scientific sense, 
it lacks precision; measure being a general term, and weight, 
length and capacity, species of measure, to which may be 
added, motion, time and space; they may be called conven- 
tional expressions, by which matter, space, motion and time 
are composed. 

The wants and occupations of men naturally lead to notice 
of the passing time, and to the subdivision of substance. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 197 

and distance, &c. The day and night, and succession of sea- 
eons, depending upon the motion of the earth in reference to 
the sun, have caused some uniformity in the -subdivisions of 
time, but the location and condition of men in various cli- 
mates and countries, have caused the measures of length, 
weight and capacity to depend upon accident and habit, and 
the arbitrary will of rulers. 

Among the scientific endeavours of the last century, to 
establish an elemental measure of length as a basis of com- 
parison, a small part of the earth's circumference was as- 
sumed and denominated a metre, which, compared with our 
arbitrary and habitual measure of length, was declared to be 
equal to 39.371 inches, subsequently a measure of an inch 
has been referred to a portion of a pendulum, which mad* 
sixty vibrations in one minute of our measure of time. 

Upon this subject, much discussion has arisen whether the 
best element of measure of length would be a fraction of the 
earth's circumference when known; or to rely upon a pendu- 
lum whose vibrations, when referred to time and position on 
the surface of the earth, would determine the length of the 
pendulum. It might be remarked that both of these will 
continue to be useful means of comparison, depending on 
each other for terms of that comparison . In reference to 
useful measure, from the imperfection of sense, mankind 
must be content with an approximation to truth. 

Of measures of weight, length and capacity, the arbitrary 
adoption of England upon these subjects previously to the war 
of independence, is the existing standard of the United States, 
by which the pound weight avoirdupois equals 7000 grains 
troy, divided into 256 drams or 16 ounces. The pound troy 
and apothecaries equal 5,760 of the same grains, or 240 pen- 
nyweights, or 288 scruples, or 12 ounces. 

The standard of length in the traditional yard of three 
feet or 36 inches,was corrected and re-made by Bird and others, 
at the instance of parliament, in 1762. 

The standard of capacity was said to be raised from troy 
weight in reference to dry measure; the Winchester bushel 
contains 2150.42 cubic inches, and wine gallon 231, or the 
ale gallon 282 similar inches. 

The yard measure, more or less accurate, has had immemo- 
rial use in England; in the eleventh century it was said to 
equal the length of king Henry's arm. The measure of ca- 
pacity, bushel, &c. is also of traditionary origin, as well as 
the "old law," that a pint of water equalled a pound in 
weight; the fact that a cubic foot of water weighs 1000 avoir- 
dupois ounces or 62 £ pounds, may have some reference to the 
same tradition, as also to the record that "liquid or dry 
measure" should bear the same proportion to each other that 
•xists between "troy and avoirdupois weight." 
17* 



198 MON— MUL 

In the year 1824, it was established in England that a bushel 
should contain 12218.19 cubic inches of the yard of 1762, (the 
standard of length recognized at the same time, by which an 
English bushel now contains a quart more than the United 
States bushel. The troy pound recognized as containing 5760 
grains, and that of avoirdupois, 7000 grains. 

In comparing the weight of England with the killogramme 
of France, it was found that the killogramme equalled 2 
pounds, 3 ounces, and 4.88 drams avoirdupois. Incapacity, 
the "Litic*' of France, equalled 113 pints of United States 
measure of capacity on the old English pints of wine. 
The old Paris pound equals 7561 troy grains. 
The Spanish and Portuguese measures have many provin- 
cial descrepencies in the pound or double marc, the yard or 
vara, the fenaga and the alquiere,&c. 
Montpellier, in France,, had a booth, wherein a play was per- 
forming, fall and killed 500 persons, July 31, 1786. 
Montego Bay, in Jamaica, had £400,000 damage by fire, June 

14, 1795. 
Monte Video taken by storm by the British, February 3, 1807 
Monts first received their names from Charlemagne 790. 
Montreal discovered 1534; settled 1629; taken by the English, 
1760; by the Provincials, November 12, 1775, and retaken by 
the English, June 15, 1776; greatly damaged by a fire in 1765 
and 1768; the Episcopalian church, the Jesuits' college, and 
the prison burnt, June 6, 1803. 
Montrose Packet and Primrose sloop of war, English vessels^ by 
mistake, had a smart action, broadside to broadside, within 
pistol shot for two hours, off Lisbon, March 30, 1814. 
Morocco, empire of, anciently Mauritania, first known 1008. Pos- 
sessed by the Romans, 25 B. C. and reduced by them to a pro- 
vince 50; underwent various revolutions, till the establishment 
of the Almovarides; the second emperor of this family built the 
capital, Morocco; about 1116, Abdallah, the leader of a sect 
of Mahometans, founded the dynasty of Almahides, which 
ended in the last sovereign's total defeat, in Spain, 1312; Mo- 
rocco was afterwards seized by the king of Fez; but the de- 
scendants of Mahomet, about 1550, subdued and united again 
the three kingdoms, and formed what is at present the empire 
of Morocco. 
Mortars for bombs first made in England 1543. 
Moscow founded 1156; entered by the French, September 14, 
1812; set on fire in 500 different places at once, by order of 
the Russian governor, and three fourths of the city destroyed 
two days after; evacuated by the French, and re-entered by 
the Russians, October 22, 1812. 
Moskwa, Russians driven from by the French, September 5, 

1812. 
Mulberry trees first planted in England, 1609; in the English 
provinces of North America, about 1750, for cultivating silk, 



MURAT— NAPLES— NATIONAL DEBT. 199 

Murat, Joachim, brother-in-law of Bonaparte, made king of Na- 
ples, August 1, 1803; acceded to the confederacy of sove- 
reigns against ttonaparte, January, 1814; having been defeat- 
ed by the Austrians, quitted Naples, April 22, 1815; after 
Wandering from Toulon to Corsica, and from Corsica to the 
coast of Pizzo in Calabria, was there tried by a military com- 
mission, and shot October 15th, following. 

Musical notes as now used, 1330. 

Muskets first used in France at the siege of Arras, 1414; in gene- 
ral use 1521. 

Muslins from India, first in England, 1670; first manufactured 
there, 1781. 



N. 

Namcr was taken by the French, July 18, 1794. 

Naples founded 323 B.C. 

Naples, anciently Capua and Campania, kingdom of, began 1020. 
This territory has undergone various revolutions, and was 
distinguished from another division of Sicily by the title of 
the kingdom of Puglia, of which Roger, count of Sicily, was 
the first monarch, 1127. Given by the pope to the compte 
d'Anjou, in exclusion of the right heir Conradin, who was 
taken prisoner and beheaded, aged 16, 1266. Charles, king 
of Naples, being invited by the Hungarians to the crown of 
Hungary, was, when there, crowned; murdered by order of 
the queen regent, in her presence, who, for this, was soon af- 
ter taken out of her carriage, and drowned in the river Boseth 
1386. Alphonsus of Arragon united Sicily to it, and the 
kings have been since called king of the two Sicilies, 1442. 
The French seized on Naples, and compelled the king to 
retire to Sicily, January 24, 1799, but was restored on July 
10 following, when the king returned; in 1806, the lawful mo- 
narch was again driven from Naples, and Joseph Bonaparte 
made king of it by his brother. The crown transferred to Jo- 
achim Mural, August 1, 1808. Restored to Ferdinand, 1814. 

National confederation at Paris commemorated, July 14, 1790, 
in the field of Mars. 

National debt in England, first contracted in Henry VII. 's reign, 
£14.,301 ; the present national debt commenced, and was near 
£5,090,000 in 1697; in 1776 one hundred and twenty-three 
millions; in 1786, two hundred and thirty-nine millions, and 
at midsummer, 1796, three hundred and sixty millions, ster- 
ling. 

Money advanced by the bank of England for the public se&- 
vice, and outstanding on the 7th December, 1796, 6,777,7391, 
0s. 9d. 



tOO NATIONAL DEBT AND INCOME OF U. STATES. 

National debt and national income of the United States, and how 
the income is expended. This article forms a striking con- 
trast to the one preceding. 

Funded debt of the United States, as existing January 1st, 1829. 
Three per cent, stock (revolutionary- 
debt) redeemable at the pleasure 
of governmentt 13,296,249 45 

Six per cent stock, ditto in 1827.-6,789,722 92 
Six per cent, stock, ditto in 1828. .9,490,099 10 

Amount, at 6 per cent 16,279,822 02 

Five per cent, stock (subscription to 

Bank United States) redeemable 

at the pleasure of government. .7,000,000 00 
Five per cent, stock, ditto in 1832.. 999,999 13 

Ditto ditto in 1835.-4,735,296 30 

Exchangeu 5 per cent, stock, one") 

third redeemable in 1830; one ! e R 7ft . 77 

third in 1831; and one third in | OD ' u * 

1832 I 



Amount, at 5 per cent 12,792,000 20 

Four and a half per ct. stock, re-7 g m m 0Q 

deemable in 1.832 y ' ' 

Ditto .ditto do- .5,000,000 00 

Exchanged 4^ per ct. stock, one^ 

half redeemable in 1833; and S> 4,454,727 95 

one half in 1834 ) 

Ditto one half redeemable in 1829 > , „g oog ig 
and one half in 1830, 3 ' ' 

Amount, at 4J per cent 15,994,064 11 



Total, Dollars, 58,362,135 78 



Actual receipts from all sources in 1827 $22,966,363 96 

Balance in the treasury, January 1.1827 6,358,680 18 

Aggregate $29,325,050 14 

Actual expenditures of the United States, on all 
accounts, during 1827, amount to 22,656,764 04 



Balance in the treasury, January 1, 1827 ,.$6,668,286 10 

Actual receipts in 1828, estimating the last? *<,. q^ gg^ g 7 

quarter 3* • ' 

Balance on December 31, 1827 6,663,286 10 

$30,763,149 77 



EXPENDITURES OF THE U. STATES. 203 

As the reader may desire to be informed in what way the income 
of the United States is expended, the following is extracted 
from the report of Mr. Rush, the secretary of th8 treasury, to 
congress, in 1829. 

The expenditures during the first 
three quarters of 1828, have a- 

amounted to $18,244,907 91 

viz: — 

Civil, diplomatic and miscellaneous 2,235,823 97 

Military establishment, including 
fortifications, ordnance, Indian de- 
partment, revolutionary and mi- 
litary pensions, and arming the 
militia 4,684,666 81 

Naval service, including the gradual 

improvement of the navy 3,201,140 68 

Public Debt- 
Principal 5,002,031 52 

Interest 2,357,556 67 

7,359,588 19 

Payment of awards to owners of 
slaves and other property, under 
the convention with the British 
government, of 13th November, 
1826, 763,688 26 

And the expenditures of the fourth 

quarter are estimated at 7,392,603 78 

viz: — 

Civil, diplomatic and miscellaneous 546,000 00 

Military establishment 1,100,000 00 

Naval service , 900,000 00 

Public debt:— 

Principal 4,059,464 67 

Interest 744,514 04 

4,803,978 71 

Balances of awards to owners of 

slaves and other property 42,625 01 



Making the total estimated expen- 
diture of the year, 1828 25,637,511 63 



And leaving in the Treasury on the 
1st of January, 1829, an estimat- 
ed balance of $5,125,638 14 

This calculation shows that a few years will only elapse, 
if the affairs of the nation continue to be managed with the 
same economy, before the government will be free from debt, 
and able to devote an immense surplus revenue towards th« 
great objects of internal improvement, &c. &c. &c. 



202 NAVY— NETHERLANDS. 

Navarino, battle of, total destruction of the Turkish and Egyp 
tian fleets, by the combined fleets of England, France and 
Russia, under the command of sir Edward Codrington, Octo- 
ber 20, 1627. 

Navigation act, English, passed, 1651. 

Navy of England, at the time of the Spanish armada, was only 
twenty-eight vessels, none larger than frigates. James I. add- 
ed ten ships of 1400 tons, the largest then ever built. In 
1798, the British navy in commission consisted of 140 ships 
of the line, 22 of 50 guns, 165 frigates, and 317 sloops of war^ 
Number of officers of the rank of lieutenants and upwards, wai 
2,980; expenditure for the navy this year was £12,591,728 
or in dollars, $55,907,272 32. 

Navy of the United States in 1829, consists of seven ships of the 
line, 7 frigates of the first rate, 4 of the second rate, 12 
sloops of war, 7 schooners; the oldest vessels are the United 
States, the Constitution and the Constellation, all built in the 
year 1797; now building in the United^States, 7 ships of the 
line, and 6 frigates; of the rank of lieutenants and upwards, 
there are 325; surgeons and assistant surgeons, 97; pursers 41; 
chaplains 9; midshipmen 445; sailing masters 30; boatswains 
17; gunners 19; carpenters 13; sail makers 14. In the ma- 
rine corps there are 1 colonel, 9 captains, and 39 lieuten- 
ants; the oldest officer in the navy is John Rodgers, President 
of the Board of Navy Commissioners, who entered the ser- 
vice in March, 1798; date of his present commission, March 
5, 1799. There are 15 navy agents, 7 naval store keepers and 
8 naval constructors. Estimate required for the navy during 
1829, is $3,006,277. 

Needles were first made in England by a native of India, 1545, 
the art lost at his death; recovered by Christopher Greening, 
in 1560, who was settled with his three children, Elizabeth, 
John, and Thomas, by Mr. Damer, ancestor of the present 
earl of Dorchester, at Long Gredon, in Bucks, where tho 
manufactory has been carried on from that time to this pre- 
sent day. 

Nelson, a journeyman tailor, of Oxford Market, the wife of, 
had five children at a birth, October, 1800. 

Netherlands declared themselves a free state, 1565; became a 
province of France in 1794; placed under the sovereignty of 
the house of Orange, 1814. 

Kingdom of, one of the states of Europe, formed in 1814; 
population 5,270,000. Netherlands is a limited monarchy, 
each province has its municipal concerns regulated indepen- 
dent, in an extensive degree, of the general government. The 
members of the upper house are nominated by the king, and 
hold their offices for life, though their titles and offices are not 
hereditary; the freedom of the press is tolerably secured, and 
no religious test required for office, 



NEW-HAMPSHIRE— NEW-JERSEY. 203 

The annual revenue and expenditures of this kingdom 
amounts to about 7,000,000 pounds sterling, or about thirty 
millions of dollars. The colonies of the Netherlands consist 
of, 1st — in Asia, Java, Amboyna, Ternate, Banda, Malacca, 
and Macassar; with factories on the Coromandel coast and in 
Persia. In Africa, 12 or 13 small forts, on the coast of Gui- 
nea. In South America, Surinam. In the West Indies, the 
islands of Curracoa, St. Eustatius and St. Martin. 

New-England states united, 1643. 

New-Hampshire bounded by the Atlantic ocean south east, by 
Massachusetts south, by Vermont west, Lower Canada north, 
and Maine east. Has an entire outline of 470 miles; area, 
8,030 square miles; extending from lat. 42° 41', to 45° 11 # 
north; population in 1820, 244,155. 

Chronology of New- Hampshire. — 1614, discovered by captain 
John Smith; 1629, granted by the natives to John Wheel- 
wright; 1640, received under the protection of Massachu- 
setts; July 24, 1774, New-Hampshire appointed two delegates 
to meet the continental congress; 1792, existing constitution 
of New-Hampshire adopted; government, senate and house of 
representatives; executive, governor and council — governor 
chosen annually by the people, and possesses a qualified ne- 
gative; judiciary, a superior and inferior courts; judges super- 
annuated at the age of 70. 

New Holland discovered by the Dutch, 1627; settled by the Eng- 
lish, 1787. 

New-Jersey bounded by New- York north east; by Hudson river, 
Staten Island Sound, Rariton bay, and the Atlantic ocean east, 
Atlantic ocean south east, Delaware bay south west, and De- 
laware river, or Pennsylvania west. New-Jersey has an ex- 
terior limit of the Atlantic ocean, from Cape May to Sandy 
Hook, of 120 miles; an interior boundary opposite New-York, 
along Rariton bay, Staten Island Sound, New- York bay and 
Hudson river, 60; in common with New- York, between Hud- 
ion and Delaware rivers, 45; thence down Delaware river and 
bay to Cape May, '220— total 445 miles. Extreme length by 
a line almost due north from Cape May to the northern angle 
on the Delaware, 160 miles, with a mean width of about 43 
miles; area 6851 square miles. Population in 1820, 277,575; 
of these: 

Foreigners not naturalized «... 1,529 

Engaged in agriculture 40,812 

Do manufactures 15,941 

Do commerce 1,830 

Chronology of New- Jersey. — 1612, original settlement by the 
Dutch; grant from Charles II. to the duke of York, 1664, and 
then received its present name; 1682, placed under the gov- 
ernment of William Penn; 23d July, 1774, appointed delegates 
to meet the congress, in opposition to Great Britain, and in 
the consequent struggle, perhaps no other member of the con- 



204 NEW-JERSEY— NEWSPAPERS— NEW-YORK. 

federacy suffered so severely; July 2, 1776, constitution adopt- 
ed. Government, governor, legislative council and general 
assembly— governor is annually elected, is ex officio chancel- 
lor, and has a qualified negative; judiciary, a supreme court, 
with judges elected for seven years. 

New Royal Brunswick Theatre, London, at the time of re- 
hearsal, fell in, forcing the side walls out, by which nineteen 
persons were killed, and many maimed and wounded, Febru- 
ary 29, 1828. 

New style first introduced into Europe, 1582; into Holland and 
the protestant states, 1700: in England, 1752. 

Newspaper, first published in England titled the English Mer- 
cury, one of which is remaining in the British Museum, dated 
July 28, 1588; the Gazette was first published at Oxford, Au- 
gust 22, 1642; after the revolution, the first daily paper was 
called the Orange Intelligencer, and from that time to 1692, 
there were 26 newspapers; in 1709, there were 18 weekly and 
one daily paper, the London Courant; in 1795, there were 
published in London, Scotland, and Ireland, 153 papers; in 
1809, there were 217 newspapers in the United Kingdom; the 
number conveyed by post in England, in 1794, amounted to 
near 12, 000,000 per annum. 

Newspapers in the United States — In 1802, there were about 200 
newspapers; 17daily,7 three times a week, 30 twice'a week and 
146 weekly. Since that time they* have increased about one 
fifth. There are two German and one French newspaper circu- 
lated inPennsylvania,^nd two German in Maryland. In 1789, 
it was calculated that the number of newspapers printed an- 
nually in the United States was 3,974,776; in 1301, 12,000,000. 
The first printing press in North America, opened at Cam- 
bridge, 1639. Among the first books printed were an Indian 
version of the bible, and Sandy's translation of Ovid. Two 
licensers were appointed in Massachusetts, 16132; presses 
were Forbidden in Virginia, 1633; the first printer in Connec- 
ticut, 1709. in the German provinces of the Russian empire 
there were 6 printing offices in 1806; in London 1S06, 200 
offices which employed 500 presses: in Edinburg in 1763, 
6 offices; in 1790,21; in 1800, 30; in 1805, 40, which em- 
ployed 120 presses. 

It has been ascertained by the Post Master General, in 
1827, that there are five hundred and ninety-eight newspa- 
pers published in the United States. 

New-York, one of the states of the United States, bounded south 
east by the Atlantic ocean, south by New Jersey and Penn- 
sylvania, west by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and Niagara river, 
north west by Lake Ontario, and St. Lawr.-nce river, north 
by Lower Canada, and east by Vermont, Massachusetts, and 
Connecticut. This state, from the peculiar position and form 
of Staten and Long islands, has a very extended boundary; 
having an entire outline of 1,400 miles. This state extendi 



NEW-YORK. 203 

over 46,000 square miles. Length from Staten Island, south 
point, to north lat. 45°, 340 miles; breadth from south west 
angle of Massachusetts, to the western boundary 340. Lat. 
40° 30' to 45° north. Population in 1810, 959,049; total po- 
pulation in 1820, 1,372,812. Of these: 

Foreigners not naturalized 15,101 

Engaged in Agriculture 247,648 

Do... .in Manufactures... 60,038 

Do... «in Commerce 9,113 

Population to the square mile, nearly 30 

New- York, city of, the following tables present the progressive 
population of New-York: population to the square mile now, 
6,872; in 1697, the population was, 4,302; in 1756, 13,040; 
in 1790, 33,131; in 1800, 60,489; in 1805, 75,770; in 1810, 
96,373; in 1820, 123,706; in 1825, 166,086. 

From the above the city of New-York has more than dou- 
bled in the last twenty years, and it is probable that for at 
least a century in advance, this city will double its popula- 
tion in each 25 years; if so, will contain in 1850, 332,172; in 
1875, 664,344; in 1900, 1,328,688; in 1925, 2,657,376. 

Chronology of New-York.— 1608 settled by the Dutch; 1614 
taken by the English; next year re-taken; 1621, the states ge- 
neral made a grant of the country, called New Netherlands, 
to the West-India Company— First governor, Wonter Van 
Twiller, who arrived at Fort Amsterdam, as the city was 
then called, 1629; in 1664, recaptured by the English, and a 
grant made of it by Charles II. to his brother the duke of 
York. New-York opposed as strenuously the stamp act of 
England, of 1765, as any of her sister provinces. In 1767 the 
assembly refused to supply quarters for British troops, not- 
withstanding many of the principal inhabitants were in favor 
of the royal cause to impose taxes upon the colonies. Consti- 
tution adopted April, 1777. Since the peace of 1783, New- 
York lias made wonderful advances in wealth and population. 
The public funds are four — 

The general fund, (government expenses charged principally 
upon revenue derived from this fund,) capital $1,670,740 00 

The literary fund 331,609 82 

The common school fund 1,700,000 00 

The revenue of this fund is believed, by estimate of the go- 
vernor of the state, to be during the year 1829, upwards of 
$100,000; organized schools, 8,122; scholars, 467,947, making 
an excess of 21,317, over the whole number in the state, be- 
tween five and fifteen years of age. The canal fund income 
estimated by governor Van Buren, 1829, at $1,210,889, of 
which $833,000 are derived from tolls. The canal debt is up- 
wards of seven millions. There are forty banks in operation 
in the state of New-York, collective capital $15,000,000; debts 
due to them upwards of $30,000,000. 
18 



206 NIA— NOT 

Government, house of representatives chosen annually; se* 
nate every four years; governor every three years; the legis- 
lature annually choose four senators, who in conjunction with 
the governor, form the council of appointment; judges chosen 
by the council of appointment, and hold their offices during 
good behavior, or until they attain the age of sixty years. 
The constitution has been lately revised. 

Niagara Falls, a cataract in Niagara river. The great fall is 
162 feet, but in 35£ miles on the river, the fall altogether is 
334 feet. 

Relative heights of the most remarkable cataracts: Slaub- 
bach, in Switzerland, 900 feet; Tequendama, in South Amer- 
ica, 802; Niagara, direct fall, 162; Niagara river, entire fall, 
from Erie to Ontario, New-York, 334; Caterkill, in Lower 
Canada, 310; Montmorenci, Lower Canada, 246; Schafhau- 
sen or Laufen, Switzerland, 60; Terni or Velino, near Rome, 
300; Cahoes, New- York, 70; Great Falls in Potomac, about 
Maryland and Virginia, 40. 

Niagara, taken by the English, 1759. 

fort, taken by the British, December 19, 1813. 

Nineveh destroyed by the Medes, 612 before Christ. 

Nobility of France renounced their pecuniary privileges, May 
23, 1789. 

Non-importation law, March, 1811. 

Non-intercourse law conditionally repealing the embargo,March 
1809; against England and France, passed by congress, May 
1, 1810; repealed as to France, November, 1810. 

Nootka, in the north west of America, discovered, 1778; settled 
by the English, 1789; captured by the Spaniards, 1790, but 
afterwards confirmed to the English by treaty. 

Norfolk in Virginia, destroyed by the British forces, January 1, 
1776. 

Normandy conquered from the crown of France, 876; invaded on 
all hands, 1117. 

Normans, their invasions commenced in 800; settled in France 
in 1002; in Friesland, 1011; reduced England, 1066. 

North east passage to Russia discovered, 1553. 

North- West passage attempted by captain Phipps, afterwards 
lord Mulgrave, 1773. 

Norway attached to Sweden, and Charles XIII. of Sweden pro- 
claimed king of, November 4, 1814. 

Notary public, began in the first century. 

Notes and bills first stamped, 1782. 

Nova Scotia settled, 1622; taken by the English from the French, 
1681; restored, 1731; taken again, 1745 and 1758, and con- 
firmed to England, 1760; divided into two provinces, 1784. 

Nova Zembla discovered, 1553. 



OHIO, fcc— OST 207 



o. 

Ohio, state of the United States, bounded by Ohio river or Vir- 
ginia south east, Ohio river or Kent south, Indiana west, 
Michigan Territory and Lake Erie north, and Pennsylvania 
north east. Ohio has an entire outline of 933 miles; area 
40,000 square miles. Population in 1820, 576,572 while inha- 
bitants, and 4,723 free colored persons, composed of 

Foreigners not naturalized ■ 3,495 

Engaged in Agriculture « 110,921 

Do ... in Manufactures 18,956 

Do. • .in Commerce 1,459 

Ohio became a state of the United States in 1803. 
Chronology of Ohio. — 1787, Ohio passed with other sections of 
the "western xoaters," into the territory of the United States; re- 
mained without civilized settlement until 1787, when Mari- 
etta was founded, and in the same year was enacted the famous 
ordinance, designating a North-western Territory, and pro- 
viding for its government; 1803, admitted into the union. 
Ohio, government of, legislature composed of a senate and 
house of representatives; senators elected biennially and va- 
cate their seats annually by rotation; representatives elected 
annually, according to population, in such ratio as never to 
exceed 72; executive, a governor elected biennially by the 
people, with the very limited power of appointing to offices 
becoming vacant during the recess of the legislature, and 
having no veto upon the acts of that body; judiciary, a su- 
preme court, courts of common pleas, &c; judges appointed 
by the legislature, for a term of seven years, 

Opera, first in London, 1692; by Handel, 1735; opera house 
burnt, 1789; new one built, 1790; another in the strand, 1816; 
opera house in Rome, roof fell in, January 18, 1762. 

Oratorio, the first in London, was performed in Lincoln's-inn 
play-house, Portugal-street, in 1732. 

Order in council of the king of Great-Britain, for blockading 
the ports of France and her allies, November 16, 1807; con- 
fined, 1809, to France only; revoked June 24, 1812. 

Organs brought to Europe from the Greek empire, were first in- 
vented and applied to religious devotion in churches, 758. 

Orphan's fund in London began about 1391. 

Orrery invented, 1670. 

Osnaburgh bishopric established, 1780. 

Ostrogoths, their kingdom began in Italy 476, ended 554. 

Ostend, in Flanders, endured a siege of three years, and the gar- 
rison and inhabitants reduced by famine, surrendered on ca- 
pitulation to the Spaniards, 1604; attempted to be taken by 
the French, but the scheme miscarried with great loss to 
them, owing to the minister having been deceived by his 



208 OST— PAP 

agents, 1658; India company chartered, 1722; suppressed by 
the treaty at Vienna, 1731; made a free port June 15, 1781; 
surrendered to the French in 1789; was taken by the English 
in 1793; and in 1794 with all the Netherlands, surrendered to 
the French. 

Ostend had its works and floodgates of its canal destroyed by 
the English, May 19, 1798. 

Oswego taken by the English, 1758; again May 5, 1814. 

Otaheite, or George III.'s island, discovered June 18, 1765. 

Owhy-he island discovered 1778, where captain Cooke was 
killed. 

Oxford university, founded by Alfred, 886; its castle built, 1071; 
archdeaconry erected, 1092; Beaumont-place finished about 
1128; chancellor's court established, 1244; bisheprick taken 
from Lincoln, and founded, 1541 ; first public lecture in Arabic 
read there, 1636; new theatre built, 1669; a terrible fire at, 
1644; again, 1671; library built, 1745; hospital began May 1, 
1772; observatory built, 1772; visited by George III. &c. Oc- 
tober 12, 1785. 

Oxford assizes, made memorable by the death of the sheriffs 
and 300 persons, who died by the infection from the prison- 
ers, in 1577. 



P. 

Padlocks were invented at Nuremburg, 1540. 

Painting, the art of, first introduced at Rome from Etruria by 
Quintus, who on that account was styled Pictor. 291 B. C; 
the first excellent pictures were brought from Corinth to 
Rome by Mummius, 146 B. C; in oil, said to have been in- 
vented by John Van Eyck, who, with his brother Hubert, 
were the founders of the Flemish school, 1415; the first pic- 
ture was an Ecce Homo, 1455; in chiara oscuro, 1500; intro- 
duced into Venice by Venetiano, 1450; into Italy by Antonel- 
lo, 1476. 

Palmyra, ruins of, in the deserts of Syria, discovered 1678. 

Panama settled, 1516; totally destroyed by fire, 1737. 

Pantheon, at Rome, built 25 before Christ. 

, in Oxford-road, London, first opened, January 27, 

1772; converted to an opera house, March, 1791; burntdown 
January 14, 1792, damage $60,000; rebuilt 1795. 

Paper currency established in America, May 15, 1775. 

Paper-money first used in America, 1740. 

Paper made of cotton was in use in 1000; that of linen rags, In 
1319; the manufacture of, introduced into England at Dart- 
ford, in Kent, 1588; scarcely any but brown paper made in 
England, till 1690; white paper first made in England, 1690j 



PARIS, &c. 209 

made of the asbestos at Danbury, in Connecticut, in North 
America, by Mr. Beach, who discovered a fine kind there, in 
1792; stamped paper first used in Spain and Holland, in 1555; 
velvet or floss for hanging apartments with, first used, in 
1620; made from straw, 1800. 

Justinian's Charta Plenaria Securitatis, is one of the most 
ancient instruments written on Egyptian paper, and was depo- 
sited in the library of the late king of France. 

The observations of the learned Carmelite Orlando, (no- 
ticed in the act. Erudit. Lyps. an. 1724, p. 102) on paper, re- 
fers the invention as far back as the eighth century, when 
Eustatius published his comment on Homer, which is said to 
have been written on paper. He adds that a MS. of Homer 
was shown in Geneva in his time, said to be eight hundred 
years old. 

Parchment invented by king Attalus, 887. 

Varis founded, 357; made the capital of France, 510; the city of, 
consumed by fire, 588; fir3t paved with stones, 1186; barrica- 
does of, 1588, to oppose the entry of the duke of Guise; again 
August 27, 1748, in opposition to the regency; first parliament 
there, 1302; old parliament recalled, November 25, 1774; un- 
der the influence of the populace, who destroyed the public 
prisons, July, 1789; became again the seat of empire, May 5, 
1804; consumed by fire, 558; the Conciergerie burnt, January, 
1776; on occasion of a fete given at, by prince Sehwartzen- 
burgh, a fire broke out in the building erected for the ball, by 
which many persons were burnt to death, July 1, 1810; en- 
tered by the emperor of Russia at the head of his troops, 
March 31, 1814. Treaty of, signed by the ministers of the al- 
lied sovereigns for the protection of France, May 30, 1814. 
Treaties for the maintenance of that treaty, between England, 
Russia and Prussia, signed at Vienna, March 25, 1815; evacu- 
ated by the French, and occupied by the allied army, July 3, 
1815. 

Parish registers were first introduced in England, 1538. 
ark, St. James's, drained by Henry VIII. 1537; improved, plant- 
ed, and made a thoroughfare for public use, 1668. 

Parliament began under the Saxon government; the first regular 
one was in king John's reign, 1204; the epoch of the house of 
commons, January 23, 1265. 

Parliamentary grants to the king were in kind, 30,000 sacks of 
wool being in the grant, 1340. 

Parliament, the first in England, 1216; triennial, 1561; the first 
septennial one, 1716; the first imperial one, January, 1801. 

The following remark shows the disproportion between the re- 
presentation of Middlesex and Surrey, with London and West- 
minster; and six boroughs, who elect an equal number of 
representatives: 
18* 



210 PAR— PEA 

Places. Electors. •Members. 

London 7,000 send 4 

Westminster 10,000 2 

Middlesex 3,500 2 

Surrey 4,500 2 

Southwark 2,000 2 

27,000 12 

Newton 1 send 2 

Old Sarum 1 2 

Midhurst 1 2 

Castle Rising 2 2 

Marlborough 2 2 

Downton... 4 2 

n 12 

Parrot, an extraordinary one belonging to Col. Kelly, died at 
the age of 30, at his house in Piccadilly, October 9, 1802. 
This bird appeared to possess in some degree the faculty of 
reason, for when it made a mistake in either words or tune of 
the numberless songs it was master of, it would correct itself 
and begin the song again. 

Parthenian games first instituted, 1262 before Christ. 1 

Passage-boat, on the frith of Durnoch, by which 40 out of 127 
passengers were drowned, August 16, 1809; passage-boat, on 
the Ardrossan canal, between Paisley and Johnstone, heeled 
on one side, and precipitated 100 persons into the water, of 
which 84 were drowned, November 10, 1810. 

Patent granted for titles, first used, 1344; first granted for the 
exclusive privilege of publishing books, 1591. 

Patrasse, in the Morea, swallowed up by an earthquake, April 
18, 1785. 

Paul, St. wrote his first Epistle to the Corinthians, and that to 
the Galations, 51 ; first Epistle to the Thessalonians 52; second 
Epistle, 53; second Epistle to the Corinthians, and that to tho 
Philippians, Ephesians, Colossians and Philemon, 62; to the 
Hebrews, 63; first epistle to Timothy, and that to Titus, 65; 
second epistle to Timothy, 66; festival instituted, 813. 

Paul's, St. London, built on the foundation of an old temple of 
Diana, 610; burnt, 964; rebuilt, 1240; having been 150 years 
building, the steeple fired by lightning, 1443; rebuilt, having 
been in great part burnt down, 1631; totally destroyed by 
fire, 1666; first stone of the present building laid, 1675; finish- 
ed, 1710, and cost £1,000,000; first service performed, De- 
cember 2, 1697. The iron balustrade round the church-yard 
is three furlongs and one-fifth. 

Pawnbrokers first began, 1457. 

Pearl-ashes manufactory first set up in Ireland, 1783. 



PEDESTRIANS, &c.— PENNSYLVANIA. 211 

Peace, grand ceremony of the proclamation of, took place in 
London, June 20, 1814; grand procession to St. Paul's, on the 
thanksgiving for the restoration of, July 7, 1814; grand na- 
tional jubilee in the three parks, in celebration of, August 
1, 1814. 

Pearls, artificial, were invented, 1686. 

Pedestrians— Powell, a lawyer, walked from London to York 
and back again in six days, being a distance of above 402 
miles, November 27, 1773; walked it again when of the age 
of 57 years, June 20, 1788; Captain Barcley finished at New- 
market, the task of walking a thousand miles in a thousand 
successive hours, walking one mile in each hour, April 1809; 
Thomas Standen, near Silver-Hill barracks, completed a simi- 
lar, but more arduous task, by walking eleven hundred miles 
in as many successive hours, July 14, 1811; Aiken, Mr. start- 
ed from Westminster to go to a spot near Ashford in Kent, 
and return, the distance being 108 miles, which he performed 
in nine minutes less than twenty-four hours, July 31, 1813; 
Baker, of Rochester, a thousand and one miles and three 
quarters in twenty days, November 20, 1815; Eaton completed 
the task of walking eleven hundred miles in eleven hundred 
successive hours, walking a mile in each hour, upon Black- 
heath, December 27, 1815. 

Peers, eldest sons of, first permitted to sit in Parliament, 1550. 

Peloponnesian war, which continued 27 years, began 431 be- 
fore Christ. 

Pendulums for clocks invented, 1656. 

Penace first enjoined as a punishment, 157. 

Pennsylvania — This name is derived from the surname of Wil- 
liam Penn, and Sylvan, woods; and means, literally, Penn's 
woods. Pennsylvania is bounded in common with Delaware, 
from the Delaware river by a circular line, around New Cas- 
tle county, to the north east limits of Coecil county, Maryland, 
24 miles; due north to the north east angle of Maryland, two 
miles; along the northern limit of Maryland, 203 miles; in 
common with Virginia, from the north west angle of Mary- 
land, to the south west angle of Greene county, 59 miles; 
due north in common with Ohio and Brooke counties, Virgi- 
nia, to the Ohio river, 64 miles; continuing the last noted li- 
mit, in common with Ohio to Lake Erie, 91 miles; along the 
south east shore of Lake Erie to the western limit of New- 
York, 39 miles; due south along Chataque county, New- York, 
to north lat. 42°, 19 miles; thence due east in common with 
New- York, to the right bank of Delaware river, 230 miles; 
down the Delaware to the north east angle of the state of De- 
laware, 230 miles. Having an entire outline of 961 miles. 
The greatest length of Pennsylvania, is due west, from Bristol 
on the Delaware river, to the eastern border of Ohio county, 
Virginia, through 356' of long, along north lat. 40° 9'. This 
distance on that line of lat. is equal to 315 American statute 



212 PEN— PET 

miles. The greatest breadth 176 miles from the Virginia 
line, to the extreme northern angle on Lake Erie. General 
breadth, 188 miles. Total population in 1810, 810,091; total 
population in 1820, 1,049,458. Of these: 

Foreigners not naturalized .10,728 

Engaged in Agriculture 140,801 

Do. .in Manufactures 60,215 

Do. .in Commerce 7,083 

Population to the square mile, nearly 23 £ 

Pennsylvania, granted by charter from Charles II. to Wil- 
liam Penn, March 4, 1681; next year the new colony publish- 
ed a frame of government, and a code of laws: a friendly in- 
tercourse was preserved with the aborigines for upwards of 
seventy years. The first colonists were chiefly quakers, who 
still maintain great influence in the state,- the first assembly 
was held at Philadelphia, in 1683, when anew political com- 
pact was adopted; in 1701, William Penn granted his last char- 
ter of privileges. The present constitution was established 
September 2, 1790. 

Penny-post set up in London and suburbs, by one Murray, an 
upholsterer, 1681, who afterwards assigned the same to one 
Dockwra; afterwards claimed by the government, who al- 
lowed the latter a pension of £200 a year, in 1711; first set 
up in Dublin, 1774; it was improved considerably in and round 
London, July, 1794; made a two-penny-post in 1801. 

Penobscot, American vessels destroyed at, 1780. 

Pens for writing were first made from quills in 635. 

Pension of 201. granted a lady for national services, 1514; ano- 
ther Gl. 13s. Ad. per annum, 1536; another, 131. 6s. 8 J. for the 
maintenance of a gentleman in studying the laws of the king- 
dom, 1558. 

Pentateuch, or the five books of Moses, written 1452 before 
Christ. 

Pentecost established, 68. 

Percival, Spencer, prime minister of England, assassinated in 
the lobby of the house of commons, by John BeHingham, May 
11, 1812. 

Pernambuco, revolutionary insurrection in the province of, in 
March, 1817. 

Persan attacked unsuccessfully by the British and Sepoys, Janu- 
ary 1, 1815. 

Persian empire founded, 536 before Christ; conquered by Alex- 
ander, 331 before Christ; army, fearing they should be cutoff 
by the Romans, threw themselves into the Euphrates, 
upwards of 10,000 of them perished, 424; trade began, 1.5G9; 
opened through Russia, 1741. 

Peruke, the first worn in France, 1G20; introduced into England, 
1660. 

Peru conquered by Pizarro, 1533. 

Peter, St. wrote his first epistle, GO; bis second epigtle, 66. 



PET—PIE 213 

Peter, St. pence, first granted to the Pope, 689. 

Petersburg, in Virginia, the shipping and stores at, destroyed by 
Phillips and Arnold, April 26, 1781. 

Petersburgh, in Russia, built by the czar, Peter I. 1703; had 
2,000 houses destroyed by a fire, August 12, 1736; received 
damage to the amount of 1,000,000 of rubles, by an inunda- 
tion and storm, September 23, 1777, and to the amount of 
2,000,000, by a fire on August 26, 1780; again, November 28, 
it had 11,000 houses destroyed by a fire, occasioned by light- 
ning; on June 7, 1796, it had a large magazine of naval stores, 
and between ninety and a hundred vessels in the harbor des- 
troyed. 

Petion defeated with great slaughter, and his flotilla destroyed 
by Christophe, chief of Hayti, February, 1808. 

Petitions for parliamentary reform, upwards of six hundred, 
presented by sir Francis Burdett, strewed the floor of the house 
of commons, March 5, 1817. 

Pharos, of Alexandria, built 282 before Christ. 

Pheasants brought to Europe by the Argonauts, 1250 before 
Christ. 

Phillipine isles discovered by the Spaniards, 1521. 

Phillipoli in Romania, had 4,000persons destroyed by an earth- 
quake, February, 1749-50. 

Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, lies on a pldin between the rivers 
Delaware and Schuylkill, about 120 miles from the ocean; the 
streets are at right angles from north to south, from east to 
west. In 1683 there were only 80 dwelling houses. An enu- 
meration was made in 1749, by Dr. Franklin, the honourable 
Thomas Hopkinson, chief justice Allen, and other distin- 
guished citizens, when it was ascertained there were 2,076 
dwelling houses. The city is distinguished by many charita- 
ble, literary and other valuable institutions; its water works, 
its academy of fine arts, Franklin institution, free schools, &c. 
&c, &c. Population in 1820, in the city and suburbs, 144,410. 

Phocsean, or sacred war, 357 before Christ. 

Phosphorus, artificial fire, discovered 1699; hermetic phospho- 
rus was made in 1677. 

Physic garden, the first cultivated in England, by John Gerrard, 
surgeon of London, 1567; that at Oxford, endowed by the earl 
of Danby, 1652; that at Cambridge begun, 1763; physic gar- 
den, Chelsea, begun 1732. 

Physic, the practice of, was confined to ecclesiastics, from about 
1206 to about 1500. 

Piazza planet, discovered 1801. 

Picts' walls, between England and Scotland, built 85, by Agri- 
cola; repaired by Urbicus, 144; Adrian built one from New- 
castle to Carlisle, 121; Severus from sea to sea, 203. 

Piedmont surrendered to the French, December 6, 1798; recov- 
ered in 1799. 



214 PILLAGE, &c —PLAGUE. 

Pillage in Italy, by the French, and sent to Paris, consists of 66 
pieces of sculpture, and 47 capital paintings. Among the 
former are the following celebrated chefs d'ceuvre:— the 
Apollo, the Antinous, the Adonis, the Dying Gladiators, the 
Laocoon, the Two Sphynxes, and the Tomb of the Muses; 
among the latter are the principal paintings of Raphael, Peru- 
gino, Guerchino, Annibal Carrache, Guido, Titian, and Cor- 
regio. In the catalogue of the articles sent to the national 
library, a manuscript of the antiquities of Josephus on papy- 
rus, a manuscript Virgil of Petrarch, with notes in his hand- 
writing, and 500 of the most curious manuscripts which were 
in the library of the Vatican. 

Pillage of the Thames annually on each branch of trade, used to 
be £461,000; to prevent which was the chief cause for erect- 
ing the new docks at Wapping and in the isle of Dogs. 

Pillau surrendered to the Russians, February 8, 1813. 

Pins brought from France, 1543, and were first used in England 
by Catharine Howard, queen of Henry VIII. Before that in- 
vention, both sexes used ribbons, loop-holes, laces with points 
and tags, clasps, hooks and eyes, and skewers of brass, silver 
and gold. 

Pipes of lead for the conveyance of water, invented to be cast, 
1539. 

Pippins first planted in England, in Lincolnshire, 1585. 

Pisa republic founded, 1403. 

Pistols first used by the cavalry, 1544. 

Pitch and tar made from pit-coal, discovered at Bristol, 1779. 

Pit, or box, to contain the host, ordered by the Lateran council, 
1215. 

Plague — the whole world visited by one, 767 before Christ; in 
Rome, when 10,000 persons died in a day, 78; in Chichester, 
when 34,000 died, 1772 ; in Scotland, which swept away 40,000 
inhabitants, 954; in England, 1025, 1247, and 1347, when 
50,000 died in London, 1500 in Leicester, &c; in Germany, 
which cut off 90,000 people, 1348; in Paris and London very 
dreadful, 1367; again 1379; in London, which killed 30,000 
persons, 1407; again, when more were destroyed than in fif- 
teen years war before, 1477; again, when 30,000 died in Lon- 
don, 1499; again, 1548; again, 1594; which carried off in Lon- 
don, a fourth part of its inhabitants, 1604; at Constantinople, 
when 200,000 persons died, 1611; at London, when 35,417 di- 
ed, 1625 and 1631; at Lyons, in France, died 60,000, 1632; 
again at London, which destroyed 68,000 persons, in 1665; at 
Messina, February, 1743; at Algiers, 1755; in Persia, when 
80,000 persons perished at Bassorah, 1773: at Smyrna, that 
carried off about 20,000 inhabitants, 1784; and at Tunis, 
32,000, 1784; in the Levant, 1786; at Alexandria, Smyrna, 
&c. 1791; in Egypt, in 1792, where nearly 800,000 died; the 
yellow fever destroyed 2,000 at Philadelphia, in 1793; on the 
•oast of Africa, particularly at Barbary, 3,000 died daily; at 



PLA— POL 215 

Fez, 247,000 died in June, 1799; 1,800 died at Morocco, in 
1800, in one day; in Spain and at Gibraltar, where great num- 
bers died in 1804 and 1805; at Malta, where it committed 
great ravages, 1813; in lesser Asia, Syria, and the adjacent 
islands, by which Smyrna is computed to have lost 30,000 
persons, 1814; in the kingdom of Naples, where it committed 
considerable ravages, 1816. 

Plantation, a large, with all the buildings, destroyed by the land 
removing from its former site to another, and covering every 
thing in its way, October 16, 1784, in St. Joseph's parish, Bar- 
bados. 

Plaster of Paris, the way first found out for taking a likeness in, 
by And. Verocchio, J 470. 

Plate-glass manufactory established at Lancashire, in 1773; first 
in France, 1688. 

Plattsburgh, Lake Champlain, expedition against, by sir George 
Prevost, abandoned after a naval defeat, September 11, 1814. 

Plays first performed in England, 1378; that by the parish 
clerks, in 1390. Suppressed by parliament, in 1647; restor- 
ed 1659. 

Pleadings in courts of judicature first permitted, 788; first used 
in the English tongue, 1362. 

Pleurs, the town of, in Italy, was buried by a fragment of the 
Alps falling, and all the inhabitants (about 2,200 in number) 
perished 1618. A town of the same neighborhood was buried 
in a similar manner in the 13th century. 

Poet Laureat, the first was Bernard Andrews, 1486; John Kay, 
1490; Reverend John Skelton, died June 21, 1529; Edmund 
Spencer died, 1598; Samuel Daniel, died 1619; Ben Johnson, 
1619, died August 6, 1637; sir William Davenant, died April 
7, 1668; John Dryden, esq. 1668, dismissed as a papist, 1688; 
Thomas Shadwell, died December 1 692; Nahum Tate died Au- 
gust 12, 1715; Nicholas Rowe, died December 6, 1718; Rev- 
erend Laurence Eusden, died December 27, 1757; William 
Whitehead, died April 14, 1785; Reverend Thomas Wharton, 
K. D. died May 21, 1790; Henry James Pye, esq. his suc- 
cessor. 

Poland, once the country of the Vandals, who left it to in- 
vade the Roman empire; embraced Christianity, 965; order of 
the white eagle instituted, 1705; Augustus vacated the throne 
1707; endeavored to recover it, 1709; Augustus Stanislaus 
carried off by the confederates and wounded, November 3, 
1771; the kingdom seized and divided between Prussia, Rus- 
sia, and Germany, 1773. So late as the 13th century, the 
Poles retained the custom of killing old men when past their 
labor, and such children as were born imperfect; a general 
revolution, April 14, and the crown made hereditary in the 
Saxon family, May 3, 1791; the sovereignty dissolved and the 
kingdom divided between Russia, Austria and Prussia, Novem- 
ber 25, 1795, and the king retired on a pension of 200,000 



216 POL— POPE. 

ducats; invaded by Bonaparte, 180G; assembled a general diet 
at Warsaw to recover her political existence, June 28, 1812; 
united to Russia, whose sovereign has the title of king of Po- 
land, 1815. Last king of Poland, Stanislaus II. count Ponia- 
towski, 1764, who resigned the regal dignity in 1795, and di- 
ed at St. Petersburgh, February 11, 1798. 

Policy of insurance in writing first used at Florence, 1569. 

Polygamy forbid by the Romans in 393. 

Pondicherry taken by the Dutch from France, 1694; by the Eng- 
lish, 1761, October, 1778, and August 3, 1793. 

Poor rates in England began in 1573— in 1783 they amounted to 
£2,131,486; 1784 to 2,185,889; 1785 to 2,184,904. In 1804 
it was estimated that the whole amount, including donations, 
was near 4,000,000 pounds sterling. 

Pope, the title of, formerly given to all bishops. The emperor, 
in 606, confined it to the bishops of Rome; Hygenus was the 
first bishop of Rome that took the title, 154; the pope's supre- 
macy over the christian church established by Boniface III. 
607; custom of kissing the pope's toe began 708; pope Stephen 

III. Avas the first who was carried to the Lateran on men's 
shoulders, 752; the pope's temporal grandeur commenced, 
755; Sergius II. was the first pcpe that changed his name on 
his election, 844; John XIX. a layman, made pope by dint of 
money, 1024; the first pope that kept an army was Leo IX. 
1054. Their assumed authority carried to such excesses as 
to excommunicate and depose sovereigns, and to claim the 
presentation of all church benefices, by Gregory VII. and his 
successors, from 1073 to 15C0; pope Gregory obliged Henry 

IV. emperor of Germany, to stand three days in the depth of 
winter,' bare-footed at his castle-gate, to implore his pardon, 
1077; pope Celestine III. kicked the emperor Henry IV's 
crown off his head, while kneeling, to show his prerogative of 
making and unmaking kings, 1191; the pope's authority first 
introduced into England, 1079; the pcpe demanded an annual 
sum for every cathedral and monastery in Christendom, but 
refused, 1226; collected the tenths of the whole kngdom of 
England, 1226; residence of the pope removed to Avignon, 
where it continued seventy years, 3308; their demand on Eng- 
land refused by parliament, 1363; three at one time in 1414; 
Leo X. made a cardinal at 14 years old; elected pope, March 
11, 1513, aged 36; died 1521; Clement VII. began to reign, 
who brought pluralities to their consummation, making his 
nephew, Hippolito, Cardinal de Medicis, commendatory uni- 
versal, granting to him all the vacant benefices in the world, 
for six months, and appointing him usu-fructuary from the first 
day of his possession, 1523; Rome sacked and Clement im- 
prisoned, 1527; moved their residence to Avignon, 1531; kiss- 
ing the pope's toe, and some other ridiculous ceremonies 
abolished, and the order of Jesuits suppressed by the late pope 
Clement XIV. 1773; visited Vienna to solicit the emperor in 



POP— POR 217 

favour of the church, March, 1782; suppressed monasteries, 
1782; destitute of all political influence in Europe, 1787. 
Population. — The following has been given as an estimate of 
Europe, in order to its being contrasted with the population of 
China, which was estimated by the suite of lord Macartney, 
at one hundred and fifty millions. 

Russia in Europe 25,000,000 

Denmark 2,800,000 

Sweden 2, . r >00,000 

Poland 9 000,000 

Germany 2 2,000,000 

Hungary 8,000,000 

England 11 ,000,000 

Holland 3,000.000 

Turkey in Europe 9.000,000 

Italy 13,000,000 

Switzerland 2,000,000 

France 28,000,000 

Spain 8,000,000 

Portugal • 2,000,000 

145,300*000 

Population of London, Westminster, Borouch, and neighbouring 
districts, appeared to be, 1,099,104, in 1811, being an increase 
in two years, of 133,139. 

Porcelain and tea from China, first spoken of in history, 1590. 

Porcelain of Saxony brought to perfection, 1700. 

Port-au-Prince, in St. Domingo, had 150 houses burnt, June 09, 
1784; nearly the whole town was burnt by the rioters, Decem- 
ber, 1791. 

Porter, raised 2rf. per gallon, January 10, 17G2; again 1801; 
quantities of, brewed by the twelve principal brewers, in Lon- 
don, between the 5th of July, 1807, and the 5th of July, 1808, 
1,100,289 barrels. 

A porter cask, at Messrs. Meux and Co's Liquor-ponrl-<*treet, 
is 65i feet in diameter, 25£ feet high, and has 5G hoops from 
one ton to three tons each; it contains SOjOOO barrels of por- 
ter; consists of 314 staves of English oak, 2i inches thick; 
has been four years building, and cost £10,000. 

Porto-Cavello taken by surprise by the Spanish royalists, July 6, 
1812. 

Porto-Rico discovered, 1497. 

Port-Royal, in Jamaica, destroyed by an earthquake, June 7, 
1692; by a fire in 1703; and by a hurricane; August 28, 1722; 
again by a storm, October 20, 1744; had S 100,000 damage 
by a fire, 1750; by a terrible storm, July 30, 1784; by a fire 
July 13, 1815. 

Portsmouth, 20 men, women and children, literally blown to 
atoms by the explosion of a barrel of powder, at, June 24, 
1809. 

19 



218 PORTUGAL. 

Portsmouth dock yard received £400,000 damage by a fire, Jo» 
ly 3, 17C0. 

Portugal, kingdom of, began 1139; united to Spain in 1580, and 
continued so till 1640, when they shook off the Spanish yoke; 
invaded by the Dutch, 1808; government of, emigrated to the 
Brazils, 1807; prince regent of, declared war against France, 
May 1, 1808, in consequence of Franco having invaded it; 
French expelled from it, April 3, 1811; £100,000 voted by 
the English parliament, for the relief of the sufferers of, by the 
French invasion, 10th April, 1811. Subscription for the same 
purpose opened at the City of London Tavern, April 24th fol- 
lowing; Portuguese court, removal of the, from Lisbon to the 
Brazils, November, 1807; Brazils and the two Algarves, uni- 
ted to it as a kingdom, December, 1815. 

Modem Kings oj Portugal — Family of Braganza. 

John IV. 1640; Alphonsus VI. 1646; Peter II. 1683; John V. 
1706; Joseph 1750; Mary 1777; John VI. 1802; Maria de Glo- 
ria, present queen, an infant in her 11th year — the throne 
usurped by her uncle, Don Miguel. 

Chronology of Portugal. — A. D. 1139, Ourique: Alphonso I. 
defeats five Moorish kings, in memory of which victory he 
places five black escutcheons in the arms of Portugal; 
1147, Lisbon, taken from the Moors by Alphonso I.; 1184, 
Santarem: Ali-Jacoub, chieftain of the Almoradive Moors, 
defeated by Alphonso I. and his son Sancho; 1267, Algarve 
annexed to Portugal; 1340, Alphonso IV. in conjunction 
with the king of Castile, gains the signal victory of Sa- 
lado, near Algesiras, over the Moors; 1385, Battalia or Al- 
jubarota: John I. king of Castile, claiming the crown of 
Portugal in right of his consort Beatrix, is defeated by 
John I. of Portugal; 1411, Portugal commences a military 
expedition into Africa; 1476 defeated by the kingof Arragonat 
Toro; 1497, in the lapse of eighty-six years, the Portuguese 
had explored the African coast from the Straits of Gibraltar 
to the extreme south, and now succeeds in doubling the Cape 
of Good Hope; 1500, Cabral, a Portuguese admiral, discovers 
the BnAZiLs; 1520, the Portuguese, now the great maritime 
European nation, possesses colonies and factories from the 
Straits of Gibraltar to India, but here commences her decline; 
1526, the inquisition fixed at Lisbon; 1578, Sebastian invaded 
Africa, and was slain with nearly his whole army, by the 
Moors; 1580, Portugal invaded, conquered, and made a pro- 
vince of Spain; 1640, the Spaniards expelled, and the crown 
of Portugal restored to the lawful heirs; 1808, Vimiera, Es- 
tremadura, Junot defeated by lord Wellington, in consequence 
of which the convention of Cintra takes place, and the French 
evacuate Portugal; 1812, Almeida, Beira, besieged and taken 
from the French by the allied army under lord Wellington. 



POSTS— POST-OFFICES. 219 

Posts, regular, established between London and most towns of 
England, Scotland and Ireland, &c. 1 G35. The emperor Cyrus 
was the first who erected post-houses throughout the kingdom 
of Persia; Augustus was the first who introduced this institu- 
tion among the Romans, and employed post-chaises; Louis XI. 
first established post houses in France; and they were not set- 
tled in England till the 12th of Charles II. 

Post horses and stages established in England, 1483. 

Post offices first established in Paris 1462; in England 1581; the 
mail conveyed in stage coaches in England, began in 1785. 

Post-Office Establishment of the United States, compiled from 
the report of the Postmaster General to Congress, dated 
November 17th, 1828. The following statement shews the 
gradual increase and present condition of the post-office 
department: — 

Miles of 
Years. Post Ojfices. Revenue. Post Roads. 

In 1792 195 $67,444 5,642 

1797 554 213,998 16,180 

1802 1,114 327,045 25,315 

1807 1,848 478,763 33,755 

1812 2,610 649,208 39,o?8 

1817 3,459 1,002,973 52,009 

1823end'g July 1,4,49S 1,114,344 82,763 

1828 7,651 1,598,134 114,536 

1829, one mail establishment in the city of Baltimore, 
employs 500 horses and 100 coaches. 
Within the lost five years there has been established 3,153 
additional post offices; being a greater number than was in 
operation in the United States in the year 1815. 

From the most accurate calculation that can be made for 
the year ending 1st July, 1823, the mail was transported 

In stages, 4,489,744 miles 

On horseback, 5,511,496 

10,100,240 
Since that period the transportation of the 

of the mail has increased = 3,608,849 

Increase in the year ending 1st July, 1828, 798,960 

The augmented revenue, since the 1st July, 1823, has been 
sufficient to meet the annual expense incurred by the increase 
of mail facilities, and leaves a sum of $187,302 52 unex- 
pended. On many routes the mail is conveyed, at the rate of 
one hundred miles a day. The number of post-masters, assist- 
ant post-masters, clerks, contractors and persons engaged in 
the transporting the mail, is about 26,956; horses 17,584j 
carriages 2,879. 



220 POST-OFFICE— PRESIDENTS. 

The receipts of the year ending 1st July, 1828, 

as ab->ve stated, amounted to the sura of $1,598,134 48 

Those of the preceding year were 1,473,551 00 



Making an increase of this sum above the receipts 

of H27 124,583 43 

The expenditures of the year ending 1st July 

last amounted to the sum of 1,623,333 46 

Leaving an excess of expenditure, beyond the 
receipt of . . . . # 25.199 03 

In this excess there is not included the sum of 
$12,7 ( .i 24, which was paid by the department 
Under a special act of congress. 

By the last annual report there was a surplus of 
money in deposite, and due from post-masters, 
including payments made on old accounts, 
amounting to 370,033 37 

From this sum deduct the above excess of ex- 
penditure $25,199 03 

And the amount paid into the trea- 
sury under the above law 12,729 24 

37,923 27 

Leaving this amount of surplus $332,105 10 

Potatoes first brought to England from America, by Hawkins, 
in 1563; introduced into Ireland by sir Walter Raleigh, in 
1586, and were not known in Flanders till 1650. 

Pottery, great discoveries made in it by Mr. Wedgewood, 1763. 

PRESIDENTS OF CONGRESS. 

John Hancock, May 24th, 1775, to October 29th, 1777; Henry 
Laurens, November 1st, 1777, to December 9th, 1778; John 
Jay, December 9th, 1778, to September 28th, 1779; Samuel 
Huntingdon, September 28th to July 10th, 1780; Thomas 
McKean, July 10th, 1780; John Hanson, 1781; Elias Boudi- 
not, 1782; Thomas Mifflin, 1783; Richard Henry Lee, 1784; 
Nathaniel Gorham, 1786; Arthur St. Clair, 1787; Cyrui 
Griffin, 1788. 

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Bom. Inaugurated. Term expired. 

Washington, Feb. 22, 1732 1789 66th year of his age. 

John Adams, Oct. 19, 1735.... 1797 do do do. 

Jefferson,.... April 2, 1743.... 1801 do do do. 

Madison, March 5, 1751 1809. . . .do do do. 

Monroe, ....April 2, 1759. .. .1817. .. .do do do. 

J.Q.Adams, July 11, 1767. .. .1825....62d. .. .do. .. .do. 
Andrew Jackson, president elect, and will take his seat 1829. 



ELECTION OF PRESIDENT OF U. STATES. 221 

Very few coincidences of a more surprising character can 
be named, than that five successive presidents of the United 
States, should have completed their term of service in the 66th 
year of his age. 
Election of President and Vice President of the United States, under 
the second article of the Constitution and Laics of Congress, of 1792 
and 1804. 

1. Within 34 days of the first Wednesday in December, previous 
to the expiration of a presidential term, as many electors are 
appointed in each state, as it has senators and representatives 
in congress. 

2. The executive of each state prepares six lists of the electors, 
and delivers them to the electors on or before the first Wed- 
nesday in December. 

3. The electors meet on first Wednesday in December, and fill 
all vacancies in their body, and ballot for president and vice- 
president, and prepare three signed and sealed lists of ballots, 
and envelope in each one of the official lists of electors. 

A. They then appoint a person to carry a set of ballots to Wash- 
ington, and before the first Wednesday in the following Janu- 
ary, they send one set of certified ballots by this person, and 
one set by mail to the secretary of the United States senate, 
or if there be none, to the secretary of state, to deliver to the 
secretary of the senate when appointed. The third set of bal 
lots is delivered to the district judge to provide for the acci- 
dental loss of the others. 

5. Congress is to be in session on the second Wednesday of Feb- 
ruary, on which day the secretary of the senate opens, and 
counts the ballots in presenee of both houses; the person hav- 
ing the majority of all the electoral votes for president, is pre- 
sident. A similar process of counting, decides who is vice- 
president. 

6. If there be no majority for president, the house of represen- 
tatives immediately chuse a president from the three highest 
candidates, each state giving one vote. 

7. If there be no majority for vice-president, the senate, or two 
thirds of that body, immediately chuse by a majority of the 
whole senate, a vice-president from the two highest candi- 
dates. 

In the foregoing case, if no president be chosen before the fourth 
March following, the vice-president acts as president for the 
presidential term. 

If the president be disabled or die, the vice-president acts as 
president, until the disability be removed, or for the balance 
of the presidential term. 

If both the president and vice-president be disabled, or die, the 
secretary of the senate, or if none, the speaker of the house 
of representatives, acts as president, till the disability be re- 
moved, or till a new election. 
19* 



822 PRE— PUM 

If the presidency and vice-presidency be vacant, the secretary 
of state shall notify the executive of each state thereof, and 
advertise the same in a newspaper in each state, when a new 
election will commence. 

The president and vice-president of the United States hold their 
offices for four years, commencing on the fourth of March af- 
ter their election. 

Presbyterian meeting house, the first in England at Wandsworth, 
in Surrey, November 20, 1572. 

Pressing seamen commenced in 1355. 

Prince of Wales, the title of, first given to the king's eldest son, 
128G. 

Printing invented by J. Faust, 1441; first made public by John 
Gottenburgh, of Mentz, 1458; wooden types first used, 1470; 
brought into England by William Caxton, 1471, who had a 
press in Westminster abbey till 1494; first patent granted for 
it, 1591; first introduced into Scotland, 1509; first used at 
Lyons, 1488; first set up at Constantinople, in 1784; printing 
in colours invented, 1626. 

Prisoners of war, all the persons who happened to be in France 
at the breaking out of war, detained contrary to the usage of 
nations, May, 1803. 

Privy council instituted by Alfred, 896. 

Prometheus struck fire from flints, about 1715 before Christ; he 
being the first person, is said to have stolen it from Heaven. 

Propyleum at Athens, built 433 before Christ. 

Protectorate. — That of the earl of Pembroke began October, 
1216, ended by his death the same year; of the duke of Bed- 
ford began 1422, ended by his death September, 1435; of the 
duke of Gloucester, began April, 1483, ended by his assuming 
the royal dignity, June, 1483; of Somerset, began 1 547, ended 
by his resignation, 1549; of Oliver Cromwell, began Decem- 
ber, 1653, ended by his death, 1658; of Richard Cromwell, bs- 
gan 1658, ended by his resignation, April, 1659. 

Protestants first began 1580; a congregation of Spanish protest- 
ants established in London, 1549; permitted to have churches 
in Hungary, 1784, and were protected in Germany; in France, 
1791. 

Prussia — see art. Brandenburg. 

Public houses, licensing them first granted to sir Giles Mont- 
pessonandsirFrancis Michel, for their own emolument, 1637. 
Their number in Great-Britain in 1790, was 76,000. The 
averaged annual consumption of ale and porter in these hou- 
ses, is 1,132,147 barrels, which at Ad. per quart, exceeds 
£2,495.961; three million gallons of gin and compounds are 
likewise consumed, costing nearly £1.000,000, in all about 
three millions and a half a year. Of this money threa millions 
is expended by the labouring people only, and estimated to 
amount to about 28J. for each family per annum. 

Pumps invented 1425. 



QUADRANT, &c— RAIL-ROADS. 223 

Punic war, the first commenced 263; the second 218; the third 

149 before Christ. 
Purgatory, the doctrine of, invented 250; introduced into the 

church, 593. 
Pyramids in Egypt, built 1430 before Christ. 



Q. 



Quadrant, solar, introduced 290 before Christ. 

in geometry, the fourth part of a circle, containing 

ninety degrees; also the area or space included between this 
arc and two radii, drawn from the centre to each extremity. 
The quadrant, an instrument for taking the altitude of the sun 
or stars, of great use in navigation and astronomy, originally 
invented by Godfrey of Philadelphia — falsely claimed in Eng- 
land, as Hadley's quadrant, by which name this valuable in- 
strument is now called. 

Quakers, sixty were transported to Ameriea by order of coun- 
cil, 1G64; their affirmation taken as an oath in the courts be- 
low, 1696; one John Archdale, his election to a seat in parlia- 
ment made void, on his refusing to take oath, 1698. 

Quicksilver, use of, discovered in refining silver ore, 1540. 

Quills were first used for pens in 635. 



R. 

Rail Roads, first used near Newcastle upon Tyne, about 1650; 
wooden rails, four to eight inches square, resting upon trans- 
verse sleepers two feet apart, were in use for many years, 
when rails of the same description, covered with thin plates 
of iron, were substituted. The usual load for one horse on 
rail roads of this description, was forty-two cwt. Wooden 
rail roads in pretty general use, to facilitate mining opera- 
tions, prior to the year 1760. Train roads, with rails of cast 
iron, first introduced at Uolebrook-dale iron works, at the in- 
stance of Mr. Reynolds, in 1767; at the Sheffield colliery in 
1776. Stone props,, for the support of the rails, substituted 
for timber in 1797, at Newcastle upon Tyne. Edge rails were 
brought into use by Mr. Jessop in 1789, at Loughborough. 
Maliable iron edge rails adopted at Newcastle in 1805, and 
at Tindale Fell in 1808. The improved maliable edge rail, 
now in use, was invented by Mr. Birkinsaw in 1820. A loco- 



224 RAIL-ROADS, RAIN, &c. 

motive engine, propelled by steam, was employed for the 
first time on the. Merthyn Tydvil rail road, in Wales, in 1804. 
Blenkinsnp's locomotive engine, which operated by means of 
cog-wheels and rack-raiis, was invented and applied on the 
Leeds rail road in 1811. But the locomotive engine that has 
obtained the greatest reputation, and been most generally 
adopted, is lhat invented by Mr. George Stevenson in 1814. 
This engine has undergone a variety of improvements since 
that time, and is deemed more efficient than any of its prede- 
cessors. 

The only rail roads in the island of Great Britain designed 
for general use or reciprocal transportation, are the Surrey, 
commenced in 1804, which is a Tram road; the Stockton and 
Darlington, completed in 1826, on which edge rails are em- 
ployed; and the Liverpool and Manchester rail way, now in 
progress of construction. 

The only considerable rail roads in the United States, al- 
ready in successful operation, are the Quincy, near Boston, 
Mass. three miles long, and the Mauch Chunck rail road, on 
the Lehigh river, about nine miles long. These were con- 
structed for the purpose of facilitating mining operations. 
Various others for general use have been projected, among 
which are the Baltimore and Ohio rail road, about three hun- 
dred and fifty miles long, commenced in 1828; the Baltimore 
and Susquehannah rail road, extending from Baltimore to 
Lakes Ontario and Erie, of about the same length; a rail road 
from Boston to Providence, about 45 miles; another from Bos- 
ton to Hudson or Albany; another from Philadelphia to Co- 
lumbia on the Susquehannah; another from Utica to Owego, 
in the state of New-York; another from Baltimore to Wash- 
ington; another from Charleston to Columbia, SouthCaro- 
lina; besides numerous others, that have already excited 
a considerable share of public attention. 

Rain, violent in Scotland, for five months, 553; a continual rain 
in Scotland for five months, 918; so violent in England the 
harvest did not begin till Michaelmas, 1330; so heavy that the 
corn was spoiled, 1335; from the beginning of October to De- 
cember, 1338; from Midsummer to Christmas, so that there 
was not one day or night dry together, 1348; in Wales which 
destroyed 10,000 sheep, September 19, 1752; in Languedoc, 
which destroyed the village of Bar le Due, April 26, 1776; in 
the island of Cuba, on the 21st of June, 1791, when 3,000 per- 
sons and 11,700 cattle of various kinds perished, by the tor- 
rents occasioned by the rain. Quantity of rain which fell at 
Philadelphia in 1827 and 1828, as indicated by the rain 
guage, was, in 1827, 33.50 inches; in 1828, 37.39 inches. 

Rainbow, theory of, given 1611; improvement, 1689. 

Rains, storms and winds, first painted by Lorenzetti, 1330. 

Rambouillet decree of Bonaparte, for the confiscation of Ameri- 
can property in the ports of France, Holland, &c. March, 1810. 



REBELLIONS, &c. 225 

Rangoon, in the province of Bengal, had 6,000 houses destroyed 
by fire, 1814. 

Rebellions remarkable in British history: against William I. in 
favour of Edward Atheling, by the Scots and Danes, A. D. 
1063; against .Villiatn II. in favour of his brother Robert, 
1088; of the Welch, who defeated the Normans and English, 
1095; in Engiand, ifi favour of the empress Maude, 1139; 
prince Richard against his father Henry II. 1189; of the ba- 
rons, April, 1215; compromised by ihe grant of magna charta, 
June 15, following; of the lords spiritual and temporal against 
Edward II. on aceouat of his favourites the Gaveslons, 1312; 
and again on account of the Spenser-;, 1321; of Walter, the ti- 
ler, of Dcptford. vulgarly called Wat Tiler, occasioned by the 
brutal rudeness of a tax-gatherer, to his daughter — having 
killed the collect or in his rage, he raised a party to oppose the 
tax itself, which was a grievous poll-tax, 1331; of Henry, 
duke of Lancaster, who caused Richard II. to be deposed, 
1399; in Ireland, wiien Roger, earl of March, the viceroy and 
presumptive heir to the crown, was slain, 1399; against Hen- 
ry IV. by confederated lords, 14J3; under the earl of Nor- 
thumberland, who was defeated at Bramham Moor, and 
slain, 1458; of Jack Cade, in Favour of the duke of York, 
1450; in favour of the house of York, 1452, which end- 
ed in the imprisonment of Henry VI. and sealing Edward 
IV. of York, on the throne, 1466; under Warwick and Clar- 
ence, 1470, which ended with the expulsion of Edward IV. 
and the restoration of Henry VI. the same year; under Ed- 
ward IV. 1471, which ended with the death of Henry VI.; of 
the earl of Richmond, against Richard III. 1485, which ended 
with the death of Richard; under Lambert Simnel, who pre- 
tended to be Richard III.'s nephew, 1486, which ended the 
same year, in discovering that Simnel was a baker's son: he 
was pardoned; under Perkin Warbeck, 1493, which ended in 
the execution of Warbeck, 1499; under Flamoc, 1497, owing 
to taxes, which ended with the battle of Blackheath; of the 
English, on account of destroying the monasteries, 1536, end- 
ed the same year; in favour of lady Jane Grey, against queen 
Mary, 1553, which ended in the death of lady Jane; of the Ro- 
man Catholics against queen Elizabeth. 1559; under the earl 
of Essex, against Elizabeth, 1600, which ended in his death, 
1601; against Charles I. 1639, which ended with his death, 
1649; of the Scotch, 1666; under the duke of Monmouth, 1685, 
which ended in his death; of the Scotch, under the old pre- 
tender, 1715; of the Scotch, under the young pretender, 1745. 

Records, the public, began to be regularly preserved and kept, 
1100, by order of Edward I.; the earliest in English, bear date, 
1415. 

Reflecting telescopes invented, 1657. 

Reformation began in England, by John Wickliffe, 1370; in 
Germany, by Jerome of Prague, Luther and others, about 



236 RELIGIONS OF EUROPEAN STATES, &c. 

1502; in Hungary, by Zirka, 1518; in Swisserland, by Zuingli- 

us, 1519; in Denmark, 1521; in Sweden, 1523; completed in 

England, by Henry VIII. 1534. 
Registers of births, marriages, and burials, began in 1533. 
Regimental clothing for the army, introduced into France, by 

Louis XIV. 

Religions of European states. 

Austria, an empire, Papists; Bavaria, a kingdom, Papists; Bohe- 
mia, a kingdom, Papists and Lutherans; Brandenburgh, a mar- 
quisate, Lutherans, Calvinists and Papists; Brunswick, a duke- 
dom, Lutherans; Cologne, an archbishopric, Papists; Courland, 
a dukedom, Papists and Protestants; Denmark, a kingdom, 
Lutherans; England, a kingdom, church of England, and all 
others; France, an empire, Papists; Genoa, a republic, and the 
Jews tolerated; Germany, empire, Papists, Lutherans and 
Calvinists; Greece, part of Turkey, Mahometans, Jews, &c; 
Hanover, a dukedom, Lutherans, Calvanists," &c; Hesse Cas- 
sel, a landgraviate, Lutherans, Calvanists and Papists; Hol- 
land, a kingdom, Calvinists, Papisls, &c. tolerated; Hungary, 
a kingdom, Papists and Protestants; Ireland, a kingdom, all 
religions tolerated; Italy, a kingdom, Papists; Lucca, a repub- 
lic, Papists; Malta, an island, Papists; Mantua, a dukedom, 
Papists; Mecklenburgh Schwerin, a dukedom, Lutherans; 
Mecklenburgh Strelitz, a dukedom, Lutherans; Milan, a duke- 
dom, Papists; Modena, a dukedom, Papists; Naples, a king- 
dom, Papists; Norway, a kingdom, Lutherans; Osnaburgh, a 
bishopric, Catholics and Protestants; Palatine, a principali- 
ty. Papists and Lutherans; Parma and Placentia, a dukedom, 
Papists; Piedmont, a principality, Papists; Portugal, a king- 
dom, Papists; Prussia, a kingdom, Lutherans, Calvanists and 
Papists; Russia, an empire of Greeks, Calvanists and Luther- 
ans; Sardinia, a kingdom, Papists; Savoy, a dukedom, Papists; 
Saxony, a kingdom, Papists and Lutherans; Scotland, a king- 
dom, Presbyterians, Episcopacy tolerated; Siberia, in the 
Russian empire, Greeks and Armenians; Sicily, an island, Pa- 
pists; Spain, a kingdom, Papists; Sweden, a kingdom, Luther- 
ans, popery abolished 1544; Switzerland Cantons, a republic, 
six are Protestants, seven are Papists; Tartary, an empire, 
partly in Europe, Armenians, Mahometans and Greeks; Triers, 
an archbishopric, Papists; Turkey, an empire, partly in Eu- 
rope, Mahometans, Jews and Christians; Tuscatsy, a dukedom, 
Papists; United States of North America, a republic, Protest- 
ants and all others; Venice, a republic, Papists, Greeks and 
Jews. 

Religious houses suppressed in England by Henry VIII. 1540, 
amounted to 1041; by the national assembly in France, in 
1790, amounted to 4,500; by the emperor of Germany, in 1705, 
near 200. 

Beprisals at sea first granted, 1295. 



RELIGIOUS ORDERS, SECTS, &c. 227 

Albigenses had their origin 1160,- Anabaptists began 1525, ar- 
rived in England 1549; Anchorites began 1255; Angelitei 
494; Antinomian sect began 1538; Antoniaes began 329; Arian 
sect began 290; Armenian began 1229; Augustines began 389, 
first appeared in England 1250; Bartholinites sect founded 
at Genoa 1307; Begging friars established in France 1587; 
Beguines began 1208; Benedictines founded 548; Bethlehem- 
ites began 1248; Bohemian brethren, the sect of, began in 
Bohemia, 1467; Brigantines began 1370; Brownists sect be- 
gan 1660; Calvinists sect began 1546; Canons, regular, began 
400; Capuchins began 1525; Cardinals began 853, red hats 
given them 1242, the purple 1464, the title of eminence 1644; 
Carmelites began 1141; Carthusians began 1084; St. Catha- 
rine's began 1373; Celestines began 1272; Chaplines began 
1248; Dominicans began 1215; Flagellantes, the sect of, 
arose 1259; Franciscians began 1206; settled in England, 
1217; Gray friars began 1122; Hermits began 1257, revived 
1425; Holy Trinity began 1211; Jacobites began 1198; 
Jesuits 1 society began 1536; expelled England 1604; Venice, 
1606; Portugal, September 1759; France, May 5, 1602; Spain, 
1767; Naples, 1768; Rome and Prussia, 1773; order abolished, 
August 17, 1773; in Prussia and other states, 1776; revived in 
Russia, 1784; restored in Rome and other states, 1814; all 
monks of the order of, banished from St. Petersburg, January 
2, 1816; Jesus, the sisters of, society began 1626; Lutheran 
sect began 1517; Mahometan sect began 622; Manichee3 J 
sect began 343; Methodism commenced 1734; Minors began 
1009; Monks first associated 328; Moravians, or Unitas Fra- 
trum, appeared in Bohemia 1457; in England 1737; Predesti- 
narian sect began 371; Protestants began 1529; Puritans be- 
gan 1545; Quakers' sect began 1650; Quietists began 1685; 
Swedenborginns' sect began 1780; Trappists order of monks 
Eolemnly installed at Port Ringcard, department of Mayenne, 
January 21, 1815; Trinitarians, order of, instituted 1198; 
Unitarians began 1553; Ursulines established 1198. 

Revolutions remarkable in ancient history. The Assyrian em- 
pire destroyed, and that of the Medes and Persians founded 
by Cyrus the Great, 546 B. C; the Macedonian empire 
founded on the destruction of the Persian, on the defeat of 
Darius Codomanus, by Alexander the Great, 331 B. C; the 
Roman empire established on the ruins of the Macedonian, or 
Greek monarchy, by Julius Caesar, 47 B.C.; the eastern em- 
pire founded by Constantine the Great, on the final overthrow 
of the Romans, A. D. 306; the empire of the Western Franks 
began under Charlemagne, A. D. 302; this empire underwent 
a new revolution, and became the German empire, under Ro- 
dolph of Augsburg, the head of the house of Austria, A. D. 
1273, from whom it is also called the monarchy of the Aus- 
trians; the eastern empire passed into the hands of the 
Turks, A. D. 1300. 



238 REVENUE, RHODE-ISLAND, &c. 

Revolution in England, in 1668, Poland, in 1704, and 1709, and 
1795; Turkey, in 1730 and 1808; Persia, in 1748 and 1753; 
Russia, 1682, 1740, and 1762; Sweden, in 1772 and 1809; 
America, in 1775; France, in 1789; Holhmd, 1795; Venice, 
May 17, 1797; Rome, February 26, 1797; South America, 
April 19, 1810. 
Revenue of England at the revolution did not exceed £2,100,000, 
but in 1786 yielded £12,588,481; in 1787, £12,546,112; in 
1791, above £16,000,000. 
General vieio of the public revenues cf the principal states in Eurcpt. 

Great Britain, £39,500,000 

Turkey, 5,000,000 

Russia, 5,800,000 

Prussia, 3,600,000 

Sweden, 1,000,000 

Denmark, 1,000.000 

Holland, before the revolution, 4,000,000 

Austria, 12,400,000 

Hanover, 900,000 

Saxony, 1,100,000 

Bavaria and Palatinate, 1,100,000 

France, before the revolution,. .. .18,000,000 

Spain, 5,000,000 

Portugal, 1,800,000 

Sardinia, 1,100,000 

Sicily, 1,400,000 

Venice, 1,000,000 

Rome, 4 500,000 Roman crowns. 

Rhode Island, state of the United States; bounded by the Atlan- 
tic ocean S. and SE., Connecticut W., and Massachusetts N., 
NE. and E.; Having an outliie of 160 miles, extending 
from lat. 41° 18' to 42° 1' N.; area, exclusive of water, 
1200 square miles. Population in 1820 — whites, 79,457; 
free persons of colour, 3,554; slaves, 48; total, 83,059. Of 
these: 

Foreigners not naturalized, 237 

Engaged in agriculture, 12,559 

Do. . . .in manufactures, 6,091 

Do. . . .in commerce, 1,162 

Population to the square mile, 69 

Rhodes taken by the Saracens, and the colos-us, which had been 

thrown down by an earthquake, which weighed 720,000 lbs. 

sold to a Jew in 652; taken bv the Turks, 1521, when the 

knights quitted it, and settled at Malta. 

Rice was cultivated in Ireland in 15?5; in England 1600; had its 

first cultivation in South Carolina, by chance, 1702. 
Richmond, in Virginia, had 100 houses, valued at £100,000, 
destroyed hy fire, December 17, 1786. Theatre of, des- 
troyed by fire, December 26, 1811, and a number of distin- 
guished citizens burnt to death. 



RIOTS IN GREAT-BRITAIN. 229 

Richard I. king of England, taken prisoner in Germany, and 
ransomed for 100,000 marks, 1193. 

Riots in British History — Some rioters, citizens of London, de- 
molished the convent belonging to Westminster Abbey; the 
ringleaders were hanged, and the rest had their hands and 
feet cut off, 6 Henry III, A. D. 1221 — The goldsmiths' and 
tailors 1 company fought in the streets of London; several 
were killed on each side: the sheriffs quelled it, and thirteen 
were hanged, 1262. A riot at Norwich; the rioters burnt the 
cathedral and monastery; the king went thither, and saw the 
ringleaders executed, 1271. A riot in London in June 1628, 
and Dr. Lamb killed by the mob. Another, under pretence 
of pulling down bawdy-houses; four of the ring-leaders hang- 
ed, 1638. Another at Guildhall, at the election of sheriffs, 
1682; several considerable persons were concerned; they 
seized the lord mayor; but the city-lieutenancy raised the 
militia and released him; at Edinburgh and Dumfries, on ac- 
count of the union, 1707; in London on account of Dr. Sache- 
verel's trial; several dissenting meeting-houses broke open, 
the pu'pit of one pulled down, and with the pews burnt in 
Lincoln's-in fields, 1709; riots of the Whig and Tory mobs, 
called Ormond and Newcastle mobs, 2 George I. 1715; the 
riot act passed the same year, great mischief having been 
done by both parties in London; the Mug-house riot in Salis- 
bury-court, between the Whigs and Tories, one person shot 
dead by the master of the house; quelled by the guards, 1716. 
Rioters in Herefordshire demolished the turnpike: quelled 
after a smart engagement with the posse comitalus, 1735. Of 
the Spilalfields weavers, on account of employing workmen 
come over from Ireland, 1736. Between Irish, Welsh and 
English haymakers, 1736. At Edinburgh the mob rose, set 
fire to the prison door, took out captain Porteus (who had 
been pardoned for letting his soldiers fire and kill one of the 
mob at a former riot) and hanged him upon a sign-post, and 
then dispersed, 1736. Of the nailers in Worcestershire; they 
marched to Birmingham, and obliged all the ironmongers to 
sign a paper allowing them an advanced price on nails, 1737. 
Of the Spitalfields weavers, 1765. Of the people in all parts 
of England, on account of the dearness of provisions, 1766 and 
1767. A mob in St. George's fields, to see Mr. Wilkes in the 
King's Bench prison, 1768. Damage of £20,000 done to the 
public prisons and private buildings in London, June 6, 1780, 
for which many were hanged. At Glasgow, amongst the cot- 
ton manufacturers, when several were killed by the soldiers, 
September 4, 1787. A riot at Maidstone, at the trial of A. 
O'Connor and others, May 22, 1793, at which the earl of Tha- 
net, Mr. Ferguson and others, were active in endeavouring to 
rescue O'Connor, and for which they were tried and convict- 
ed, April 25, 1799. In different parts of England, owing to 
the high price of bread, September, 1S00. Of weavers, near 
20 



330 RIOTS IN GREAT-BRITAIN, &c. 

Manchester, May 24, 1808. At Liverpool, occasioned by a 
party of the 19th regiment of light dragoons having quarrelled 
with a press-gang, June 27, 1809. O. P. riot at Covent gar- 
den theatre, September, 1809, for old prices; terminated Jan- 
uary 4, 1810. In Piccadilly, in consequence of the warrant 
of the speaker of the house of commons to commit Sir Francis 
Burdett to the Tower, April 6—9, 1810. At the Liverpool 
theatre, in imitation of ihe O.P. at Covent garden, July, 1810- 
At Bridport, on account of the price of bread, which was 
quelled by the exertions of the principal inhabitants, May 6, 
1816. At Biddeford, to prevent the exportation of a cargo 
of potatoes, May 20, 1816. At Bury, to destroy a machine 
called a spinning jenny, in which the rioters were defeated by 
the magistrates and principal inhabitants, May 22, 1816. At 
Littleton and Ely, by a body of insurgent fenmen, on the same 
day— quelled by the military, after bloodshed, May 24. At 
Halstead, Essex, to liberate four persons who had been taken 
up for destroying machinery, May 28, 1816. At Preston, on 
account of a diminution of wages, August 17, 1816. Among 
the convicts in Newgate, which was quelled by threats of 
withholding from them their allowance of food, August 26, 

1816. At Nottingham, by the Luddites, who destroyed mora 
than thirty frames, October 12, 1816. At Merthys-Tydvil, 
in Glamorganshire, by the workmen in the iron works, on ac- 
count of a reduction of wages, October 18, 1816. By the 
colliers, at Calder iron works, near Glasgow, on account of a 
suspension of wages, in consequence of arrests for debt, which 
continued for several days, October 19, 1816. In the town 
of Birmingham, October 28, 1816. In London, in conse- 
quence of a popular meeting in Spa fields, forthe purpose of 
presenting a petition to the prince regent, from the distressed 
manufacturers and mechanics; the shops of several gunsmiths 
were attacked for arms, and in that of Mr. Beckwith on 
Snowhill, a Mr. Piatt, who happened to be in the shop, was 
shot in the body by one of the rioters, December 2, 1816. 
Several of the rioters were apprehended, and one of the name 
of Watson was tried for high treason and acquitted, June 16, 

1817. At Dundee, on account of the sudden rise in the price 
of meal; upwards of one hundred shops of various descrip- 
tions were plundered, and the house of Mr. Lindsey, an ex- 
tensive corn-dealer, set on fire, December 7, 1816. At Pres- 
ton, by the unemployed and distressed workmen, September, 
1816. At Almwick in Wales, to prevent a vessel laden with 
flour from leaving the wharf, March, 1817. 

Roads in the Highlands of Scotland were begun by Gen. Wade, 

in 1726, and finished 1737; in England first repaired by act of 

parliament, 1524. 
Roman empire began 44 before Christ; ended 63 after Christ; 

began in the west 74; ended 92; began in the east 364; 

«nded 1553; it was 2000 miles broad, and 3000 in length. 



ROME. 231 

Rome, its foundation laid by Romulus, its first king 753 B. C. 
according to most chronologers; by sir Isaac Newton's chro- 
nology, 627 B. C; they seize the Sabine women at a public 
spectacle, and detain them for wives, 750 B. C; the Romans 
and the Albans contesting for superiority, agree to choose 
three champions on each part to decide it; the three Horatii, 
Roman knights, and the three Curiatii, Albans, being elected 
by their respective countries, engage in the celebrated com- 
bat, which, by the victory of the Horatii, submits and unites 
Alba to Rome, 667 B. C; the circus built, said to have been 
capable of containing 150,000 people, 605 B. C; SestU3 
Tarquin, having ravished Lucretia, the Tarquins are expel- 
led, the kingly government abolished, and the republican 
established under two annual consuls, 500 B. C; the dicta- 
torship first introduced, 493 B. C; decemviri appointed to 
form a body of laws, which being done, they are written on 
ten tables, transcribed on pillars of brass, and made the 
standard of judicial proceedings, 451 B. C; the tribunes, 
sediles, &c. divested of all powers, 450 B. 0.; creation of 
censors, 443 B. C; patrician tribunes chosen instead of con- 
suls, 421 B. C; the consulship restored, 418 B. C; three 
questors from among the people elected, 410 B. C; Roman 
soldiers first paid, 406 B. C; sacked by Brennus, 390 B. C; 
city burnt by the Gauls, 318 B. C; the temple of Mars built, 
380 B. O.j Praetor first appointed, 365 B. C.; the first Punic war 
declared — before this time, the Romans never carried their 
arms beyond Italy, nor encountered their enemies at sea, 264 
B. C; about this time silver money was first made at Rome, 
instead of brass before in use; it took the name of Moneta from 
the temple of Juno Monete, where it was coined, 269 B. C; 
the second Punic war began, 218 B. C; capitol and temple of 
Janus built, 207 B. C.;the third Punic war 149 B. C; after a 
siege of three years, the Romans took Carthage, and utterly de- 
stroyed it, 146 B. C.; Marius made his grand triumphal entry 
into Rome, preceded by an immense treasure in gold and 
silver, the spoils of Numidia; the famous Jugurtha, its king, 
and his two sons in chains, graced the triumph, 103 B. C ; the 
Ambrones and Teutones defeated by Marius — the wives of the 
former being refused security from violation, murder them- 
selves and their children, 102 B. C; the capitol burnt, 83 
B. C; rebuilt hy Domitian; Pompey and Julius Caesar began 
to contend for supreme power over the commonwealth, which 
produced a bloody civil war, 59 B. C.,- Caesar was assassi- 
nated in the senate house, and the revolution intended to be 
prevented by this catastrophe was only hastened, 44 B. C.j 
the Roman slate divided into two factions by Octavius Caesar 
and Mark Antony— a civil war ensued, 41 B. C; the republic 
changed to an empire, Octavius Caesar having the titles of Im- 
perator and Augustus conferred on him by the seriate and 
people, 27 B. C; about this time the annual revenue of the 



232 ROME, &c. 

Roman empire amounted to forty millions of pounds sterling; 
the city ol Home was computed to have been fifty English 
miles in circumference, and its inhabitants to exceed four 
millions; the famous temple of the mother of the gods con- 
sumed by fire, A. D. 2; a new census, or numeration of the 
people being taken by Claudius, the emperor and censor, the 
inhabitants of Home were found to amount to six million 
nine hundred thousand, A. D. 48; the number of inhabitants 
able to bear arms, were 132,419 men, in 459; in 294, the 
number was 270,000; 338,214 in 159; and 320,000 in 50 B. C; 
the Goths, Vandals and other barbarous nations of the north, 
began to invade the Roman empire about A. D. 250; it is di- ( 
vided into four parts between two emperors, Dioclesian and M 
Constantius, the basis of its dissolution, 292; the seat of em- 
pire removed from Rome to Constantinople by Constantine, . 
330; divided again into the eastern and western empire, 379; 
Rome taken and plundered by the Goths, 410; by the Van- 
dals, 455; by the Heruli, 476; is recovered for Justinian by 
Belisarius, 537; in 547 the Goths retook it; in 553, Narses, 
another of Justinian's generals, conquered it for the emperor; 
in 726, it revolted from the Greek emperors, became a free 
state, and was governed by a senate; finally, the senate and 
people acknowledged Charlemagne king of France, as em- 
peror of the west, \\ ho surrendered the city and duchy to the 
pope, reserving the sovereignty, A. D. 800; the popes after- I 
wards made themselves independent, and continued in posses- 
sion of this renowned city and its territories, called the 
ecclesiastical states, till 1798; St. Peter's cathedral was built 
by pope. Julius 11. who died 1512; Bramarite was the architect, . 
the inhabitants of Home, on June 4, 1780, amounted to 
155,184, of whom 30,485 were housekeepers; in this number 
were included 3S47 monks, 2327 secular priests, 1910 nuns, 
1005 students, 1470 paupers, seven negroes, and 52 persons 
not Romans; reduced by the French to a republic, and the 
pope sent from Rome, February 15, 1798; the pope being 
restored to the government, goes to Paris to crown Bonaparte-? 
emperor of the French, and performs that ceremony, Decern- Jj, 
ber 2, 1804; revolution in the form of its government, 1809; 
united to the French empire. January 17, 1810. — See Pope. ' 

Rosary, or beads, first used in Romish prayers, 1093. 

Rosbach, in the upper circle of Saxony, totally disappeared, in-- 
October 1792, supposed by an earthquake. 

Roses first planted in England, 1522. 

Roses first consecrated as presents from the pope, and placed 
over confessionals as the symbol of secrecy, 1526; hence the 
phrase, under the rose. 

Round towers in Ireland were built about 838; were called 
Clochtheaeh, or house of the Bell, and were built by the 
Danes or Ostmcn* 



ROY— RUSSIA. 233 

Royal exchange, London, built 1566; titled royal by queen Eliza- 
beth, January 29, 1571; burnt 1666; rebuilt 1670; repaired 
and beautified 1769. 

Royal observatory in Greenwich park, built 1675. 

Royal society academy, Strand, London, first stone laid June 4, 
1776; institution founded, 1799. 

Ruling machines invented by a Dutchman at London, 1792; 
greatly improved by Woodmasson, Payne, Brown, &c. 

Rum imported into England in 1789, was 3,300,000 gallons; in 
1796 there were imported 4,196,198 gallons. 

Russia, an immense empire in Europe, Asia and America. In 
a general view, the empire now extends to the river Tornea, 
on the side of Sweden, towards European Turkey to thePruth 
and Danube; between the Black and Caspian Seas, to the Kur 
and Bathus rivers. In this quarter, Russia now possesses, on 
the Black Sea, Mingrelia and Imarretta, wrested from Tur- 
key, and Georgia, Shirvan and Daghestan from Persia. In 
Asia, the limits of Russia are vaguely defined. It was divid- 
ed by the empress Catharine II. into forty-one governments: 
The whole empire is now subdivided into upwards of fifty 
governments, extending over 5,000,000 square miles, with a 
population exceeding 50,000,000. All religious opinions are 
tolerated; the ruling profession is, however, that of the Greek 
church, amounting to near 40,000,000. The Catholics are 
estimated at 5,500,000; Lutherans 2,500,000; Mahometans 
3,000,000; Jews 1,000,000. In 1819, the army amounted to 
778,000 men, and the fleet to 30 sail of the line, 20 frigates, 
15 sloops and 200 galleys, with between 30,000 and 40,000 
disposable seamen. The principal seaports of the empire are 
in Europe — Archangel at the mouth of the Northern Dwina; 
Cronstadt, Revel and Kiga, in the Baltic; and Sevastopol and 
Odessa in the Black Sea. In Asia, Astracan near the mouth 
of the Volga; Ochotsk in the sea of Ochotsk; St. Peter and 
Paul in Kamschatka; with some forts and lactones in Ame- 
rica. 

Russia, or Muscovy, anciently Sarmatia, and inhabited by the 
Scythians; not renowned till the natives attempted to take 
Constantinople, 864; Wolidimer was the first Christian king 
in 981 ; the Poles conquered it about 1058, but it is uncertain 
how long they kept it; the Tartars surprised Moscow, and 
killed 30,000 inhabitants, 1571; first began their new year 
from January 1, in 1700; became an empire 1727, Pe- 
ter I. assuming the title of emperor of all the Russias, which 
was admitted by the powers of Europe in their future nego- 
ciations with the court of Petersburgh; he visited England, 
and worked in the dock-yard atBeptford, 1697; a revolution 
without bloodshed, in favour of Elizabeth, 1740; another in 
favour of the late empress, 1762; the emperor John, an in- 
fant, deposed 1741; put to death 1763; the punishment of the 
knout abolished, 1752; the empress seized part of Poland in 
20* 



234 RUSSIA— SAI 

1773 and 1795; death of Paul I. and accession of Alexander, 
March, 1800; Finland, a part of Gallicia, added to the em- 
pire, 1809; invaded by the French, July, 1812; Poland an- 
nexed to the empire, 1815. 

Sovereigns of Russia since 1613 — 1G13, Michael Foedorowitz; 
1645, Alexis; 1676, Theodore; 1689, Ivan or John; 1696, 
Peter I. the Great; 1725, Catharine I.; 1707, ^eter II.; 
1730, Anne; 1741, Elizabeth. Family »/Hois{ein-~l762, Pe- 
ter III. six months Catharine II.; 1796, Paul; 1801, Alexan- 
der; 1827, Nicholas. From the reign of Ivan IV. 1580, the 
monorchs of Russia took the title of czars until 1721, when 
Peter I. assumed that of ''emperor of all the Russias. 

Russia, emperor of, with the king of Prussia, prince Blucher, and 
other illustrious persons, entered London amidst great re- 
joicings, June 8, 1814; left England with the king of Prussia, 
June 27. 

Rye-house plot prevented by a fire that happened at Newmar- 
ket, March 22, discovered June 12, 1683. 



S. 

Saalfaldt, near Salsburg, destroyed by fire, with the whole 
produce of the harvest, July 29, 1811. 

Saba planted by the Dutch, 1640. 

Sabbatical year, the first, 1451 before Christ. 

Sabrina island, gradually disappeared October, 1811; smoke still 
seen issuing out of the sea where it disappeared, Feb. 1812. 

Saddles in use 340. 

Sadler's Wells, eighteen persons trodden to death at the theatre, 
October 15, 1807. 

Saffron first brought into England by a pilgrim, 1389; cultiva- 
ted 1582. 

Sail-cloth fir^t made in England, 1590; cotton sail-cloth made 
at Baltimore and at Patterson, N. J. and brought into use in 
the United States, 1824. 

Saint Carlo, Naples, theatre royal, destroyed by fire, February 
14,1816. 

Saint George, British ship of 98 guns, stranded on the western 
coast of North Jutland, and admiral Reynolds and the whole 
of the crew, except 11, losf, December 24, 1811. 

Saint John's, Newfoundland, 130 houses at, consumed by fire, 
February 12, 1816. 

Saint Domingo, French part, put itself under the English pro- 
tection, August 18, 1793; declared itself independent, Janua- 
ry, 1797. 
Saint Eustatia isle settled by Holland, 1632. 



SAI— SAT 235 

Saint Helena first possessed by the English, 1000. 

6aint Lawrence river discovered and explored by the French, 
1508. 

Saint Peter's college, Cambridge, received a donation of £20,000, 
from an unknown hand, May 1817. 

Saint Salvador was the first laud di, covered in the West Indies, 
or America, by Columbus, October 11, 1492. 

Saint Vincent, eruption of a volcano in the island of, April 30, 
1812. 

Saint Stephen'3 chapel, now the house of commons, Westmin- 
ster, built 1115. 

Saldanha, frigate, wrecked on the coast of Ireland, and all her 
crew lost, December 4, (811. 

Salem, in yaw England, settled, 1638. 

Saltmines in Staffordshire discovered, 1070; rock salt wa3 dis- 
covered about 950; in Poland, in 1289. 

Salting herrings after the Ditch method first used, 1416. 

Saltpetre first made in England, 1625. 

Salt and incident duties in 1786, amounted to about £1,400,000, 
in 1787 to £1,800,000; in 1788 to £1,812,969. 

Salt duties in England, in 17d5 was £301,070; in 1790, amount- 
ed to £411,000. 

Samnite war ended 272 before Christ, having continued 71 yeare. 

Sandwich islands, in the Pacific ocean, discovered, 1778. 

Sancta Caaa, or the holy house of Loretto, pretended to have 
been brought by angel-, from Palestine into Illyria, in l<i f Jl; pil- 
laged by the French, February 12, 1797, when the statue of 
the Madona was conveyed to Paris. 

Sanctuaries, or cities of refuge, were instituted by the Jews im- 
mediately after their establishment in Palestine, about ate. C. 
1400; such use, or rather abuse, was made of the heathen 
temples, particularly those of Hercules; Christian churches 
commenced to be U3ed as such, A. D. 017; abolished in Eng- 
land, 1534. 
Sardinia conquered by the Spaniards 1303, in whose possession 
it wa3 till 1708, when it was taken by an English fleet, and 
given to the duke of Savoy, with the title of king. The first 
king was Victor, who abdicated the throne in favour of hi3 
son, 1730, and died in a prison 1732; annexed to Italy, and 
Bonaparte crowned king of the whole, May 2G, 1805; restor- 
ed to Victor Emanuel, with Genoa added to it, December 14, 
1814. 
Satellite, moon or secondary planets; of which there is known 
to exist, attending the Earth one, Jupiter four, Saturn nine, if 
his two rings are included, and the Her3chel six, making 
twenty in all — eighteen globular, and the two ring3 of Saturn 
circular. Of these bodies, except the moon of the earth, the 
attendants of Jupiter were first discovered. Simon Marius, 
astronomer to the elector of Brandenburg, in November, 1009, 
observed three little stars moving round the body of Jupiter, 



236 SAT— SAXONY. 

and in 1610 discovered a fourth; similar observations were 
made at the same time in Italy by Galelio. 

Satellite of Saturn, the 4th, was first discovered by Huygens, 
March 25th, 1655; four more were discovered by Cassini, be- 
tween 1671-84; and Dr. Herschel, 1787-89, discovered two 
more, and completed the list of the attendants of Saturn. 

Satellite of the Herschel, or Georgian planets, six in number, 
were all discovered by Dr. Herschel, from January 11th, 
1787, to March 26th, 1794. The existence of these satellites 
of the Georgian planet, rests upon the authority of Dr. Hers- 
chel alone. 

Savannah, in Georgia, settled 1732; damaged by fire July 4, 
1758; and again November 26, 1797, when. 229 dwellings, be- 
sides out-houses, were destroyed; taken by the British in 
1779; Americans and French repulsed, with the loss of one 
thousand men, October, 1779. 

Sayoy, part of Gallia Narbonensis, which submitted to the Ro- 
mans, 118 before Christ; erected into a duchy, February 19, 
1417, and is now possessed by the king of Sardinia; but great 
part of the country ceded to France, in 1796, seized by the 
French, December, 1798, who were repulsed in 1799; but 
subjugated it again the year following; restored to Sardinia, 
1816. 

Saxon green, in dying, invented 1744. 

Saxons first arrived in Britain, 449, from Bremen, in three ships 
commanded by Hengist and Horsa. 

Saxony conquered by Charlemagne, 774. 

Saxony, kingdom of Europe, in Germany, is traversed by the 
Elbe, which affords it a water communication with Bohemia 
above, and the German ocean below the Erzeberg chain. In 
literature, science, arts, and manufactures, the inhabitants of 
this little kingdom hold an exalted rank. The most celebra- 
ted universities are at Jena and Leipsic. The latter the most 
extensive book mart in Europe. Population of 1,200,000. 

Chronology of Saxony. — 1423, Saxony was granted by the 
emperor Sigismund, to Frederick I. who was succeeded in 
1248, by Frederick II.; 14 64, Ernest; I486, Frederick III.; 
1525, John the Constant; 1532, John Frederick; 1548, Mau- 
rice, the great champion of the Protestant*, slain in Ihe bat- 
tle of Sieverhausen; 1553, Augustus; 1586, Christian I.; 1591, 
Christian II.; 1611, John George. I.; 1656, John George II.; 
1680, John George III.; 1691, John George IV.; 1094, Fre- 
derick Augustus I.; 1733, Frederick Augustus II.; 1763, Fre- 
derick Augustus III. who in 1807 was made a king, and Saxo- 
ny a kingdom, by Bonaparte; 1827, Anthony Clement, the 
reigning king, born 1755, of course now aged 72. 

Scarborough cliff" sunk, and the Spa removed, December 18, 
1737. 

Scarcity-root, a kind of parsnip, introduced and propagated in 
England, 1787. 



SCOTLAND, &c. 237 

Scarlet-dye invented, 1000; first used at Bow, near Stratford, 
1643. 

Scenes first introduced into theatres, 1533. 

Scone abbey, near Perth, founded 1114; Charles II. was the 
last king crowned in the kirk, all the Scottish monarchs hav- 
ing been crowned in this abbey; made the residence of the 
count d'Artois, of France, 1798. 

Scotch regalia and crown jewels taken and brought to England, 
with their coronation chair, now in Westminster Abbey, 1296. 

Scotland, anciently Caledonia, history of, began 328 before 
Christ, when Fergus I. was sent over by the people of Ireland. 
Received the christian faith, A. D. 203; united under one mo- 
narcy by Kenneth II. the 69th king, and called Scotland, 838; 
divided into baronies, 1032; invaded by the king of Norway, 
1263; on the death of Alexander III. was disputed by twelve 
candidates, who submitted their claims to the arbitration of 
Edward I. of England, 1285, which gave him an opportunity 

• to conquer it; it was not entirely recovered by the Scots till 
1314: records of Scotland, by being sent by sea from England 
for Scotland, were lost, 1298; first general assembly of the 
church held, December 20, 1560; earl of Murray regent, 
1567; earl of Lenox regent, July 12, 1570; earl of Mar regent, 
September 6, 1571; earl of Morton regent November 24, 1572; 
James VI. of Scotland, succeeded to the English crown, 1603; 
this produced an union of the two crowns; and in 1707, the two 
kingdoms were united, and took the style and title of Great- 
Britain. The Scotch boast a line of 115 kings; all of them de- 
duce their pedigree from Fergus II. who was sent by the people 
of Ireland, and came into Scotland about the time that Alexan- 
der the Great took Babylon, viz. 330 years before Christ. 
Historians who contend for their great antiquity, say they 
came from Spain. Those are opposed by others, who in ge- 
neral suppose them to be a remainder of the Britons who fled 
from the Roman servitude. In the second year of Metellaus, 
the seventeenth king, Jesus Christ was born. Metellaus was 
succeeded by Caractacus in the year 32, from which time to 
996, Scotland had sixty-five kings — Grimus 996; Malcolm II. 
1004; Duncan 1034; Macbeth 1040; Malcolm 111. 1057; Don- 
ald VII. 1093; Duncan II. 1095; Donald, VII. again 1095; in- 
terregnum 1096; Kdgar 1097; Alexander I. 1107;DnvidI. 1124; 
Malcolm IV. 115:5: William 1165; Alexander II. 1214;AleNan- 
der III. 1240; interregnum 1245; John Baliol 1292; Robert I. 
1306; David II. 1329; Edward Raliol 1332; David II again, 
1341; Robert II. 1371; John Robert 1390; James I. 1405; 
James II. 1437; James III. J460; James IV. 1488, James V, 
1513; Mary Stuart 1542; James VI. 1567. 

Sea, embankment of, upon Cartmel Sands, Lancashire, by which 
6,000 acres of marsh land were obtained, 1809. 

Sea at Teignmouth, and other places on the coast of Devonshire, 
rose and foil to the height of two feet, several times in the 



838 SEA FIGHTS. 

apace of ten minutes, August 10, 1802. By a singular con* 
vulsion of the sea in the port of Plymouth, the shipping and 
craft were left dry and floated again several times in the 
space of twelve hours, June 1, 1811. 
6ea Fights — England with the Danes, when Alfred defeated 120 
ships off Dorsetshire, in 898; England with the French near 
Sluys, and 400 sail taken, with 30,000 men, 1340; eighty 
French ships taken by the English, 1389; off Barfleur, where 
the duke of Bedford took 500 French and 3 Genoese vessels, 
1416; near Mi) ford Haven, when 31 French ships were taken 
or destroyed, 1405; off Sandwich, when the French fleet was 
taken by the earl of Warwick, November 1449; between the 
English and French, when the latter were defeated, 1545; 
again 1549, when 1000 French were killed; near the gulf of 
Lepanto between the Christian powers and the Turks, which 
last lost 25,000 men killed, and 4000 taken prisoners, and out 
of 260 vessels, saved only 25, October 7, 1571; between the 
English fleet and the Spanish armada, 1588; between the 
Spaniards and Dutch, 1639; in the Downs with the Dutch, 
June 19, 1652; near Portland, English with the Dutch, who 
•were beaten, February 18, 1652-3; off Portsmouth, when 
Admiral Blake took 11 Dutch men of war and 30 merchant 
ships, February 10, 1652; off the North Foreland, when the 
Dutch lost 20 men of war, June 2, 1653; on the coast of Hol- 
land, when they lost 30 men of war, and Admiral Tromp was 
tilled, July 29, 1653; at Cadiz, when the galleons were des- 
troyed by the English, September, 1656; at the Canaries, 
■when Blake destroyed the galleons, April, 1657; 130 of the 
Bordeaux fleet destroyed by the duke of York, December 4, 
1664; off Harwich, 18 capital Dutch ships taken, and 14 des- 
troyed, June 3, 1665; the earl of Sandwich took 12 men of 
•war and 2 East India ships, September 4, 1665: again, when 
the English lost 9 and the Dutch 15 ships. June 4, 1666; the 
Dutch totally defeated, with the loss of 24 men of war, four 
admirals, and 4000 officers and seaman, July 25, 26, )666; 
five of the Dutch Smyrna fleet and four East India ships taken 
by the English, March 14, 1671-2; at Southwold bay. when 
the earl of Sandwich was blown up, and the Dutch defeated 
by the duke of York, May 28, 1672; again, by prince Rupert, 
May 23, June 4, and August 11, when the Dutch were de- 
feated, 1673; in the bay of Tripoli, when the English burnt 
four men of war of that state, March 4, 1674-5; off Beachy 
Head, when the English and Dutch were defeated by the 
French, June 30, 1690; off La Hogue, when the French fleet 
was entirely defeated, and 21 large men of war destroyed, May 
19, 1692; off St. Vincent, when the English and Dutch were 
defeated by the French, June 16, 1693; the Vigo fleet taken 
by the English and Dutch, October 12, 1702; between the 
French and English, when the former entirely relinquished 
the dominion of the sea to the latter, August 24, 1 704 ; at G ib- 



SEA FIGHTS. 239 

raltar, when the French lost five men of war, November 5, 
1704; Admiral Leake took 60 French vessels laden with pro- 
visions, May 22, 1708; French fleet destroyed by Sir George 
Byng, July 31, 1718; off Toulon. February 9, 1744; off Cape 
Finisterre, when the French fleet was taken by Admiral An- 
son, May 3, 1747; off Ushajit, when Admiral Hawke took 
seven men of war of the French, October 14, 1747; off Belle- 
isle, when he took 14 sail of victuallers, July 14, 1756; off 
Cape Francois, when seven ships were defeated by three 
English, October 21, 1757; French beaten off Cape Lagos by 
Admiral Boscawen, August 18, 1759; off Quiberon Bay, when 
Hawke defeated the French, November 20, 1759; Keppel took 
three French frigates and a fleet of merchant ships, October 
9, 1762; off the Cape of Virginia, between Admiral Arbuth- 
not and the French, under Count de Grasse, September 5, 
1781; British lost 90 killed, 230 wounded, considered an 
indecisive fight; between Martinique and Guadaloupe, when 
Admiral Rodney defeated the French going to attack Jamai- 
ca, April 12, 1782; Lord Howe totally defeated the French 
fleet, took six ships of war, and sunk several, June 1, 1794; 
Sir Edward Pellew took 15 sail, and burnt seven, out of a 
fleet of 35 sail of transports, March 8, 1795; the French fleet 
defeated, and two ships of war taken by Admiral Hotham, 
March 14, 1795; Admiral Cornwallis took eight, transports, 
under convoy of three French men of war, June 7, 1795; 
eleven Dutch East Indiamen were taken by the Sceptre man 
of war and some armed Indiamen, June 19, 1795; the French 
fleet defeated by Lord Bridport, June 25, 1795; and three 
ships of war taken near L'Orient; the Dutch fleet under Admi- 
ral Lucas, in Saldanna bay, Africa, consisting of five men of 
war and several frigates, surrendered to Sir George Keith 
Elphinstone, on August 19, 1796; the Spanish fleet defeated by 
Sir J. Jarvis, and four line of battle ships taken, February 14, 
1797; the Dutch fleet was defeated by Admiral Duncan on the 
coast of Holland, where their two admirals and 15 ships of 
war were taken or destroyed, October 11, 1797; the French 
fleet, of 17 ships of war totally defeated, and nine of them 
taken by Sir Horatio Nelson, August 1, 1798, near the Nile, 
in Egypt; the French off the coast of Ireland, consisting of 
nine ships, by Sir J. B. Warren, October 12, 1798, when he 
took five of them; the Danish fleet of 28 sail, taken or destroy- 
ed by Lord Nelson off Copenhagen, April 2, 1801; between 
the French and the English in the bay of Gibraltar, Hannibal 
of 74 gunslost, July 5, 1801; French fleet defeated near Cadiz, 
July 16, 1801, two" French 74 burnt, one taken; Sound, be- 
tween Denmark and Sweden, passed by the English fleet, 
when Copenhagen was bombarded, April 2, 1801; French and 
Spanish fleets totally defeated off Cape Trafalgar, Lord Nel- 
son killed in the action, October 21, 1805; French fleet taken 
by Sir R. Strachan, November 4, 1805; French fleet defeated 



240 SEA FIGHTS. 

in the West Indies by Sir T. Duckworth, February 6, 1806; 
French squadron taken by Sir J. B. Warren, March 13, 1806; 
French squadron, in the harbour of Cadiz, surrendered to the 
Spanish patriots, June 14, 1808; Russian fleet in the Tagus 
surrendered to the English, September 3, 1808; French ship- 
ping and batteries destroyed in Basque Roads by Lord Gam- 
bier, April 1809; Russian flotilla, eastward of Nargen Island, 
and another under Percola Point, taken or destroyed by Sir 
James Saumarez, July 1809; three French ships, Robust of 84 
guns, Leon of 74, and Boree of 74, driven on shore by a Brit- 
ish squadron under Lord Collingwood, October 25, 1809, and 
the first two burnt by the French the next day; French fri- 
gates, La Loire, and La Seine, destroyed by the ships under 
Sir A. Cochrane, off Basseterre, Guadaloupe, December 18, 
1809; gallant action of the British frigate Spartan with a 
French force in the bay of Naples, May 3, 1810; severe action 
between the British ship Tribune, Captain Reynolds, and four 
Danish brigs, which escaped, from the Tribune being damaged 
in her sails, May 12, 1810; twenty-six sail of French ships 
taken off Palinurus by the British Thames and Cephalus, July 
20, 1811, and afterwards 10 other Neapolitan vessels by the 
Thames; eighteen vessels brought out and 10 destroyed in a 
creek of Ragosinza, without the loss of a British man, July 
27, 1811; a French brig sunk, two driven ashore, and a small 
village battered to the ground near Cherbourg by the British 
ship Hotspur, September 8, 1811; French frigate La Trave, 
of 44 guns, taken by the British frigate Andromache, of 38 
guns, October 23, 1813; French frigate Alcmene taken by the 
British ship Venerable, January 16, 1814; and the French fri- 
gate Iphigenia a few days after; Ceres French frigate taken 
by the British ship Tagus, January 6, 1814; French frigate 
Terpsichore captured by the British ship Majestic, February 
3, 1814; French frigate Cloriade surrendered to the British 
frigates Dryad and Achates, after a severe engagement with 
the Eurotas, February 25, 1814; French frigate L'Etoile cap- 
tured by the British ship Hebrus, March 27, 1814. 

Sea Fights of the United States. 

1775, May, captain Jeremiah O'Brien forcibly took possession of 
a lumber sloop, and suddenly raised a crew with but a small 
supply of muskets, fowling pieces, pickaxes, pitchforks, &c. 
to chase and attack the British armed schooner Margaretta, 
lying insight. This bold attempt succeeded; the British ves- 
sel was captured, after a smart action — captain Moore and a 
number of his crew were killed. Her armament consisted of 
four six pounders, twenty swivels, two small guns, hand gra- 
rades, &c. &c. This was the first capture made in the war of 
the revolution. With this armament, captain O'Brien fitted 
out a sloop he called Liberty, and soon after captured the 
British schooner Diligence, captain Knight, and her consort 



SEA FIGHTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 241 

Tapnogouche, pff Buck's harbour, the entrance to Machias. 
He returned to Machias, beat up for volunteers, manned the 
Liberty and Diligence, and sailed for St. Johns, N. B. and by- 
surprise, took Fort Howe, garrison troops, guns, ammunition, 
a large brig loaded with hay, live stock and poultry, for the 
British garrison at Boston, the whole of which was accom- 
plished between the 1 1th May, and — August, 1775. He had 
live brothers with him engaged in these expeditions. 

1777, February, the United States ship Randolph, of 32 guns, 
captain N. Biddle, captured four English vessels, one the True 
Briton of twenty guns. 

1778, March, the United States ship Randolph, of 32 guns, com- 
manded by captain Nicholas Biddle, fell in with the British 
64 gun ship Yarmouth, captain Vincent, and after an action 
maintained with energy, the Randolph blew up, the gallant 
Biddle and 310 men perished. 

In the Delaware river, captain John Barry, with four small 
row boats, attacked and vanquished a British schooner of ten 
guns, and four large transports, without losing a man. 

United States privateer Thorn, of 16 guns, of Boston, cap- 
tain Waters, engaged the Governor Tryon, of 1G guns, and the 
sir William Erskine, of 18 guns; after an action of two hours, 
the Tryon first struck, and afterwards the Erskine; the Tryon 
then escaped, 

1779, February, the brig Hazard, of 14 four pounders, and two 
three pounders, captain John Foster Williams, after a close 
and vigorous action, captured the British brig Active, mount- 
ing 18 sis pounders, 6 cohorns, and 10 swivels. The action 
lasted thirty to forty minutes — the Active lost 33 killed and 
wounded, the Hazard only eight. 

June, the Protector of 20 guns, captain J. F. Williams, en- 
gaged the Admiral Duff, captain Strange, yard-arm to yard- 
arm for more than an hour. The Duff took fire; captain Wil- 
liams hauled off, when the Admiral Duff blew up. Captain 
Williams succeeded in saving fifty-five of her crew. 

September 23, American frigate Bonne Homme Richard, of 
40 guns, commanded by Paul Jones, engaged the British frigate 
Serapis, of 44 guns, and the Countess of Scarborough, of 24 
guns; after a most sanguinary fight, Paul Jones captured the 
Serapis. Shortly after, the American frigate sunk — a night 
engagement. 

1781, April 2, the Alliance of 32 guns, captain John Barry, cap- 
tured the British frigate Mars, of 34 guns, and the Minerva of 
10 guns. 

May 28, the Alliance of 32 guns, captain John Barry, after 
a gallant action on both sides, captured the British vessel of 
war Atalanta, captain Edwards, of 20 guns, and the brig Tre- 
passey of 14 guns. 

1782, April 8, the Hyder Ally of 16 six pounders, and 1 10 men, 
captain Joshua Barney, engaged and captured, in 26 minute*, 

21* 



242 SEA FIGHTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the British ship General Monk, of 29 nine pounders, and 136 
men, captain Rogers; 53 killed and wounded including every 
officer except one midshipman. 

1799, February 9, the French frigate Insurgente, of 40 guns, and 
409 men, captain Barreaut, captured by the United States fri- 
gate Constellation, of 38 guns, and 309 men, captain Thomas 
Truxton. 

1800, February 2, action between the Constellation of 38 guns, 
captain Truxton, and the French national ship Vengeance, of 
54 guns; the guns of the Vengeance was silenced, but Truxton 
could not take possession of her, on account of losing his main- 
mast and his rigging shot away. 

August 21, the Boston of 24 guns, captain Little, after an 
action of one hour and a half, captured the French corvette 
Berceau, mounting 24 guns. 

1801, August 1, the Enterprize of 12 guns, lieutenant Andrew 
Sterett, captured the Tripoline ship of war, the Tripoli, of 14 
guns. 

1803, June 22, action between the frigate New-York, and the 
largest Tripoline corvette; the latter blown up. 

October 31, frigate Philadelphia in attacking and pursuing 
a Tripoline ship, ran on rocks not laid down on any chart, 
within three miles of Tripoli, the frigate was captured, and 
the officers and crew taken prisoners. The court of enquiry 
and the government decided, that captain Bainbridge acted 
with fortitude and good conduct, and no censure should attach 
from that event. 

The enemy soon succeeded in getting the Philadelphia off 
the rock, and carried her into the harbour of Tripoli. In Feb- 
ruary, 1804, the gallant Stephen Decatur entered the har- 
bour, boarded, and took possession of the frigate, notwith- 
standing she had all her guns mounted and charged, and was 
lying within half gun-shot of the Bashaw's castle, and of his 
principal battery; two Tripoline cruisers were lying within 
two cables length on the starboard quarter, and several gun- 
boats within half a gun's shot on the starboard bow, and all 
the batteries on shore were opened upon the assailants. Hav- 
ing gained possession, Decatur set fire to the frigate — he, his 
officers and men remained on board, until the flames issued 
from the ports of the gun-deck, and the hatchway of the spar 
deck. Twenty men killed on board the Philadelphia, a large 
boat full got off, and many leaped into the water. Lieuten- 
ant Decatur did not lose a man," and had but one slightly 
wounded. 

1804, August 1, the famous attack of the United States squadron 
under the command of commodore Preble, upon the town, for- 
tress, and naval force of Tripoli. For commodore Preble's 
interesting official report of the distinguished actions, see Uni- 
ted States Naval Register, page 220. 

August 24th, second attack. 



SEA FIGHTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 243 

August 28th, third and very severe attack — the Constitu- 
tion, commodore Preble, much injured in the hull and rigging 
by the grape and cannon shot of the enemy, "but not a man 
hurt!" 

Septemher 3, fourth attack; the gun boats led into action 
by Decatur and Somers, a severe affair of one hour and fif- 
teen minutes, and great damage done to the town, fort, and 
naval force of the enemy. 

September 4, fifth attack by commodore Preble, who sends 
in a fire ship, under command of captain Somers, with lieu- 
tenants Wadsworth and Israel. Surrounded and about to be 
captured in the port of Tripoli, and unable to clear themselves 
by their boats, it is not doubted they applied matches to the 
fusees, and blew themselves up, in order that the enemy 
should not have the ammunition on board, and themselves ta- 
ken prisoners. 

1811, May 16, rencontre between the British sloop of war Little 
Belt, and the United States frigate President, commodore 
Rodgers. 

1812, August 13, the British sloop of war Alert, taken by the 
United States frigate Essex, captain Porter. 

August 19, the British frigate Guerriere, taken by the Uni- 
ted States frigate Constitution, captain Hull. 

October 18, the British brig Frolic, by the United States 
sloop Wasp, captain Jones; same day, the Wasp and Frolic 
were captured by the British 74 Poictiers, captain Beres- 
• ford . 

October 25, British frigate Macedonian, captured by the 
frigate United States, commodore Decatur. 

December 29. British frigate Java, captured by the United 
States ship Constitution, captain Bainbridge. 
181.3, February 25, Peacock, British sloop of war, captured by 
the United States ship of war Hornet, of inferior force. The 
Peacock sunk with a great part of her crew. 

June 1, United States frigate Chesapeake, captured by the 
British ship Shannon ; a most distinguished action in the naval 
history of the United States, in which the gallant command- 
er, James Lawrence, fell. 

June 3, United States armed vessels Growler and Ea- 
gle, taken after a smart action, by the British gun-boats. 

August 14, United States sloop of war Argus, taken by the 
sloop of war Pelican. 

September 4, British ship Boxer taken by the Enterprize. 

September 13, commodore Oliver Perry, in a gallant ac- 
tion of the United States squadron, under his command, cap- 
tured the British fleet on Lake Erie. 
1814, March 20, the United States frigate Essex, taken by the 
British frigate Phcebe, and sloop of war Cherub, after a des- 
perate and sanguinary defence. 



244 SER— SIL 

April 21, United States ship Frolic, taken by a British 
squadron. 

April 29, British ship Epcrvier, taken by the United States 
ship Wasp. 

September 1, British ship Avon, taken by the Wasp. 

1815, January 15, United States frigate President, Decatur com- 
mander, captured by a British squadron, consisting of the En- 
dyinion, Tenedcs and Pomone fi igates, and the Majestic ra- 
zee — a distinguished and gallant action on the part of Deca- 
tur, who, after being captured, refused indignantly to deliver 
his sword to any other than the commander of the squadron. 
February 20. the British ships Cyane and Levant, taken by 
the United States frigaie Constitution. 

March 23, the United States ship Hornet captures the Bri- 
tish ship Penguin. 

Seringapatam, capital of the Mysore, taken by the English un- 
der General Harris, May 6, 1799. 

Sextant invented by Tycho Brahe, in 1550. 

Sheep, the number in England is from 20 to 25 millions. The 
value of their wool, £3,200,000. Expense in manufacturing 
it £9,000,000 Exported annually upwards of £3,000,000. 
Number of persons employed in manufacturing it are above 
one million. From the wool grower to the consumer, a 
piece of cloth passes through one hundred different hand*. 
Merino sheep imported into the United States by Col. Hum- 
phries the American Minister at Spain. 

Ship. — The first seen in Greece arrived at Rhodes from Egypt, 
1485 before Christ; the first double-decked one built in Eng- 
land was of 1000 tons burden, by order of Henry VII. 1509-, 
it was called the Great Harry, and cost £14,000; before this, 
twenty-four gun ships were the largest in the navy, and these 
had no port-holes, the guns being on the upper decks only. 
Port-holes and other improvements were invented by Dechar- 
ges, a French builder at Brest, in the reign of Louis XII. 
1500: there were not above four merchant ships of 120 tons 
burden, before 1551. 

Ship-building, the art of, attributed to the Egyptians, as the 
first inventors, the first ship being brought from Egypt to 
Greece by Danaus, 1485 B. C. The first ship of the burden 
of eight hundred tons was built in England in 1597. 

Shoeing of horses first introduced, 481. 

Shoes of the present fashion first worn in England, 1633; but 
the buckle was not introduced till 1 670. 

Side-saddles first used in England, 1380. 

Signals at sea first devised by James II. 1665. 

Sierra Leone coast discovered, 1460; nearly destroyed by a 
French frigate in 1795. 

Silesia taken by the king of Prussia, 1740. 

Silver first coined at Rome, 269 before Christ. 



SILK, SLAVE TRADE, &c. 245 

Silk, wrought, brought from Persia to Greece, 325 B.C. From 
India, 274 after Christ; known at Rome in Tiberius's time, 
when a law passed forbidding men to debase themselves by 
wearing silk, fit only for women; Heliogabulus first wore a 
garment all of silk, 220; Silkworms were brought to Europe 
three hundred years later; in 1 130, Greek manufacturers of 
silk brought by Roger, king of Sicily, to Europe, settled at 
Palermo, where they taught the Sicilians, not only to breed 
up the silk-worms, but to spin and to weave silk; which art 
was carried afterwards to Italy and to the south of France; 
Venice inveigled silk weavers from Greece and Palermo, in 
Sicily, 1207; silk mantles worn by some noblemen's ladies at 
a ball, at Kennelworth castle, in 1286; Silk manufactured in 
England, 1604; first silk manufacture in France, 1521; silk 
worms and mulberry-trees propagated by Henry IV. through 
all France, 1559; broad silk manufacture from raw silk in- 
troduced into England, 1620; Lombe's famous silk-throwing 
machine, erected at Derby, in 1719; it contains 26,586 
wheels, one water wheel moves the whole, and in a day and 
a night it works 318,504,960 yards of organzine silk. 

Silver plate, or vessels, first made use of in England, by Wel- 
fred, a Northumbrian bishop, 709; silver knives and forks, 
spoons and cups, 1300. 

Slave-Trade from Congo and Angola, begun by the Portuguese 
in 1482; begun with England, 1563; in South America, 1550; 
Abolished by the Quakers, 1784; by the French convention, 
1794; by the British parliament, 1807; by the Prince of the 
United Netherlands, 1814; in France by Buonaparte, March 
29, 1815; abolished in Pennsylvania, 1784; in 1768, there were 
104,000 brought in the West-Indies, at £15 each, amounting 
to £1,582,000, sterling, chiefly by barter; by the French con- 
vention, February 4, 1794. 

Soap first made at London and Bristol, 1524. 

Society isles, in the Pacific ocean, discovered, 1765. 

Sol way Moss, bordering on Scotland, ten miles from Carlisle, 
began to swell, owing to heavy rains, and upwards of four 
hundred acres of it rose to such a height above the level of 
the ground, that at last it rolled forward like a torrent, and 
continued its course above a mile, sweeping along with it 
houses, trees, and every thing in its way} it then divided into 
islands of different extent, from one to ten feet deep, upon 
which were found hares, wild fowl, &c. It has covered near 
six hundred acres atNetherby, to which it removed, and des- 
troyed about thirty small villages; it continued in motion from 
Saturday to Wednesday, December 31, 1771. 

South-sea act passed, May 6, 1716; its bubble, 1720, by which 
many thousands were ruined. 

Spanish Town, in the island of Trinidad, destroyed by fire, 
March 24, 1808. 
21* 



246 SPAIN, &c. 

Spanish decree, in imitation of the Berlin decree, February 18, 

1807; in imitation of the Milan decree, January 3, 1808. 

Spain was first civilized by the Phoenicians, who possessed 
great part of it; the several provinces now subject to the 
crown were once independent kingdoms, but became one 
kingdom, in 414; the Goths and Vandals overturned the Ro- 
man power, 509, and continued in possession of it till it wa3 
conquered by the Moors, in 711; the Moors kept possession till 
105)3; kingdom of, founded by the union of the two crowns 
of Castile and Arragon, the queen of Castile having married 
the king of Arragon, 1479, who assumed the title of Catholic 
Majesty; by the conquests of Navarre and Grenada; Ferdinand 
put a complete end to the dominion of the Moors in this 
country, 1511 ; the kingdom seized by Buonaparte, and given 
to his brother Joseph, 1808; Charles'lV. abdicated in favour 
of his son Ferdinand VII., March 19, 1808; Joseph Buona- 
parte made king of, July, 1808; the theatre of war, from that 
peried to the expulsion of the French, in 1814, when Ferdi- 
nand, who had been held captive in France, was restored. 

Kings of Spain, from Ferdinand the Great. — Ferdinand the 
Great, under whom Castile and Leon were united, from A. D. 
1027 to 1035; Sancho the Strong, 1065; Alphonso the Valiant, 
1072; Alphonso VII. 1109; Alphonso VIII. 1122; Sancho HI. 
1157; Ferdinand II. 1158; Alphonso IX. 1158; Henry I. 1214; 
Ferdinand III. 1216; Alphonso X. 1252; Sancho IV. 1284; Fer- 
dinand IV. 1295; Alphonso XI. 1312; Peter the Cruel, 1350; 
Henry II. 1368; John I. the Bastard, 1379; Henry III. 1390; 
John IT. 1406; Henry IV. 1454; Ferdinand and Isabella, (the 
first stvled Catholic,) 1474; Philip I. 1504; Charles I. 1516; 
Philip II. 1555; Philip III. 1591; Philip IV. 1621; Charles II. 
1665; Philip V. resigned, 1700; Lewis, 1724; Philip re-assum- 
ed, 1725; Ferdinand VI. 1746; Charles III. 1759; Charles IV. 
began to reign, 1788; resigned in favour of his son Ferdinand, 
since called Ferdinand VII. March 20, 1808; Joseph Buona- 
parte appointed king of Spain, by his brother Napoleon, May, 
1808; Ferdinand restored 1814, and is now, 1829, the reign- 
ing king. 

Speaker of the house of commons first chosen, 1340. 

Speaking trumpets invented by Kircher, a Jesuit, 1652. 

Spectacles invented by Spina, a monk of Pisa, 1299. 

Sphere invented by Archimedes, of Syracuse, 209 before Christ. 

Spinning-wheel invented at Brunswick, 1530; another invented 
by Mr. Swindell, at Stockport in Yorkshire, which finishes, on 
each spindle, three lays of thirty hanks to the pound in an 
hour, 1785. 

Spurs in use before 1400. 

Stadtholder and family, obliged to quit Holland on the French 
taking possession of the United Provinces, January 21, 1795, 
and retired to England. 

Stamp duties instituted in England, June 28, 1694. 



STA— STI 247 

Standard fixed by law for gold and silver, 1300. 
Standing armies began in France, by Charles VII. in 1445. 
Star-chamber court in England, instituted 1487; abolished 1C4L 
Starching linen first introduced into England, 1552. 

STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE GLOBE. 

Population. Sq- miles. Pop.tosq.m. 

Asia, 400,000,000 15,250,000 26 

Europe, 192,000,000 3,250,000 90 

Africa, 50,000,000 11,000,000 4i 

America, 35,000,000 15,500,000 2 

Australia, &c 3,000,000 4,500,000 % 



Total, 680,000,000 49,500,000 123 

Note. — The amount of the population of the globe is very- 
uncertain; some estimate it at upwards of 1,000,000,000, 
and some reduce it to less than half that number. 

RELIGION. 

Pagans, 320,000,000 General divisions of Christians, 

Christians 235,000,000 Roman Catholics, 125,000,000 

Mahometans. . 120,000,000 Protestants 60,000,000 

Jews 5,000,000 Greek church, &c. 50,000,000 



Total 630,000,000. . . .Christians 235,000,000 

Note. — From this view it appears that nearly one half of 
the inhabitants of the globe are Pagans; more than one sixth 
Mahometans; and but little more than one third enjoy the 
light of the Gospel. 

Statute miles first ascertained in England, 1593. 

Steam engine invented by Savary, for taking ballast or gravel 
out of rivers, and for raising great quantities of water, and 
patents granted for, 1618. 

Steam-boat, Rumsey's, succeeded in North River, New- York, 
October, 1807. 

Steam applied to the purpose of inland navigation in America, 
1810; steam-boat established between Norwich and Yarmouth 
November, 1813; steam-boat capable of conveying three hun- 
dred persons, commenced its periodical passage between 
Limehouse and Gravesend, February, 1815. 

Steam-boats, from a list of the, employed in the trade of the 
Ohio and Mississippi rivers, on the 21st of June, 1827, it ap- 
pears there were then 109 boats, burthen 18,567 tons. 

Steel may be made three hundred times dearer than standard 
gold, weight for weight; six steel wire springs for watch pen- 
dulums weigh one grain, to the artists, 7s. 6d. each, equal to 
2Z. 5s.; one grain of gold only 2d. 

Stereotype printing invented by William Ged, a goldsmith, of 
Edinburgh, 1725. 

Stirrups first used in the sixth century. 



248 STOCKINGS, &c— STORMS. 

Stockings, silk, first worn by Henry II. of France, 1547; Howell 
says, that in 1560 queen Elizabeth was presented with a pair 
of black silk knit stockings by her silk woman, and she never 
wore cloth ones any more; he adds that Henry VIII. wore or- 
dinarily cloth hose, except there came from Spain by great 
chance a pair of silk stockings, for Spain very early abound- 
ed in silk; his son, Edward VI. was presented with a pair of 
Spanish silk stockings by sir Thomas Gresham, and the pre- 
sent was then much taken notice of— consequently the inven- 
tion of knit silk stockings came from Spain; the weaving of 
them was invented by the Rev. Mr. Lee, of Cambridge, 1589. 
Stone buildings first introduced into England, 674. 

bullets in use in England so late as 1514. 

Stone, artificial, for statues, &c. discovered by a Neapolitan, 

1776; introduced into England by Mrs. Coade, near London. 
Stone cured by a medicine, for which government paid Mrs. 

Steevens a premium, June, 1739. 
Stonehenge, near Salisbury, had some of its massy uprights, with 
a trihilion or top stone, thrown down by the thaw, January 
1st, 1797. 
Stops in literature, introduced 1520; the colon 1580; semicolon 

1599. 
Store cask, for a brewery, was made by Mr. Lay ton, in South- 
wark, which would contain 8,000 casks of 16 gallons each; its 
diameter 55 feet 6 inches, and its depth 20 feet, all of English 
oak; finished January, 1792. 
Storms — one in Canterbury threw down 200 houses, and killed 
several families, 234; in London, which killed several people, 
277; at Winchester, 301; hail stones much bigger than hens' 
eggs, 344; 420 houses in Carlisle blown down, and many peo- 
ple killed, 349; hail stones fell in most parts of Britain above 
three inches diameter, killed many men and much cattle, 459; 
in London, which threw down many of the houses, and killed 
250 inhabitants, 549; at Lincoln, which threw down above 
100 houses, 701; destroyed above 40 houses in Cambridge, 919; 
in London, which threw down 1500 houses, 944; near 400 
houses in London blown down, 1055; in several parts of Eng- 
land, especially at Winchelscomb, in Gloucestershire, when 
the steeple of the church was thrown down, October 5, 1091; 
at London 500 houses were thrown down, and Bow church 
unroofed, and at Old Sarum the steeple, with many houses, 
were thrown down, October 17, 1091; a violent storm almost 
desolated a great part of Denmark and Norway in 1194; many 
lives were lost and houses overthrown, and the corn in the 
fields destroyed by hail as large as hens' eggs, 1205; it thun- 
dered for fifteen days together, with terrible tempests of thun- 
der and rain, 1233; the chimney of the chamber where the 
queen of king Henry III. and her children lay, was blown 
down, and their whole apartments at Windsor shaken; accom- 
panied with such thunder and lightning as had not been known 



STORMS. 249 

in the memory of man, 1251; as king Edward I. and his queen 
were talking together in their bedchamber, a flash of light- 
ning struck in at the window, passed by them, killed two of 
their servants who waited upon them, but did their majesties 
no hurt, 1285; when Edward III. was on his march, within 
two leagues of Chartres, there happened a storm of piercing 
wind that swelled to a tempest of rain, lightning, and hail- 
stones, so prodigious as instantly to kill 6000 of his horses and 
1000 of his best troops, 1359; at St. Neot's, Huntingdonshire, 
England, was a storm of hail in 1470, when the stones mea- 
sured 18 inches round; in Italy a storm of hail destroyed all 
the fish, birds and beasts of the country, 1510; a violent one 
in Denmark, which rooted xip whole forests, and ble?/ down 
the steeple of the great church at Copenhagen, January 1st, 
1515; a storm of hail in Northamptonshire, when the stones 
measured 15 inches in circumference, July, 155S; hailstones 
fell at Dorchester seven inches in circumference, on August 
23, 1651; the day that Oliver Cromwell died, one was so vio- 
lent and terrible that it extended all over Europe, September 
3, 1658; 200 sail of colliers and some coasters were lost, with 
all their crews, in the bay of Cromer, in Norfolk, in 1606; a 
storm of hail in Cheshire and Lancashire, &c. which killed 
fowls and small animals, and knocked down horses and men, 
some of the stones weighing half a pound, April 29, 1697; the 
same year, May 4, in Hertfordshire, hailstones fell 14 inches 
in circumference, destroyed trees and corn in a dreadful man- 
ner; the most terrible one that had ever been known in Eng- 
land, attended with flashes of lightning, November 27, 1703, 
which unroofed many houses and churches, blew down seve- 
ral chimneys and the spires of many steeples, tore whole 
groves of trees up by the roots, and the leads of some church- 
es were rolled up like scrolls of parchment, and several ves- 
sels, boats and barges were sunk in the Thames, but the roy- 
al navy suffered the greatest damage, being just returned from 
the Mediterranean, one second rate, four third rates, four 
fourth rates, and many others of less force, were cast away 
upon the coast of England, and above 1500 seamen lost, be- 
sides those that were cast away in the merchants' service, 
in London only the damage was estimated at a million; 
Carolina was greatly damaged by storms, August 1722, 1728; 
at St. Kitts where 20 ships were lost, June 30, 1733; at the 
mouth of the Ganges, in India, when 20,000 vessels of differ- 
ent kinds were cast away, eight English East India ships, and 
300,000 people were lost, and the water rose 40 feet higher 
than usual, October 11, 1737; in Yorkshire, where Ihc hail- 
stones were five inches round, May, 1745; one at Nantz, 
where 66 vessels and 800 sailors were lost, on the 7th March, 
1741; at Jamaica, which did £300,000 damage, August 10, 
1751; at Cadiz, 100 ships lost. December 8, 1751; at Charles- 



250 STORMS. 

ton, South-Carolina, where the ships lost were worth £20,000, 
May 4, 1761; at Girgenti, in Italy, where the hailstone9 
weighed 20 ounces, April 18, 1772; at St. Jago, where it did 
great damage, and the hailstones were as large as oranges, Ju- 
ly 16, 1772; a terrible one at St. Kitts, which did immense 
damage in that and the adjoining islands, August 30, 1772; a 
most terrible one near Boston, in North America, in August, 
and at Cuba, in July, 1773; at Alencon, in France, where the 
hailstones measured 18 inches round, Augusts, 1774; at Ant- 
werp, &c. in Holland, where the hailstones were as large as 
hens' eggs, and weighed three quarters of a pound, and killed 
several horses, &c. and destroyed the fruits of the earth, June 
11, 1776; in the West-Indies, the severest ever known, Sep- 
tember 6, 1776; at Jamaica, August, 1781; all over England, 
January, 1779; a violent hail storm at Madrid, which did six 
thousand pounds damage to the glass windows, some stones 
weighed a pound, on July 26, 1782; at Surat, in the East-In- 
dies, which destroyed 7,000 of the inhabitants, on April 22, 
1782; at Dieupole, in Moravia, which totally destroyed the 
place, May 30, 1782; in France, where the hailstones weigh- 
ed eight ounces, June 17, 1782; great damage done in Ameri- 
ca, particularly in New-England, 1784; at Iran, in the Pyre- 
nees, on the borders of France and Spain, hailstones fell as 
large as hens' eggs, which weighed 23 ounces, July 18, 1784; 
131 villages and farms laid waste in France, August 5, 1785; 
in the Channel, January, 1786, when the Halsewell Indiaman, 
&c. was lost; at Ferrara, in Italy, where the hailstones were 
as large as hens' eggs, July 17, 1786; the same month, a 
storm at Highbickington, in Devonshire, removed 13 elm trees 
upwards of 200 yards from their original spot, and they re- 
mained standing upright in a flourishing state; a rock at the 
same place was divided upwards of eight feet asunder, and all 
the poultry and corn for several miles, were destroyed by the 
thunder and lightning; at North Shields, where the hailstones 
were as big as pigeons' eggs, August 16, 1786; in Normandy, 
where the hailstones were as big as hens' eggs, August 4, 
1787; in different parts of England, the same month, 1787; in 
the West-Indies, where great damage was done, particularly 
in the French islands, July, 1787; at St. Germain en Laie, in 
France, hail fell as large as a quart bottle, and all the trees 
from Valance to Lisle were torn up by the roots, July 13, 
1788 ; almost all over. the kingdom, which did considerable da- 
mage, December 23, 1790; in September, 1791, a violent hail 
storm fell in Calabria, near Naples, when some of the hail- 
stones weighed an English pound, which destroyed all hopes 
of a vintage; the church of Speldhurst, in Kent, was destroyed 
by lightning, and the bells were melted, and other damage 
done at Raynham, October 25, 1791; also in Sussex, where 
the hailstones were four inches in circumference; at White- 
haven, which did great damage, when the tide rose six feet 



STORMS, &c. J51 

above its usual height, March, 1793; at Thornton, in Leices- 
tershire, when the hailstones measured from 4 to 6£ inches 
in circumference, and did great damage, August 3, 1793; at 
Savannah-la-Mar, in Jamaica, hailstones as large as pigeons' 
eggs, fell, June 2, 1793; almost universal through Great-Bri- 
tain, by which much damage was done, January 16, 1794; at 
Bletchingdon, there were 575 panes of glass broken, belonging 
to the barracks, and other damage done in different places; at 
Halifax, in Nova Scotia, £100,000 damage was done by a 
storm, September 25, 1798; at Heyford, in Oxfordshire, irre- 
gular pieces of ice, the size of a hen's egg, fell, August 19, 
1800; the same storm did great damage in Bedfordshire, 
where hailstones fell of eleven inches circumference, and kill- 
ed the hares and partridges in the fields; November 8, the 
same year, great damage was done in London, and throughout 
almost all England; again, in Devonshire, and in the Baltic, 
November, 1801; in the north of England, August 18, 1802; a 
violent hurricane of wind did great damage in Devon and 
Cornwall, January 19, 1804; another blew down a garden 
wall at Shenfield-place, Kent, of 300 feet in length, on Janua- 
ry 22, 1804; a dreadful storm at Kingston-upon-Thames, Ju- 
ly 6, 1805; a terrific thunder storm in Somersetshire, when 
the hailstones measured from six to seven inches in circum- 
ference, July 15, 1808; a tremendous one at Boston, by which 
and the rising of the tide, the town and country round were de- 
luged, Nov. 10, 1810; at a farm belonging to captain Nowel, of 
Ifliey, near Oxford, by which two barns, some out-houses, 
and thirteen valuable ricks of hay and corn, were destroyed, 
October 12, 1810; at Eaton Socon, Bedfordshire, a heavy 
storm of thunder, lightning, and hail, during which a fire-ball 
fell, and a barn, malting office, and stable were burnt down, 
Oct. 1813; a tremendous gale and storm prevailed throughout 
Great-Britain and Ireland, by which much damage was done 
in various places, December 16-17, 1814; violent thunder 
storm in London, June 15, 1814; a dreadful one fell upon the 
town of Worchetz, in the county of Timeswar, and of 2,600 
buildings, none escaped without injury, July 2,- 1816; a most 
tremendous gale, by which many vessels were lost, and much 
damage was done to the shipping in general on the English 
coasts, August 31, 1816; tremendous gale of wind, which did 
considerable mischief, was experienced at Birmingham, Li- 
verpool, Manchester, and other northern towns, February 27, 
1818; a most destructive storm at Madras, on the Coroman- 
del coast of Indostan, December 7th, 1827; at the same time, 
another hurricane raged with equal violence, at Bombay, on 
the Malabar coast. 

Stratford jubilee, September 6, 1769. 

Stucco work revived by D'Udine, about 1500. 

Style altered by pope Gregory, who took twelve days off the ca- 
lendar in 1582 j the Gregorian style received at Paris, by tak- 



252 SUE— SWEDEN. 

ing off ten days, December 15, 1582; received at London, by 
taking eterrep days off the calendar, September 2, 1752. See 
art. Dominical Letter. 
Suetonius Paulinus, in the reign of Nero, invaded the island of 
Anglesea, and burnt the Druids, 59 ; defeated Boadicia at Lon- 
don, and slew 80,000 of the Britons the same year. 
Suffolk, in Virginia, destroyed by the British forces, May, 1779. 
Sugar first mentioned by Paul Eginetta, a physician, 625; pro- 
duced in Sicily, 1148; first produced in Madeira, 1419; in the 
Canary islands, 1503; carried to the West-Indies, by the Por- 
tuguese and Spaniards, 1510; cultivated at Barbados, 1G41; 
sugar refining first discovered by a Venetian, 1503; practised 
first in England, in 1569. 
Sun, spots seen in, for the first time, 1611; spot observed in 
1779; several spots observed in, that in the centre of the ap- 
parent size of the earth's diameter, June, 1816. 
Sunday schools first established in Yorkshire, 1784; became ge- 
neral in England and Scotland, in 1789. 
Sun-dials invented 558 B. C; the first erected at Rome was that 
by Papirius Cursor, when time was divided into hours, 308 
B. C; first set up against churches, 613. 
Supremacy of the pope above the emperor introduced, 607; the 
first prince that shook off the yoke of Rome, and settled the 
supremacy in himself, was Henry VIII. 1533. 
Surinam surrendered by the English to Holland, 1667; taken by 

the English, August 20, 1799; again May 5, 1804. 
Surnames first introduced into England by the Normans, 1102; 

became common, 1200. 
Survey of England made, at first, by order of Alfred, 900; by 

William the Conqueror, 1080; by Charles II. 1668. 
Swearing on the holy gospel first used, 528. 
Sweden, ancient Scandinavia, kingdom of, began 481; united to 
the crown of Denmark and Norway, in 1394; Gustavus Vasa 
expelled the Danes in 1525, until which time the crown was 
elective; Christianity introduced there, 829; no nobility there 
before 1500; nobility massacred November 8, 1510; Luther- 
anism established there by Gustavus Vasa, about 1525; pope- 
ry abolished, and the crown declared to be hereditary, 1544; 
Christiani, queen of, born, 1626; began her reign, 1632; found- 
ed the order of Amarante, 1645; resigned the crown, 1654; 
died at Rome, 1689; Charles XII. began his reign, 1700; king 
of, made prisoner by the Turks at Bender, after three years 
protection there, 1713; conspiracy for altering the govern- 
ment, when counts Brahe and Home were beheaded, 1756; 
revolution in the government, and the king made absolute, 
August 13, 1772; the king assassinated, March 16, 1792; the 
late king, Gustavus Adolphus V. dethroned, and the govern- 
ment assumed by his uncle, the duke of Sudermania, March 
13, 1809. On account of the advanced age of Charles XIII. 
duke of Sudermania, Charles Augustus, prince of Augustea- 



SWEDEN—SWITZERLAND. 253 

burgh, was chosen to succeed him, January 24, 1810; Charles 
Augustus dying suddenly, May 29, John Bernadotte, prince of 
Ponte Corvo, French general, was chosen crown prince, Au- 
gust 21, following. The government resigned by Charles, in 
favor of his adopted son, Bernadotte, March 17, 1811; the go- 
vernment resumed by Charles, January 7, 1812; made peace 
and alliance with England, August, in the same year; Norway 
ceded to it by treaty, January 14, 1814. 

Separation of Sweden and Denmark. — 1523, Gustavus Vasa; 
1560, Errick, XIV.; 1508, John III.; 1592, Sigismundl.be- 
gan; 1006, Charles IX.; 1611, Gustavus II. Adolphus; 1633, 
Christina, aged 6. House of Deux- Fonts. — 1654, Charles X.; 
1660, Charles XI. four years oid; 1699, Charles XII. aged 15; 
1718, Ulrique, sister to Charles, aged 15; 1751, Adolphus 
of Holstein; 1771, Gustavus III.; 1792, Gustavus IV ; 1809, 
Charles XIII.; crown prince, John Jules, prince of Ponte Cor- 
vo, (marshal Bernadotte) succeeded to the throne in 1818, 
and is the reigning king. 

Switzerland, bounded on the north by Suabia, east by Tyrol, 
south by Savoy and Italy, and west by France. It is 220 
miles long, and 130 broad. Switzerland was divided into 13 
cantons, namely: Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, Underwalden, Zug, 
Friburg, Soleure, Zurick, Bern, Basel, Schaffhausen, Glarus 
and Appenzel. The first seven are Catholics, the next four 
are Calvinists, and the other two contain both religions. In 
1797 the French entered the country; abolished the constitu- 
tions of the principal cantons, erected what was termed the 
Helvetic republic, and vested the government in two councils 
and a directory. This constitution was abolished in 1802. 

Switzerland inhabited formerly by the Helvetti, who were 
subdued by Caesar, 57 years before Christ; it remained subject 
to the Romans till 395; became part of the kingdom of Bur- 
gundy, 838, given by the last king of Burgundy to the em- 
peror of Germany, 1032, to which it belonged till the Swiss 
Cantons were formed, 1307; their form of government made 
perpetual by themselves, 1315; Swiss soldiers first in the pay 
of France, 1480; their independence abolished by the French, 
September 9, 1798; their government finally placed under the 
care of France, October 1802; recalled its troops from the 
service of England, and voted 6000 additional men for the 
service of France, August 24, 1811; its neutrality violated by 
the allied Austrians, Russians and Prussians, December 21, 
1813; joins the confederacy against Bonaparte, May 20, 1815. 

22 



854 TAN— TENNESSEE. 



T. 

Takkixg leather, n new and expeditious method invented, 1795. 
Tapestry invented by sir Francis Crane, 1619; for the encour- 
agement of which king James I. gave £2000 to build a house 
at Mortlake, in Surrey, 1619. 
Tariff' or duties on goods imported, estimated amount in 1789, 
average lb per cent.; in 1824, average amount, 25 per cent.; 
in 1828, average 35 per cent. 
Taverns restrained by an act of Edward VI. 1552, to forty in 

London. 
Taxes wen raised arbitrarily in England, 1100; amounted to 

£7,513,340 in 1754; and to £16,500,000 in 1797. 
Tea first brought into Europe by the Dutch East India Com- 
pany, early in 1591. 
Tea destroyed at Boston by the inhabitants, 1773, in abhorrence 

of English taxes. 
Telegraphs invented, 1687; put into practice by the French, io 

1794; by the English, January 28, 1796. 
Telescopes invented by Z. Jansen, a spectacle maker atMiddle- 
buigh, 1590; the first reflecting one made on the principles of 
sir Isaac Newton, 1692. 
Tennessee, state of the United States, bounded by Mississippi, 
Alabama and Georgia, south, North-Carolina south cast, Vir- 
ginia north east, Kentucky north, and the Mississippi river 
west; has an outline of 1,111 miles; area 40,900 square miles. 
The longest line that can be drawn in Tennessee, is from south 
■west to north east angles, 465 miles, and is the longest line 
that can be extended in any state of the United States. The 
mean width about 100 miles. Population in 1810, 261,725. 
In 1820, 422,613. Of these: 

Foreigners not naturalized 312 

Engaged in Agriculture 101,919 

Do. .in Manufactures 7,860 

Do . . in Commerce 882 

Population to the square mile,. 15 

Progressive population— in 1790, 35,691; in 1800, 105,602; 
and in 1610 and 1820, as above. 

( hronolugy of Tennessee. — 1780, Nashville on Cumberland 
river, founded; 1789, what is now Tennessee, conditionally 
ceded by North Carolina, to the United States; 1790, May 
29th, by act of congress made a territory, by the name of the 
'Territory of the United States south of Ohio'; 1796, February 
6th, constitution ratified in convention, at Knoxville, and in 
the same year admitted into the union as an independent 
state. Tennessee, government of, legislature, a general as- 
sembly, consisting of a senate and house of representatives; 



TENNESSEE, THAMES, THEATRE, 8tc. 255 

representatives not to exceed forty, but apportioned accord- 
ing to taxable population; senators never tii be less than one 
third, nor more tnan one half the number of representatives: 
both bodies elected by the people for a term of two years. 
Qualification of both senators and representatives, (hree years 
in the state, and one year county residence, and property in 
possession, in full right, in the county or district from whence 
elected, of two hundred acres of land. Executive, a govern- 
or elected biennially by the people, and only eligible six years 
out of eight; must be twenty-five years of age, have resided in 
the state four years before election, and possess a freehold in 
the state of five hundred acres of land. Judiciary, composed 
of such courts, superior and inferior, which the legislature 
may from time to time establish; judges appointed by the le- 
gislature in joint ballot, and hold their oflices during good be- 
havior. 
Thames was so low between the tower and the bridge, that 
woncn and children waded over it, owing to so great an ebb 
in the ocean, that laid the sands bare several miles from the 
shore, which continued a whole day, 12 14; rose so high at 
Westminster, that the lawyers were brought out of the hall 
in boats, 1235; ebbed and flowed twice in three hours, 1658; 
agiin three times in four hours, March 22, 1682: tide flowed 
eight hours instead of four, and ebbed five hours instead of 
eight, September 16, 1732; the tide exceeded its bounds 18 
inches, February 18, 1734; palace yard and Westminster Hall 
deluded by it, October 21, 1812; the tide in, rose remarkably- 
high, December 28, 1814. 
Theatre; that of Bacchus at Athens, the first ever erected, built 
by Philos, 420 before Christ; the ruins still exist; first in- 
troduced into England, 1566; the first royal license for one in 
E inland was in 1574, to James Burbage and four others, ser- 
vants to the earl of Leicester, to act plays at the Globe, 
Bankside, or in any part of England; plays were opposed by 
the Puriians, 1633, and suspended till 1660, when Charles IT. 
licensed two companies, Killigrew's and DavenantV, till this 
tine boys performed women's parts; Italian opera first intro- 
duced in the United States, at the Park Theatre in New York, 
with great success, 1825. 
Theatre at Cape d'Islria, in Italy, fell and crushed the perform- 
ers and audience to death, February 6. 1794. 
Theatre at Mentz was destroyed by fire during the performance, 
on the falling in of which many were crushed to death, and 
above 70 were burnt, August, 1796. 
Theatre at Nantz was destroyed by accidental fire, August 27, 

1796. 
Theban war, 1225 before Christ. 
Thebes built by Cadmus, 493. before Christ. 
Thebes destroyed by Alexander, when he left only Pindar the 
poet's house standing, 335 before Christ. 



256 THE— TOR 

Thermometers first invented by Prebcl, a Dutchman, 1620; im- 
proved by Reaumur, 1730, and by Fahrenheit, 1749. 

Thoiacic duet discovered in a hoise, by Eustachius, in 1563; in 
the human body, by 01. Rudbec, a Swedish anatomist, Tho- 
mas Bartholline of Copenhagen, and D. Jolitie, of England, 
1653. (See Lacteals.) 

Thread first made at Paisley, in Scotland, in 1722. 

Thuilleries in Paris, built, 1577. 

Ticonderoga taken by the English, 1759; by the Provincials, May 
13, 1775. 

Tides, the first theory of, by Kepler, 1596. 

Tiles first used in England, 124b. 

Tilsit, treaty of, concluded, July 7, 1807. 

Tilts and tournaments instituted in Germany, 919. 

Time first computed from the christian era, 516; in history, 784; 
in Spain, 1258; in Arragon and Castile, 1383; in Portugal, 
1415. 

Time-measure barometer introduced by Scipio Nasica, 159 ; king 
Alfred's lime-keeper was six large wax tapers, each' iwelve 
inches long; as they burnt unequally, owing to the wind, he in- 
vented a lanthorn made of wood and thin-scraped plates of 
ox-horns, glass being a great rarity, 887. The ancients had 
three sorts of time measures, hour glasses, sun-dials, and a 
vessel full of water with a hole in its bottom. 

Tin found in Germany, 1241; in no place before but in Devon- 
shire and Cornwall, in Barbary, 1640; in India, 1740; in New 
Spain, 1782. 

Tithes given by Moses to the ti ibe of Levi, 1490 B. C. ; first grant- 
ed to the church in England, 786; established by law by the 
Lateran council, 1200. 

Titles, first creation to, by patents, 1344. The following is the 
succession in which the royal titles swelled in England: Hen- 
ry IV. had the title of "Grace 1 ' conferred on him; Henry VI. 
that of "Excellent Grace; 1 ' Edward IV. that of "High and 
Mighty Prince; 1 ' Henry VII. "Highness; 11 Henry VIII. "Ma- 
jesty;" (and was the first and last that was styled "Dread So- 
vereign;") and James I. that of "Sacred," or "Most Excel- 
lent Majesty." 

Titles of honour abolished in France by the national assembly, 
1790. 

Toad, a live one found in a block of stone, at Newark, April 15, 
1806; another found alive, in the heart of an oak tree, about 
thirty inches in diameter, atRainford, Lancashire, January, 
1810. 

Tobacco first discovered in St. Domingo, in 1496; afterwards by 
the Spaniards in Yutacan, 1520; first brought into England, 
1583; allowed to be cultivated in Ireland, 1779; tobacco pro- 
hibited from being chewed publicly in Massachusetts, 1632. 

Torre del Grecco, near Naples, was nearly destroyed by the lava 
of Mount Vesuvius, June 30, 1794. 



TOR— TURKEY. 257 

Torture abolished in Sweden, by order of the king, 17SG; in Po- 
land, 177 fv, abolished in France by edict, August 25, 1780; 
abolished in Spain, August, 1814. 

Toulon taken frani the French revolutionists by admiral Hood, 
1793; surrendered to their forces, December, the same year; 
si^ ied an act of sun nfssion to Louis XVUI. July 23, 1815. 

Tourlone, cardinal, high inquisitor of Rome, dragged out of his 
carriage by a mob, an I hung on a gibbet fifty feet high, 178G. 

Tournaments began in 170; instituted by Henry, emperor of Ger- 
many, 919. 

Tourniquet, the, invented by one Morell, at the siege of Besan- 
con, 1G74; Petit, of France, invented the screw tourniquet, 
1718. 

Towers, high, first erected to churches, in 1000. 

Trage Jy, the first acted at Athens, on a wagon, by Thespis, 585 
before Christ. 

Trajan's pillar erected in Rome, 114. 

Transubstantiation opposed by the English ehurch, about 1000; 
received it between 1000 and 1066. 

Treasury ofhee, Westminster, built, 1732. 

Trieste was seized by the French, but retaken by the Austrians, 
April 14. 1797. 

Trinidad, the isle of, discovered, 1498; taken by the English, 
with four ships of the line, 1797. 

Trinity, the word first applied to the persons of the Godhead, 
150; festival instituted, 835. 

Tripoli reduced by admiral Blake, 1655; attacked four times by 
the United States squadron, under commodore Preble, in the 
year 1804. 

Troy built, 1430; the kingdom of, began 1446 before Christ; des- 
truction of, June 11, 1184 before Christ. 

Trumpets first sounded before the kings of England, by order of 
Olfa, king of Vlcrcia, 790. 

Tulips first brought into Bngland, 1578. 

Tunis reduced by admiral Blake, 1665; taken by the emperor 
Charles V. and restored to its king that had been banished 
1535. 

Tunnel of the Tavistock canal, a mile and a half in length, and in 
some parts of it, more than four hundred feet below the sur- 
face, completely holed, after thirteen years' labour, August 
24, 1816. 

Turkey, large empire, extended over part of Europe, Asia, and 
Africa. Turkey in Europe is bounded on the north by Croa- 
tia, Selavonia, Hungary, Transylvania, and Poland, east by 
New Russia, the Black sea, the sea of Marmora, and the Ar- 
chipelago, south by the Mediterranean, and west by that sea 
and the Venetian and Austrian territories. It contains Mol- 
davia, Bessarabia, Wallachia, Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia, part 
of Croatia, and Dalmatia, Romania, Macedonia, Albania, Jan- 
na, Livadia, and the Morea. These countries lie between 17° 
22* 



258 TURKEY.— UNITED STATES. 

and 40° east long, and 36° and 49° north lat. Turkey in Asia 
is bounded on the north by the Black sea and Circassia, east 
by Persia, south by Arabia, and west by the Mediterranean 
and the sea of Marmora. It lies between 27° and 46° east 
long, and 28° and 45' north lat. and contains the countries of 
Irac Arabi, Diarbek, Cordistan, Armenia, Caramania, Nato- 
lia, and Syria, with Palestine. In Africa, the Turks have 
Egypt, part of Nubia, and Barca; and the states of Tripoli, 
Tunis and Algiers, are under their protection. 

The Turks are of Tartar origin. In the eighth century they 
invaded the northern parts of Armenia — from that lime, for 
many centuries, one swarm of these fierce barbarians issued af- 
ter another. They remain nearly as ignorant and barbarous as 
when they first appeared on the northern frontiers of Armenia. 

Turkeys came into England, 1523. 

Turnpikes first legally erected in England, 1663; yielded in 1783 
about £508,000. 

Tuscany erected into a dukedom, 1530; seized by the French on 
March 24, 1799; recovered its independence, July 17,1799; 
but was reduced again under obedience to France, 1800; res- 
tored, 1814; united to France, May 24, 1808. 

Types cf wood for printing used, 1470. 



U. 

Unction, extreme, practised in the first century; in common 
use, 550. 

Union of the crowns of England and Scotland, 1603; of the two 
kingdoms attempted, 1604, but failed; again ditto, 1670; car- 
ried into effect, May 1, 1707, and thence the island is called 
Great-Britain; union of Britain and Ireland took place, Janu- 
ary 1, 1801. 

United Provinces established, 1579; acknowledged independent, 
1609; united to France, 1796; Louis Bonaparte made king of, 
June 4, 1806, by order of his brother Napoleon. See Hol- 
land. 

University of Maryland instituted 1784; constituted by Wash- 
ington college, at Chestertown, and St. John's college, at Anna- 
polis; deprived of its funds, 1804. 

United States of North America, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean 
E. and SE. Gulf of Mexico S. the Spanish or Mexican provin- 
ces SW. Pacific Ocean W. and N. by the Russian and British 
territories in North America. This extensive region has the 
following limits — commencing on Passamaquoddy bay, at the 
mouth of St. Croix river, and thence along the Atlantic Ocean 
to Florida point, 1,800 miles; thence along the Gulf of Mex- 
ico to the mouth of the Sabine, 1,100 miles; from the mouth 



UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



259 



of the Sabine, in common with the Spanish or Mexican pro- 
vinces, to the Pacific Ocean, 2,300 miles; along the Pacific 
Ocean from latitude 42° to 49° N. or about 500 miles; due east 
from the Pacific ocean on lat. 49° N. on the Russian territories 
to the Rocky or Chippewan mountains, 600 miles; thence in 
common with Cabotia, or British North America, to the 
mouth of St. Croix, 3,00ll miles; having an entire outline of 
9,300 miles. The territory of the United States is natural- 
ly divided into four sections. 

The United States is subdivided, at this period, into the 
following states and territories, which, taken alphabetically, 



Population in Fop. 
States and Territories. Square n>iles. 1820. Sqm. Slaves in 1820. 



Alabama 

Arkansaw 

Connecticut 

Columbia District. . 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . • . 

Michigan 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

New- Hampshire . 

New- Jersey 

New- York 

N. Carolina 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Rhode Island . •• 

S. Carolina 

Tennessee 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Western Territory 



Total 2,063,369 



51,770 
3 00,000 

4,750 
100 

2,120 
54,000 
58,000 
58,900 
34,000 
37,680 
48,220 
35,000 
11,000 

7,250 

174,000 

45,760 

62,870 

8,030 

6,851 
46,000 
48,000 
38,260 
43,950 

1,580 
21,000 
40,000 

8,278 

63,000 

950,000 



143,000 

14,273 

275,248 

33,039 

72,749 

10,000 

340,989 

55,211 

147,178 

564,317 

153,407 

297,839 

407,350 

521,725 

10,000 

75,448 

66,586 

244,155 

277,575 

1,372,812 

638,829 

581,434 

1,049,458 

83,059 

502,758 

422,813 

235,764 

1,065,304 



9,663,313 



35 

6 
1 

4 
13 

3 

9 
29 
70 

2 
1 
2C 
34 
30 
13 
15 
24 
61 
18 
9 
23 
17 



504 



47,439 

97 

4,509 

149,642 

917 

190 

126,732 

69,064 

00 

107,398 

00 

32,814 

10,222 

00 

7,555 

10,088 

205,017 

00 

211 

48 

258,475 

80,107 

00 

425,156 



1,535,678 



In estimating the comparative population to the square 
mile, it will be 4 1-3, if the whole territory of the United 
States is included; but amounts to 16 to the square mile, when 
we include only the area actually embraced by the census of 
1820, or about 600,000 square miles. 



£60 



UNITED STATES— POPULATION, &c. 



The classified and progressive population of the United 
States, are exhibited in the following tables: 

Population in 1810. 

Free white males, 2,988,141 

Free white females, ; 2,873,952 

Total whites, 5,8(52,093 

All other persons, except Indians, not taxed, . . . 186,446 
Slaves, 1,191,364 



Total population in 1810, 



,'239,903 



Population in 1820. 

Free white males, 3,992,166 

Free white females, 3,863,916 

All other persons, except Indians, not taxed, . . . 4,631 

Total whites, 7,840,713 

Free persons of colour, males, 112.703 

Do. do. females, 120,695 

Slaves, males, 784,671 

Slaves, females, 746,765 

Total population in 1820, 9,625,547 

Of these: — 

Foreigners not naturalized, 53,655 

Eng'aged in agriculture, 2,065,499 

Do. in manufactures, 349,247 

Do. in commerce, 72,397 

To complete the enumeration of the inhabitants of 

the U. States, in 1820, to the above aggregate, 9,625,547 
Must be added the population of Kershaw dist. S. C. 12,442 

Additional counties, Alabama, 15,324 

Florida, 10,000 

Corrected amount, 9,663,313 



The following shows the relative numbers of the white and 
coloured classes, in 1790, 1800, 1810 and 1820. 



Date. 



Total,- 
Free, . 
Slaves. 



Proportion of 
Slaves to the 
Free, 



} 



1790. 



3,929,328 

3,227,046 

694,280 

177 

1000 



1800. 



5,319,762 
4,429,881 

889,118 

167 
1000 



1810. 



1820. 



7,239,903 9,603,226 
6,074,562 8,110,108 
1,165,441 1,538,118 



160 
1000 



159 
1000 



UNITED STATES— POPULATION. &c; 



261 



Progressive population since 1790. 

In 1790, 3,929,328 I In 1810 7,239,903 

1800, 5,306,035 | 1820, 9,663,313 

POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN 1820. 



Maine. 

Portland 8,600 

New-Hampshire. 

Portsmouth 7,300 

Concord 2,800 

Vermont. 

Windsor 3,000 

Montpelier 2,300 

Burlington . , 2,100 

Massachusetts. 

Boston* 58,300 

Salem 12,700 

Nantucket 7,300 

Newburyport 6,900 

Charlestown 6600 

Marblehead 5,600 

Rhode-Island. 

Providence* 15,300 

Newport 7,300 

Bristol 3,200 

Connecticut. 

New-Haven 8,300 

Hartford .6,900 

Middletown 6,500 

Norwich 3,600 

New-London 3,300 

New -York. 

New-York* 167,000 

Altnny* 16,000 

Troy* 7,900 

Rochester* 5,300 

Buif;«lo* 5,100 

Utica* 5,000 

New-Jersey. 

New-Brunswick 6,700 

Newark 6,500 

Trenton .4,000 

Pennsylvania. 

Philadelphia 108,000 

Pittsburg* 10,500 

Lancaster 6,700 

Harrisburg 3,000 

Delaware. 

Wilmington 5,300 

Dover 900 



Maryland. 

Baltimore 62,700 

Frederick'own 3,600 

Annapolis 2,300 

District of Columbia. 

Washington* 16,000 

Alexandria 8,200 

Georgetown 7,400 

Virginia. 

Richmond 12,000 

Norfolk 8,500 

Petersburg 6,700 

Lynchburg 5,500 

North Carolina. 

Newbern 3,700 

Fayetteville 3,600 

Raleigh 2,700 

Wilmington 2,600 

South Carolina. 

Charleston 24,810 

Columbia 3,000 

Georgia. 

Savannah 7,600 

Augusta 4,000 

Riilledgeville .2,100 

Alabama. 

Mobile 2,500 

Cahawba 1,200 

Mississippi. 
Natchez 2,200 

Louisiana. 
New-Orleans 27,200 

Tennessee. 
Nashville* 5,000 

Kentucky. 

Lexington 5,300 

Louisville 4,000 

Frankfort ...1,700 

Ohio. 

Cincinnati 9,600 

Columbus 1,600 

Missouri. 
St. Louis 4,000 

Michigan. 
Detroit 1,200 



^Population in 1825, 



tea 



UNITED STATES MINT, &c. 



The whole amount of coinage from 1794 to 1800, exclusive, 
making a pei iod of seven years, was, in round numbers, 
02,534,000; the average annual amount was $362,000; and 
the greatest pioduction in one year was $646,000, being the 
coinage of I'rJl). 

The coinage in ten years, from 1802 to 1810, amounted to 
$0,971,000; Jie annual average was $,697,000, and the great- 
est amount in one year, $1,156,000, being the coinage of 1810. 

The coinage, in ten years from 1811 to 1820, was $9,328,000, 
Rejecting two years, which may be considered as lost through 
the effects of the war, and counting the period as eight years 
instead of ten, the average annual amount will be $1,166,000; 
the greatest amount in one year was $1,864,000, being the 
coinage of 1820. 

The amount coined in the last seven years, from 1821 to 
1827, was $1 1,632,000, the average annual amount $1,662,000; 
and the greatest amount in one year $3,024,000, being tho 
coinage of 1827. 

Within the first fifteen years of the operations of the estab- 
lishment, beginning with the year 1793, and ending with 1^07, 
the amount coined \. as $6,482,613 68£; during the succeed- 
ing ten years, ending with 1817, the amount coined was 
$7,715,979 85; and within the last ten years, $16,266,8^0 61. 

The average annual coinage of the first period above men- 
tioned, it will be found, was f 432,174 24, that of the second 
$771,597 98, and that of the last period $1,626,685 06. The 
coinage of the last year exceeds, by nearly a million of dol- 
lars, that of any year preceding, and is nearly two foid the 
average amouut of the period to which it belongs. See coin- 
age, j;age 98. 

Statement showing the quantity of public land in each state 
and territory, to which the Indian title has been extinguished 
for the use of the United States; the quantity to which that ti- 
tle remains unextinguished, mid the quantity sold, 1828. 



States or Territo! its. 


Indian title ex- 
lingimhed. 


Indian tiile noi 
extinguished. 


Sold by the U. 
State*. 


Ohio, 


24,388,745 
16,060,036 
29,517,262 
17,561,470 
39,119,018 
24,482,159 
14,188,454 
31,463,040 
33,661,120 
31 254,120 


409,501 
6,399,6.19 
6,424,640 
7,339,360 

9,520,496 
14,188,454 

7,634,160 
4,032,640 


8,778.715 


Indiana, 

Illinois, 

Michigan, 

Missouri, 

Alabama, ....... 

Mississippi, 

Louisiana, 

Arkansas, 


3,068,868 

1,222,442 

291,839 

980,372 

3,496,369 

1,155,652 

150,375 

39,177 

55,689 






Total 


261,695,424 


55,948,883 


19,229,505 



UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



263 



Amount of money annually received from the sales of pub- 
lic lai.ds from the year 1800 to 1827, and of the amount an- 
nually paid for interest on the public debt during the same 
period. 



Years. 


Am't. paid for interest. 


Am't. received for lands. 


1300 


3,374,704 72 


443 75 


1801 


4,396,998 69 


167,726 06 


1802 


4,120,038 95 


188,628 02 


1803 


3,790,113 41 


165,675 69 


1804 


4,259,582 55 


487,526 79 


1805 


4,140,998 82 


540,193 80 


1806 


3,694,407 88 


765,245 73 


1807 


3,369,578 48 


466,163 27 


1808 


3,428,152 87 


647,939 06 


1809 


2,866,074 90 


442,252 33 


1810 


2,845,427 53 


696,548 82 


1811 


2,465,733 16 


1,040,237 53 


1812 


2,451,272 57 


710,427 78 


1813 


3,559,455 22 


835,655 14 


1814 


4,593,239 04 


1,135,971 09 


1815 


5,700,374 01 


1,287.959 23 


1816 


7,157,500 42 


1,717,985 03 


1817 


6,381,209 81 


1,991,226 06 


1818 


6,016,314 98 


2,006,564 77 


1819 


5,163,538 11 


3,274,422 78 


1820 


5,126,097 20 


1,635,871 61 


1821 


5,162,543 66 


1,212,966 46 


1822 


5,165,819 99 


1,803,581 54 


1823 


5,010,409 44 


916,523 10 


1824 


4,993,861 47 


725,440 17 


1825 


4,295,138 00 


1,216,090 56 


1826 





1,393,785 09 


1827 


3,492,533 00 


1,462,226 81 



EXPORTS 

New-York, ....$17,100,000 
Massachusetts, . .12,599,000 

Pennsylvania, 9,048,000 

Louisiana, 7,979,000 

South Carolina, . .7,260,000 

Georgia, 5,485,000 

Maryland, 4,437,000 

Virginia, 3,217,000 

Maine, •• 1,037,000 



IN 1822. 

Rhode Island, 862,000 

North Carolina, 586,000 

Connecticut, 485,000 

Vermont, 257,000 

New-Hampshire ..200,000 

Mississippi, 192,000 

Delaware, 169,000 

New-Jersey, 83,000 

Alabama, 18,000 



VALUE OF THE PRINCIPAL EXPORTS IN 1822. 

Cotton, $22,628,900 

Wheat Flour, 18,432,000 

Tobacco, 9,230,000 



264 



UNITED STATES— EXPORTS, &c. 



Lumber, 3,196,000 

Rice, 2,379,000 

Pot and pearl ashes, 1,967,000 

Indian corn and meal, -------- 1,329,000 

Dried and pickled fish, 1,328,000 

Ueef, tallow, hides, cattle, 845,000 

Skins and furs, 638,000 




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UNITED STATES— LIBRARIES, OFFICERS, &c. 265 

PRINCIPAL LIBRARIES. Volumes. 

Cambridge University .26,000 

Philadelphia 22,000 

Boston Athenaeum 20,000 

New-York Library 16,000 

Charleston Library 13,000 

Baltimore Library 10,000 

Virginia University 10,000 

Washington, National Library 8,000 

Princeton College 8,000 

Yale College 7,000 

American Antiquarian, Worcester 7,000 

Georgetown College 6,000 

Transylvania University 6,000 

Bowdoin College 6,000 

Dartmouth College 6,000 

Brown University 5,000 

Union College 5,000 

South Carolina College, Columbia 5,000 

CIVIL OFFICERS OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

Presidents of the United States. 
See art. President— also Presidents of Congress— -page 220- 

Vice-Presidents. 

John Adams of Massachusetts, from 1789 to 1797. 
Thomas Jefferson oi Virginia, from 1797 to 1801. 
Aaron Burr of New- York, from 1801 to 1805. 
George Clinton of New-York, from 1805 to 1813. 
Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, from 1813 to 1817. 
Daniel D. Tompkins of New- York, from 1817 to 1825. 
John C. Calhoun of South-Carolina, from 1825 — 

Secretaries of State. 

Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, 26th September, 1789. 

Edmund Randolph of Virginia, 2d January, 1794. 

Timothy Pickering of Pennsylvania, 10th December, 1795. 

John Marshall of Virginia, 13th May, 1800. 

James Madison of Virginia, 5th March, 1801. 

Robert Smith of Maryland, 6th March, 1809. 

James Monroe of Virginia, 26th November, 1811. 

James Monroe, (recommissioned, having acted as Secretary of 

War,) 28th February, 1815. 
John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, 5th March, 1817. 
Henry Clay of Kentucky, 7th March, 1825. 

Secretaries of the Treasury. 

Alexander Hamilton of New- York, 11th September, 1789. 
Oliver Wolcott, jr. of Connecticut, 2d February, 1795. 
23 



266 UNITED STATES— CIVIL OFFICERS. 

Samuel Dexter of Massachusetts, 1st January, 1801. 
Albert Gallatin of Pennsylvania, 26th January, 1802. 
George W. Campbell of Tennessee, 9th February, 1814. 
Alexander J. Dallas of Pennsylvania, 6th October, 1814. 
William H. Crawford of Georgia, 5th March, 1817. 
Richard Rush of Pennsylvania, 7th March, 1825. 

Secretaries at War. 

Henry Knox of Massachusetts, 12th September, 1789. 
Timothy Pickering of Pennsylvania, 2d January, 1795. 
James M'Henry of Maryland, 27th January, 1796. 
Samuel Dexter of Massachusetts, 13th May, 1800. 
Roger Griswold of Connecticut, 3d February, 1801. 
Henry Dearborn of Massachusetts, 5th March, 1801. 
William Eustis of Massachusetts, 7th March, 1809. 
John Armstrong of New-York, 13th January, 1813. 
William H. Crawford of Georgia, 1st August, 1815. 
Isaac Shelby of Kentucky, 5th March, 1817. 
John C. Calhoun of Soutk-Carolina, 16th December, 1817- 
James Barbour of Virginia, 7th March, 1825. 

Secretaries of the Navy. 

George Cabot of Massachusetts, 3d May, 1798. 
Benjamin Stoddert of Maryland, 21st May, 1798. 
Robert Smith of Maryland, 26th January, 1802. 
Jacob Crowninshield of Massachusetts, 3d March, 1805. 
Paul Hamilton of South-Carolina, 7th March, 1809. 
William Jones of Pennsylvania, 12th January, 1813. 
Benjamin W. Crowninshield of Massachusetts, 19th Dec. 1814. 
Smith Thompson of New-York, 30th November, 1818. 
Samuel L. Southard of New-Jersey, 9th December, 1823. 

Postmasters General. 

Samuel Osgood of Massachusetts, 26th September, 1789. 
Timothy Pickering of Pennsylvania, 7th November, 1791. 
Joseph Habersham of Georgia, 25th February, 1795. 
Gideon Granger of Connecticut, 26th January, 1802. 
Return Jonathan Meigs of Ohio, 17th March, 1814. 
John M'Lean of Ohio, 9th December, 1823. 

Supreme Court of the United Stales — Chitf Justices. 

John Jay of New-York, 26th September, 1789. 
William Cushing of Massachusetts, 27th January, 1796. 
Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut, 4th March, 1796. 
John Jay of New-York, 19th December, 1800. 
John Marshall of Virginia, 31st January, 1801. 

Jltlornies'' General of the United States. 

See art. Attornies' General, p. 43. 



VAC— VER 267 



V. 



Vaccine inoculation, introduced 1799, by Dr. Jenner, who re- 
ceived £10,000 for the discovery, from parliament, 1802. 

Valencia capitulated to the French, January 9, 1812. 

Valenciennes was besieged from May 23 to July 14, 1793, when 
the French garrison surrendered it to the combined army un- 
der the command of the duke of York; retaken by the French, 
in 1794. 

Valladolid entered by Joseph Bonaparte, July 16, 1811; entered 
by the allied army under lord Wellington, July 30, 1812. 

Vandals began their kingdom in Spain, 412; ended, 534. 

Varna, an important fortress, surrendered by the Turks to the 
Russians, 11th October, 1828. 

Vatican library founded, 1448. 

Vauxhall bridge, first stone of, laid May 9, 1811; opened, July 
25, 1817. 

Venezuela, declare in congress the sovereignty of the people, 
July, 1811. 

Venereal disease was brought into Europe in the first voyage of 
Columbus, and broke out in the French army at Naples, 1494; 
whence the French term, mal de Naples; in the Netherlands 
and England it obtained the appellation of mal de France, 
though in the latter country it was known so early as'the 12th 
century; about the same period, too, at Florence, one of the 
Medici family died of it. 

Venice. — The first inhabitants of this country, were the Veneti; 
conquered by the Gauls, and made a kingdom, about 356; 
conquered for the Romans, by Marcellus, 221 before Christ. 
The islands on which the city stands began to be inhabited by 
Italians, about 421; the first house was erected on the morass, 
by Entinopus, who fled from th3 Goths; the people of Padua 
took refuge there also, and were assisted by Entinopus in 
building the eighty houses, which formed the first city, 413; 
first governed by a doge, 697; but its republic was not inde- 
pendent, till 803; nearly destroyed by the league of Cambray, 
1509; the conspiracy on which Otway's play is founded, 1618; 
declared a free port, May 11, 1736; its senate dissolved, and 
its government changed by the French troops in 1797; the doge 
omitted the ceremony of wedding the Adriatic sea, a ceremony 
that has existed from 1173. Tiie French ceded the city with 
the adjacent country to the emperor of Germany, October 17, 
1797. 

Venus, her transit over the sun, June 2, 1600. 

Versailles palace, France, began 1687; finished 1708. 



268 VERMONT, &c. 

Vermont, state of the United States, bounded by Lower Canada 
north, Conneeticut river, or New-Hampshire east, Massachu- 
setts south, and New-York and Lake Champlain west. Hav- 
ing an outline along Connecticut river in common with New- 
Hampshire, 170 Kiiles; along the north boundary of Massachu- 
setts, 43 miles; in common with New- York, and along Lake 
Champlain, 160 miles; along Lower Canada, on 1 at. 45° N. 
90 miles; entire outline, 463 miles. Length from north to 
south 160 miles; mean width 52; area 8000 square miles. 
A chain of high mountains running north and south, divides 
the state nearly in the centre, between the river Connecticut 
and Lake Champlain. The natural growth upon this chain is 
hemlock, pine, spruce, and other evergreens; hence they are 
called the Green Mountains, and give name to the state. The 
country is generally hilly, and soil fertile; has numerous 
streams and rivers, all of which rise in the Green Mountains. 
Population in 1820, free white males 117,310; do. do. females 
1 17,536; all other persons, except Indians not taxed, 15; total 
whites, 234,861; free persons of color, males, 438; do. do. fe- 
males, 465; total population in 1820, 235,764. Of these: 

Foreigners not naturalized 935 

Engaged in Agriculture 50,950 

Do. • • in Manufactures 8,484 

Do. • • in Commerce 776 

Population to the square mile 28 

The principal products of Vermont, are small grain, pot and 
pearl ashes, beef, pork, &c. 

Vermont first settled, 1724; was claimed by New-York as a 
part of their territory; the people declared themselves a free 
state in 1777, and petitioned congress for admission into the 
union, but were refused. Controversy terminated in 1790, by 
Vermont paying to New-York, thirty thousand dollars. Ad- 
mitted into the union, February 18, 1791. Its present consti- 
tution was adopted in July, 1792. The legislative powers are 
vested in a general assembly, chosen annually. The governor 
and council are also elected annually by the people. The 
judges are chosen annually by the people. There is a council 
of censors elected every seven years, whose power exists dur- 
ing one year, and whose duty it is to enquire into the execu- 
tion of the laws, &c. during the last septenary, to pass cen- 
sures, order impeachments, &c. 
Vesta, a new planet, discovered by Dr. Olbers, at Bremen, 

March 29, 1807. 
Vestal Virgin, one who broke the vow, buried alive at Rome, 
337 before Christ, agreeably to the institutes of Numa Pom- 
pilius. 
Vesuvius, Mount, threw out such a quantity of flame and smoke, 
that the air was darkened, and the cities of Pompeia and Her- 
culaneum were overwhelmed by the burning lava, with two 
hundred and fifty thousand people, A. D. 79. Herculaneum 



VIENNA— VIRGINIA— VOLCANO. 269 

was discovered in 1737, and several curiosities have been dug 
out of it ever since; but every thing combustible had the marks 
of being burnt by fire. 

Vienna was walled and enlarged 1122; made an imperial city by 
Frederick II. 1136; besieged and taken by the king of Hunga- 
ry, 1490; besieged by the Turks, under Solyman the magnifi- 
cent, with an army of 300,000 men, 1529; again in 1532, .1543, 
and 1663, when the grand vizier with 100,000 men, cannona- 
ded the city, from July 24, to the beginning of September, 
without effect; taken possession of by the French troops, 1805 
and 1809. 

Vienna, emperor of Russia and king of Prussia made their so- 
lemn entry into, 25th September, 1814. Other sovereigns 
arrived at, to form a congress, 26th September; discussions 
by their ministers commenced, November 1, 1814. 

Vincents, St. Isle of, taken by the French, June 17, 1779; retak- 
en, 1792; insurrection there, March 1795; suppressed, 1796. 

Vine dressers, a colony of, from Phocea, in Ionia, settled at Mar- 
seilles, who instructed the South Gauls in tillage, vine dress- 
ing, and commerce, about 600 before Christ. Some think the 
vines are aborigines of Languedoc and Provence, and that 
they grew spontaneous on the Mediterranean shores of Italy, 
France and Spain. 

Vines planted in Germany and North Gaul, 276. 

Violins invented about 1477; and introduced hereby Charles II. 

Virginia has an entire outline of 1,483 miles, 61,302 square 
miles. Population 1,065,366. Of these: 

Foreigners not naturalized 2,142 

Engaged in Agriculture 276,422 

Do. . .in Manufactures 32,336 

Do. . • in Commerce 4 ,509 

Population to the square mile 17 1-3 

Virginia was given by patent to the London company, 1606; 
first colony arrived 1607; captain Smith arrived, 1608; in 1624 
the charter was vacated; Virginia passed the first resolution 
against the stamp act and denied the right of parliamentary 
taxation; the present constitution was adopted, July 5, 1776; 
the house of delegates and senate are elected annually; the 
governor is chosen by the assembly, and also the judges, who 
hold their offices during good behaviour. 
Volcano, in the isle of Ferro, broke out September 13, 1777, 
which threw out an immense quantity of red water, that dis- 
colored the sea for several leagues; a new volcano appeared 
in one of the Azore islands, May 1, 1808; volcano in the see, 
near St. Michaels, broke out February, 1811; volcano at Al- 
bay, in Manilla, burst forth February 1. 1814, the eruption 
lasted ten days; five populous towns, and the greater part of 
Albay, were destroyed, 1200 persons killed, and many more 
dreadfully burnt; Tomboro mountain, in the island of Sam- 
23* 



270 VOL— WARS. 

baron, burst forth, by which much shipping and many lives 
were lost, May, 1815. 

Voluntary contributions for the support of government in Eng- 
land, against French measures, amounted to two millions 
and a half, 1798, and £200,000 were transmitted to Eng- 
land from India, in 1799. 

Vulgate edition of the Bible discovered, 218. 



W. 



WALCHEnEN, the island of, taken by the English," August, 1809}, 
evacuated by them, December following. 

Wales first inhabited by Britons, on their being expelled Eng- 
land by the, Saxons, 685; Griffith, the last king, died 1137; 
Wales was united to England, by act of parliament, 28 Hen- 
ry VIII. 1536. 

Wales, princess of, her conduct investigated by a commit- 
tee of privy counsellors, 1806; investigated by another com- 
mittee of privy counsellors, February, 1813. Congratulatory 
address presented to her, by the livery of London, "on her 
happy escape from the conspiracy formed against her honour 
and her life," April 13, 1813. Left England in the Jason fri- 
gate, from Worthing, August 9, 1814. 

Wales, princess Charlotte of, her attendants at Warwick- 
house dismissed by the prince regent in person, July 12, 1814; 
married to the prince of Saxe Cobourg, May 12, 1816, the 
annual sum of £60,000 for their lives, having previously been, 
settled upon them by parliament. 

Walsh, stockbroker and member of parliament, absconded with 
£15,000, the property of the solicitor-general, and was com- 
mitted for trial, December 12, 1811. Expelled the house of 
commons, March 5, 1812. 

Wars of England, France, Spain, Sfc.from 1068. 
For wars of Austria — See art. Austria, p. 44; war, among many 
others, with Scotland, 1068; peace with Scotland, 1091; peace 
with France, 1113; war with France, 1116;peace with France, 
1118; peace with Scotland, 1139; war with France, 1161; 
peace with France, 1186; war with France, with success, 
1194; peace with France, 1195; war with France, 1201; war, 
civil, renewed, 1215; warended, 1216; war with France, 1224; 
war ended, 1243; war, civil, 1262; war, civil, ended, 1267; 
war with France, 1294; war with Scotland, 1296; peace with 
France, 1299; peace with Scotland, March 30, 1323; war again 
with Scotland, 1327; war ended, 1328; war again with Scot- 
land, 1333; war with France, 1339; peace with France, May 



WARS. 271 

8, 1360; war with France, 1368; war, civil, 1400; war with 
Scotland, 1400; peace with France, May 31, 1420; war with 
France, 1422; civil war between York & Lancaster, 1452; peace 
with France, October, 1471; war, civil, 1486; war with France 
October 6, 1492; peace with Fiance, November 3, following; 
peace with Scotland, 1502; war with France, February 4, 
1512; war with Scotland, 1513; peace with France, August 7, 
1514; war with France, 1522; war with Scotland, 1522; 
peace with France, 1527; peace with Scotland, 1542; war 
with Scotland directly after; peace with France and Scotland, 
June 7, 1546; war with Scotland, 1547; war with France, 
1549; peace with both, March 6, 1550; war, civil, 1553; war 
with Scotland, June, 1557; war with France, 1557; peace with 
France, 1559; peace with Scotland, 1560; war with France, 
1562; peace with France, 1564; war with Scotland, 1570; war 
with Spain, 1588; peace with Spain, August 18, 1604; war 
with Spain, 1624; war with France, 1627, peace with Spain 
and France, April 14, 1629; war, civil, 1642; war with the 
Dutch, 1651; peace with the Dutch, April 5, 1654; war with 
Spain, 1655; peace with Spain, September 10, 1660; war with 
France, January 26, 1666; war with Denmark, 19th October 
following; peace with the French, Danes and Dutch, August 
24, 1667; peace with Spain, February 13, 1668; war with the 
Algerines, September 6, 1669; peace with the Algerines, No- 
vember 19, 1671; war with the Dutch, March, 1672; peace 
with the Dutch, February 28, 1674; war with France, May 7, 
1679; peace, general, September 20, 1689; war with France, 
May 4, 1702; peace of Utrecht, July 13, 1713; war with 
Spain, December, 1718; peace with Spain, 1721; war with 
Spain, October 19, 1739; war with France, March 31, 1744; 
peace with France, &c. October 18, 1748; war with France, 
1756; war with Spain, January 4, 1762; peace with France 
and Spain, February 10, 1763; peace between Russia and the 
Turks, 1773; war, civil, in America, commenced June 14, 
1774: war with France, February 6, 1778; war with Spain, 
April 17, 1780; war with Holland, December 21, 1780; peace 
with France, Spain, Holland and America, 1783; war with 
France, 1793, by the English, Prussians, Austrians, Sardini- 
ans, and Italian states; peace between Prussia and France, 
1795; peace between France and Spain, 1795; peace between 
France and Naples, 1796; peace between the French and Sar- 
dinians, 1796; war between England and Spain, November 
11, 1796; war between France, Naples and Sardinia, Novem- 
ber, 1798; peace between Austria' and France, February 9, 
1801; war between Spain and Portugal, February 28, 1801; 
peace between Naples and France, March, 1801; peace be- 
tween Portugal and Spain, June 10, 1801; peace between 
France and Portugal, September 29, 1801; peace between 
France and the Porte, October 17, 1801; peace between Eng- 
land, France, Spain and Holland, March 27, 1802; war be- 



972 WARS—WAR LOANS. 

tween England and France, April 29, 1803; war between 
England and Spain, December 14, 1804; war between France, 
Russia and Austria, September, 1805; peace between France 
and Austria, December 27, 1805; war between Sweden and 
France, October 31, 1805; war between England and Prussia, 
April, 1806; war between Prussia and France, October, 1806; 
peace between France and tbe elector of Saxony, December 
11, 1806; peace between England and Prussia, January 28, 
1807; peace between France and Russia, July 19, 1807; war 
between England and Denmark, November 4, 1807; war be- 
tween Russia and Sweden, February 10, 1808; war between 
Denmark and Sweden, February 29, 1808; war between Prus- 
sia and Sweden, March 6, 1808; war between Spain and 
France, June 6, 1808; peace between England and Spain, 
June 6, 1808; peace between Sweden and Russia, September 
17, 1809; peace between France and Austria, October 15, 
1809; peace between France and Sweden, January 6, 1810; 
peace between England and Russia, August 1, 1812; peace be- 
tween England and Sweden, August 4-17, 1812; war between 
England and America, June 18, 1812; war between Sweden 
and Denmark, September 13, 1813; peace between Sweden 
and Denmark, January 14, 1814; peace between France and 
the allies (England, Russia and Prussia) May 30, 1814; peace 
between France and Spain, July 20, 1814; peace between 
England and America, December 24, 1814; peace between 
Saxony and Prussia, May 18, 1815; wars with Spain, between 
1589 and 1593, cost queen Elizabeth £1,300,000, besides the 
double subsidy of £280,000, granted by parliament. In the 
Irish rebellion, she spent £3,400,000 in ten years; the expen- 
ses of the war of 1756, cost England £90,000,000. 

The following is a list of wars between England and France, 
with the terms of their duration, since the one which com- 
menced in 1116, and continued two years: — 1116, lasted 
twenty-five years; 1141, one year; 1201, fifteen; 1224, nine- 
teen; 1294, five; 1339, twenty-one; 1368, fifty-two; 1422, for- 
ty-nine; 1492, one month; 1512, two years; 1521, six; 1549, 
one; 1557, two; 1562, two; 1627, two; 1666, one; 1689, ten; 
1702, eleven; 1744, four; 1756, seven; 1778, five; 1793, which 
terminated March 27 r 1802; 1803, which terminated May, 
1814. 

War loans, by England, of the American war. 

1776, 2,000,000 1779, 7,000,000 1782, 13,500,000 

1777, 5,000,000 1780, 12,000,000 1783, 12,000,000 

1778, 6,000,000 1781, 12,000,000 1784, 6,000,000 
Total £75,500,000. 

War loans, by England, of the last two wars. 



1793, 4,500,000 1 1796, 7,500,000 

1794, 11,000,000 J 1797, 18,000,000 

1795, 18,000,000 1797, 14,500,000 

1796, 18,000,000 j 1798, 17,000,000 



1799, 3,000,000 

1799, 15,500,000 

1800, 20,500,000 

1801, 25,500,000 



WAR LOANS—WASHINGTON. 173 

1802, 23,000,000 1808, 8,000,000 1812, 15,000,000 

1803, 10,000,000 1809, 11,000,000 1813, 21,000,000 

1804, 10,000,000 1810, 8,000,000 1813, 22,000,000 
1805,20,000,000 1811, 4,981,300 1814, 18,500 

1806, 18,000,000 1811, 12,000,000 

1807,12,000,000 1812, 6,789,625 Total, 374,789,425 

Besides the property tax. 
Washington City, on the left bank of the Potomac river, at the 
head of tide water. The following calculations will serve to 
exhibit the immense extent of that domain, of which this ris- 
ing city is the capital, and shew its relative position with the 
western limits of this vast expanse. Washington is situated 
at latitude 38° 54' N. and 11° W. from London. The mouth of 
Columbia is situated at latitude 46° 15' N. and within a trifling 
fraction of 48° W. from Washington city, 125° from London. 
The difference of latitude is 7° 21' and difference of longi- 
tude 48°. By a calculation on Mercator's plan, the two pla- 
ces bear from each other N. 78° 15' W. and S. 78° 15' E. dis- 
tant in geographical miles, 2162, and in English miles, 2486. 
From Washington city to St. Louis, by Pittsburg and the Ohio 
and Mississippi rivers, 1396 miles. From St. Louis to the mouth 
of Columbia, by the Missouri and Columbia rivers, 3548 miles. 
Entire distance from Washington to the mouth of the Colum- 
bia, 4944 miles. The distance from St. Louis to Washington, 
by Shawanoctown and Knoxville, 1029 miles. By Lexington 
in Kentucky, 1005 miles. By Vincennes, Cincinnati, and 
Pittsburg, 1011 miles. St. Louis is 38° 36' N. latitude 12° 
58' W. longitude, Mouth of Columbia, 46° 15' N. latitude, 
47° 57' W. longitude. These two places bear from each 
other at an angle from the meridian 73° 28', are consequently 
73° 28' NW., and 73° 28' SE. respectively distant; 1714 geo- 
graphical, and 1861 English miles. 

The seat of government was removed here in the year 1800, 
during the presidency of John Adams. The city was incor- 
porated by an act of congress, passed on the third of May, 
1802, by which act, the appointment of the mayor, was vest- 
ed in the president, yearly; and the two branches of the coun- 
cil, elected by the people, in a general ticket. In a supple- 
mentary act, passed May 4, 1812, the corporation was made 
to consist of a mayor, a board of aldermen, and a board of 
common council; the board of aldermen to consist of eight 
members, elected for two years, two to be residents of, 
and chosen from each ward ; the board of common council to 
consist of twelve, three from each ward; the mayor, by 
the joint ballot of the two boards, to serve for one year. — 
By a new charter, granted by congress on the 15th May, 
1820, it is provided that the mayor shall be elected by 
the people, to serve two years, from the second Monday in 
June; the board of aldermen to consist of two members from 
each ward, elected for two years, and are ex-officio justices 



274 WASHINGTON, &c. 

of the peace for the whole county; the board of common 
council to consist of three members from each ward, to serve 
one year; and every free white male citizen of the United 
States, of lawful age, having resided in the city one year pre- 
vious to the election, being a resident of the ward in which 
he offers to vote, and shall have been assessed on the books of 
the corporation for the year ending on the 31st day of Decem- 
ber preceding the election, and shall have paid all taxes le- 
gally assessed and due on personal property, when legally re- 
quired to pay the same, shall be entitled to vote at any elec- 
tion for a mayor, or members of the two boards. 

The city is by an act of the council, divided into six wards. 
The number of inhabitants were at different periods, as fol- 
lows, ascertained by the official enumeration, viz: — in 1800, 
3,210; 1803, 4,352; 1807, 5,052; 1810, 8,208; 1817, 11,299; 
1820, 13,247. The number of dwellings, exclusive of public 
buildings and shops, was, on the 1st of January 1822, 2229, 
of which, 1035 were brick, and 1184 wood; and the assessed 
valuation and real and personal property, on the 1st of Janua- 
ry, 1821, was $6,568,726, affording a revenue of $32,842 63; 
in addition to which there is a revenue of $10,000, arising 
from the licenses of taverns, hackney coaches, Sec. which is 
appropriated to the support of the poor, of public schools, and 
markets, and to pay the officers of the corporation. 

Population of Washington in 1820. 
Free white males, ----------- 4,786 

Do. do. females, 4,820 

All other persons, except Indians, not taxed, - - - 00 

Total whites, 9,606 

Free persons of colour, male, -------- 750 

Do. do. females, -------- 946 

Slaves, males, 880 

Do. females, 1,065 

Total population in 1820, 13,247 

Of these: 

Foreigners not naturalized, -------- 293 

Engaged in agriculture, --------- 16 

Do. in manufactures, --------- 865 

Do. in commerce, --------- 125 

Waste-lands, 2,837.000 acres of, reclaimed in England between 
the years 1760 and 1800; in Great Britain, by examination in 
1794, were found to be 22,351,000 acres, which, if cultivated 
and enclosed, reckoning an annual increase of 9s. per acre, the 
annual rent would amount to £10,057,950; and o"n a supposi- 
tion that the yearly produce would be \l. Is. per acre, or three 
rents, it would be worth £30,073,850, per annum to the com- 
munity. 



WAT— WEL 275 

Watches invented at Nuremberg, in Germany, 1477; first used 
in astronomical observations, 1500. — The emperor Charles V. 
was the first who had any thing that might be called a watch, 
though some call it a small table-clock, 1530. — Watches first 
brought to England from Germany, 1577. — Spring pocket ones 
invented by Hooke, 1658. 

Water first conveyed to London by leaden pipes, 21st Henry II L 
1237; it took nearly 50 years to complete it; the whole being 
finished, and Cheapside conduit erected only in 1285; an en- 
gine erected at Broken wharf, to convey water by leaden 
pipes, 1594; the new river brought to London from Amwell, 
in Hertfordshire, at an immense expense, by sir Hugh Mid- 
dleton, in 1614; the city supplied with its water, by convey- 
ances of wooden pipes in the streets, and small leaden ones to 
the houses, and the New River Company incorporated, 1620; 
so late as queen Anne's time there were water-carriers at 
Algate pump, as now at Edinburgh. 

Waterloo bridge in London, corner stone laid October, 1811; 
finished June 18, 1817. 

Water-mills for grinding corn were invented by Belisarius, 
while besieged in Rome by the Goths, 555. The ancients 
parched their corn, and pounded it in mortars; afterwards 
mills were invented, which were turned by men and beasts 
with great labour; and yet Pliny mentions wheels turned by 
water. 

W T aterspout, a very destructive one, occurred near Aix, in the 
department of Mont Blanc, July 8, 1809. 

Weavers, two, from Brabant, settled at York; which, says king 
Edward, may prove of great benefit to us and our subjects, 
1331. 

Weavers, dyers, cloth-drapers, linen-makers, silk-throwsters, 
&c. Flemish, settled at Canterbury, Norwich, Sandwich, Col- 
chester, Maidstone, Southampton, &c. on account of the duke 
of Alva's persecution, 1567; they taught the English the 
making of baize, serges, Norwich crapes, &c; the baize ma- 
kers chiefly settled at Colchester. 

Weekly bills of mortality round London began, 1603. 

Weighing engine or beam, a public one set up in London, and 
all commodities ordered to be weighed by the city officer, 
called the weigh master, who was to do justice between buyer 
and seller, stat. 3 Edward II. 1309. 

Weights and measures invented, 869 before Christ; fixed to a 
standard in England, 1257; regulated, 1492. See art. money 
weights and measures, page 194. 

Wellingborough, in Northamptonshire, burnt August 14, 1731; 
again, July 28, 1738, 800 houses destroyed. 

Wellington, duke of, half a million voted to him by parliament, 
May 12, 1814; an additional sum of £200,000 voted to him, 
June 22, 1815; appointed embassador extraordinary and min- 



276 



WEST INDIES. 



ister plenipotentiary to the court of France, July, 1814; pre- 
mier of England, 1828. 
West Indies, or as the French call them, "Les Antilles," that fine 
Archipelago stretching from North America to South Ame- 
rica, and first discovered by Columbus, in 1492. The land 
surface of the West Indies, has been estimated in round 
numbers at 100,000 square miles, of which Cuba, St. Domin- 
go or Hayti, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, occupy about nine- 
tenths. 

The Spanish population yet retain the most valuable por- 
tion of the West Indies; that nation holds Cuba, and Puerto 
Rico, with some neighbouring islets; the British have pro- 
cured the next most important portion; they possess Jamaica, 
the Lucayes, or Bahamas, Anguilla, Barbuda, Antigua, St. 
Christophers, Nevis, Montserrat, Dominico, St. Lucia, St. 
Vincents, the Grenadines, Barbados, Tobago, and Trinidad. 

Appertaining to the kingdom of the Netherlands, are St. 
Eustatius, Saba, Curracoa, Bonair, and Aruba; Denmark holda 
Santa Cruz, and St. Thomas; France possesses Guadaloupe, 
Marie Galante, Grande Terre, and Martinico. 

The second island of the West Indies, St Domingo, or more 
correctly Hayti, is in possession of the descendants of Afri- 
cans, though many Spaniards and some French remain on 
the island, subjects of the Haytien government. It is difficult 
to fix the population of this diversified Archipelago, but it 
cannot fall much, if any, short of 3,000,000; of which full 
four-fifths are blacks, directly from Africa, or the descendants 
of African nations. 



Recapitulation of the divisions ofth 


; population 


of the Antilles. 


DIVISIONS. 


a 

o 

o 
Pri 


Negro slaves 
including some 
Mulatto slaves. 


Free people of 
col'r both neg's 
andMulattoes. 


Whites. 


Spanish Antilles 

Hayti, 


943,000 
820,000 
776,500 
219,000 

84,500 
2.843,000 


281,400 

626,800 
178,000 

61,300 

1,147,500 

or 
40 p. ct. 


319,500 

790,000 

78,350 

18,000 

7,050 


342,100 
30,000 


British Antilles, 

French Antilles, 

Dutch, Danish and > 
Swedish Antilles, $ 


71,350 

23,000 

16,150 


Total population of / 
the Antilles. $ 


1,212,000 

or 
43 p. ct. 


482,600 

or 
17p.ct. 



West India docks completely opened, July 12, 1806. 



WES— WHI 277 

Westminster abbey, built by Ethelbert, of Kent, on the spot 
where stood the temple of Apollo, 914; rebuilt, 1269; damaged 
by fire, July 7, 1803; complete repair of, begun 1810. 

Westminster bridge, first stone laid, January 29, 1738-9; opened 
for passengers, November 17, 1750; and cost £426,650. 

Westminster hall built by William. Rufus, 1098; rebuilt, 1399 
by Richard II. beautified and repaired, 1782; went through a 
general repair in 1802, at the expense of £13,000. 

Whale fishery, the first by the Dutch, 1596; by the English at 
Spitsbergen, 1598. 

Whalebone found by the English ships at Cape Breton, 1521: 
first mentioned brought home with oil, 1617. 

Whales killed at Newfoundland and Iceland for their oil only, 
1578; the use of their bones and fins not then known, conse- 
quently no stays worn by ladies. 

Wheat produced annually in England and Wales, amounts to 
32,000,000 bushels; 20,000 sacks are consumed weekly in 
London; it was near 90s. per sack in 1796, when bread was 5s. 
a peck loaf; a single grain of Tartarian oat was planted at 
Beverley in Yorkshire, in 1795; from the root 18 stalks 
sprung, and produced 8,280 grains. 

Wheat sold for 20s. per quarter, equal to 6/. now, 1195; sold in 
some places for 12d. a quarter, and not many years after for 
20s. a bushel, as much as 41. now, 1286; sold for 40s. a quar- 
ter, as much as 81. now, 1315; sold for 3/. a bushel, 1316; 
sold for 40s. a quarter, as much as 20s. a bushel now, 1335; 
sold in London for 4s. a quarter, 1493; ports of Great Britain 
opened for grain and flour, October 1828. 

Wheat, prices of, per bushel of 60 lbs. in various parts of the 
world, in May and June, 1827. America — Norfolk, Va. May, 
#1.1.6; New- York, June 20, 90 cts.; Montreal, Ca. June, 90 
cts.; Cincinnati, Ohio, June, 50 cts.; Pittsburgh, Penn. June, 
44 cts. North of Europe — London, June 20, $1.79; Antwerp, 
May 30, $1.21; Hamburgh, May 25, 87 cts.; Bremen, May 25, 
81 cts.; Dantzic, May 25, 76 cts.; Settin, June 15, 73 cts.; 
Copenhagen, May 31, 72 cents. South of Europe — Nice, June 
15, #1.31; Milan, May 31, #1.27; Santan der, Spain, May, 
#1.06; France, June 30, $1.17; Genoa, May 26, #1.05; Leg- 
horn, May 31, #1.03; Civita Vecchia, May 31, 90 cts.; Naples, 
May 31, 83 cts.; Trieste, June 15, 83 cents; Odessa, on the 
Black Sea, May, 49 cents. 

Whig and Tory factions took their rise about 1649, and were at 
their greatest height about 1704. 

Whitby had the tide rise and fall four times in a quarter of an 
hour, July 17, 1761. 

Whitehall, Westminster, built by Cardinal Wolsey, 1545; con- 
sumed by fire June 5, 1697-8; gateway pulled down and car- 
ried to Windsor, 1746. 

White roses, several knocked down for wearing them, June 10, 
1716. 

24 



278 WIG— WOOLLENS. 

Wigs, full bottom, were first worn by the judges, in 1674. 

William, prince, eldest son of Henry 1. with two of his sisters, 
and 18U of the nobility, shipwrecked and lost, in coming from 
Normandy, in 1120. 

Wilna entered by the French, June 28, 1812; French driven 
from it by the Russians, December 10, 1812. 

Wills to devise lands were first permitted under restrictions by 
Henry VIII.; wills of sovereigns, the first on record, Rich- 
ard II. 1399. 

Windmills invented. 1299. 

Windsor castle built, 1364; chapel built, 1473; terrace made, 
1587; chapel thoroughly repaired and opened, Oct. 17, 1790. 

Windows of glass first used in England for houses, 1180. 

Wines sold by apothecaries as a cordial, 1300; sold at 20s. per 
ton; and the second sort at 13s. 4rf. 1389. In 1790 there were 
140,000 pipes of wine made in Portugal. 

Wine from raisins first made in England, in 1635. 

Wingrield castle, Suffolk, built before the conquest. 

Wire invented atNuremburg, 1351; mills invented in Germany, 
1563. 

Wirtemberg erected into a county in 1078; into a duchy at the 
diet of Worms, 1495; into a kingdom, 1803. 

Witchcraft was pretty much believed in the sixteenth century; 
600 were executed for it in France, 1609; Grandiere, a priest 
ofLoudun, burnt for bewitching a whole convent of nuns, 
1634; twenty women were executed in Bretagne, 1654; and 
nine more were burnt in Poland, 1775. 

Wood cuts invented, 1460. 

Woodstock park made, the first in England, 1123. 

Woollen-cloth, manufacturers of, in all civilized countries, and 
in very remote ages, and probably of linen also. Diodorus 
Siculus, who wrote in Augustus Caesar's time, 21 B. C. relates 
that in the isle of Malta, several mercantile wares were made, 
particularly very fine cloth. Strabo, speaking of Turtetania, 
in Lusitania, says, in 34, that cloths were formerly the exports 
of that country, but that they have now another woollen ma- 
nufacture of most excellent beauty, such as that of the Co- 
rai, a people of Asia, from whence the rams were brought at 
a talent each, or £100. 

Woollen-cloth manufactories commenced at Sedan in France, 
1646; the first made in England in 1331; medley cloths first 
made, 1614; greatly improved by the Walloons, 1688; first 
dyed and dressed in England in 1667. Its export from Great- 
Britain in 1787 was 3,687,7951. 12s. 2d. value. In 1779, 
272,755 pieces of broad cloth, containing 8,806,688 yards, 
and 180,168 pieces of narrow cloth, containing 6,377,277 
yards, were manufactured in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 
being an increase on the year 1778, a produce of 48,596 pie- 
ces, or 1,672,574 yards of broad cloth, and 315,602 pieces or 
1,196,964 yards of narrow cloth. 



WOOL, &c— YOU 279 

Wool. — One pound of wool has been spun to the length as 
follows: a lee of woollen yarn measures in length eighty 
yards; a hank of ditto by the custom of Norwich, consists of 
seven lees; twenty-four hanks in the pound is esteemed good 
spinning in the schools, thirteen thousand, four hundred and 
forty yards; seventy hanks in the pound is esteemed superfine 
spinning at Norwich, thirty-nine thousand, two hundred yards, 
or 21 miles. One hundred and fifty hanks in the pound was 
spun in 1754, by Mary Powley, of East Dereton, in Norfolk; 
and this was thought so extraordinary, that an account of it 
is registered at the Royal Society, eighty-five thousand yards, 
or forty-eight miles. Three hundred hanks in the pound have 
already been spun by Miss Ives; and though this young lady 
has carried the art of spinning combed wool to so great a de fc 
gree of perfection, she does not despair of improving it still 
farther, one hundred and sixty-eight thousand yards, or twen- 
ty-five miles. Cotton to two hundred and three thousand 
yards. 

Woolwich, the first royal dock, 1512. 

Workers, cloth, seventy families of, from the Netherlands, set- 
tled in England, by Edward III. 's invitation, for promoting 
the woollen manufacture, 1330. 

Worshipping images introduced into England, 763; forbidden in 
Hungary, 1785. 

Wurtemberg, Frederick William the first king of, died October 
30, 1816. 



Year, the Julian, regulated by Julius Caesar, 45 B. C. 

, the solar, found to consist of 365 days, 5 hours, and 49 

minutes, 235; introduced by Caesar, 45 B. C. 

Yoke, the ceremony of making prisoners pass under it, was used 
by the Samnites towards the Romans, 321 B. C. 

York d 1 , Prussian general, withdrew his troops from the French, 
and entered into a convention with the Russians, December 
31, 1812. 

York jail was daily thrown open for three weeks previous to tho 
26th of November, 1814, there not being a prisoner, either 
debtor or felon, in it. 

York, Upper Canada, capitulated to the Americans, April 27, 
1813, 

Youghall, in Ireland, had its barracks blown up, by accident, in 
September, 1793, when the face of Mr. Armstrong, the quar- 
ter-master, was so burnt, that the whole of his skin was 
scorched; but it was singular, that he was much marked with 



280 ZAG— ZOD 

the small pox before this accident happened, and on getting a 
new skin, it became perfectly smooth, without any remains of 
the small-pock marks. 
Ypres, surrendered to the French, under Moreau, June 17, 1794} 
with 6,000 men and 100 cannon, &c. 



Zagatiosa surrendered to the Spanish general Mina, July 30, 
1813. 

Zante, and the rest of the Seven Islands, surrendered to the Bri- 
tish, October, 1809. 

Zedwitz, in Germany, the Catholic chapel, the mansions of 
three counts of Zedwitz, the post-office, and 4,000 private 
dwellings, destroyed by fire at, December 12, 1814. 

Zodiac, sign of the, invented by Anaximander, 547 B. C. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 

Aaron, Egyptian Jew, first high priest of the Israelites, born 
B. C. 1594, died 1651, aged 123. 

Abauzit, Firmin, eminent French philosopher, born 1679, died 
1767, aged 88. 

Abbot, George, archbishipof Canterbury, second of eight divines 
who translated the New Testament by appointment, born 
1562, died August 5, 1633. 

Abelard, Peter, French philosopher, born 1079, died 1142, 
aged 63. 

Aben, Ezra, learned Jewish rabbi, of Toledo in Spain , born 1099, 
died 1174. 

Abernethy, John, eminent Irish Protestant divine, born 1680, 
died 1740, aged 60. 

Abu Beer, successor of Mahomet, born at Mecca, A. D. 592, 
died at Medina, 635. 

Adams, John, eminent patriot, statesman and author, and one 
of the signers of the declaration of American independence, 
born at Braintree in Massachusetts, October 19th. 1735; in 
the 40th year of his age at the opening of the revolutionary 
war, elected to the continental congress, of which he became 
a most efficient member, November 23th, 1777; appointed 
ambassador to France, January 1st, 1781; named minister to 
the United Provinces of the Netherlands; first accredited 
minister to England after the revolution of independence; in- 
stalled vice-president of the United States March 4th, 1789; 
and president March 4th, 1797. On the election of Mr. Jef- 
ferson to the presidency, March 4th, 1801, Mr. Adams retired 
to his natal Braintree, where he died on the 4th of July, 1826, 
the day of the death of his distinguished predecessor, Thomas 
Jefferson. 

Adams, Samuel, one of the original promoters of American 
freedom, and one of the signers of the declaration of inde- 
pendence, born in Boston September 22d, 1722; elected a 
member of the Massachusetts legislature 1765, and in the ten 
following years promoted most efficiently the cause he had 
espoused. He, with John Hancock, was proscribed in the 
British general Gage's proclamation of pardon to those Ame- 
24* 



282"' EMINENT PERSONS. 

ricans who would lay down their arms. He wa9 many years 
governor of Massachusetts. After a life of usefulness he de- 
parted October 3d, 1803, in his 82d year. 
Addison, Joseph, eminent English writer and poet, born May 1, 

1672, died June 17th, 1719, aged 47. 
JEschylus, Greek poet, died B. C. 456, aged 69. 
iEschines, eminent Greek orator, flourished B. C. 400 — 350. 
iEsop, eminent moral fabulist of Phrygia, in Asia Minor, flour- 
ished B. C. 570. 
Agrippa, Herod I. king of Judea, born B. C. 10, died 44. 

■ ■'- II. king of Judea and son of Herod I. born A. 

D. 27, died 94. 
Agrippina, Roman lady and wife of Germanicus, died A. D. 33. 
daughter of the preceding, and mother of the empe- 
ror Nero, murdered by her son, A. D, 59. 
Ainsworth, Robert, eminent English lexicographer, born 1660, 

died 1743. 
Akenside, Mark, English didactic poet, born 1721, died 1770. 
Albani, Francis, Italian painter, born at Bologna, 1578, died 

1660, aged 82. 
Aibani, Giovanni Battista, Italian painter, brother of Francis, 

died 1668. 
Alberoni, cardinal, celebrated statesman, born at Placentia, in 
Italy. 1664, died 1752, aged 86. He was the son of a gar- 
dener. 
Alcibiades, Athenian general, born B. C. 443, died 403. 
Alcuin, or Albinus Flaccus, philosopher, flourished in the eighth 
century. He was a light in the dark ages, and famous for 
encouraging learning and science; a native of England. He 
founded the university of Paris, by order of Charlemagne. 
Aldrovandi, Ulysses, eminent naturalist, born at Bologna, 1522, 

died 1605, aged 83. 
Alembert, John le Rond D', an eminent astronomer, mathema- 
tician, and philosopher, born November 16th, 1717, and died 
October 29th, 1783, aged nearly 66. 
Alexander III. or the Great, son and successor to Philip II. king 
of Macedonia, born at Pella, B. B. 356, succeeded his father, 
336, and died at Babylon, April 21st, 323. 
Alexander, William, lord Stirling, general in the armies of the 
United States, in the revolutionary war, a brave, discerning 
and intrepid officer, born in New- York, 1726, died 1783. 
Alfred, son of Ethelred II. king of England, had his eyes put out 
by earl Godwin, and 600 of his train murdered at Guilford: 
he died soon after at Ely. 
Allen, Ethan, an active, brave and intelligent officer and patriot 
in the American revolutionary war. At the head of only 
eighty men, he surprised and took Ticonderoga, May 10th, 
1775; was himself taken, in an attempt to surprise Montreal, 
September 25th of the same year; died in Vermont, February 
13th, 1789. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 283 

Allen, the Rev, Moses, born September 14th, 1748. He zea- 
lously joined the cause of his country; was taken prisoner at 
Savannah, December, 1778; and was drowned February 8, 
1779, in an attempt to escape from a British prison ship. 

Allen, Paul. American poet, historian and editor, born at Rhode 
Island, and died in Baltimore, August 19, 1826, in the 55th 
year of his age. 

Allen, William Henry, born in Rhode-Island, 1784; a gallant 
officer of the United States navy, killed in battle on board 
the Argus, August, 1813. 

Americus (Vesputius) a Florentine navigator, from whom Amer- 
ica derives its name, born 1451, died in 1514, aged 63 years. 

Ames, Fisher, L. L. D. distinguished statesman and eloquent ora- 
tor, born at Dedham, Massachusetts, graduated at Harvard 
university, 1774, died July 4, 1808. 

Anacharsis, a Scythian philosopher who resided most part of 
his life in Greece, where he flourished, B. C. 600. 

Anacreon, a Greek Lyric poet of Teos, flourished B. C. 532. 

Anderson, James, writer on commerce, died 1764. 

Andre, major John, British adjutant General, hanged as a spy at 
Tappan N. Y. October 1780. 

Andrews, John, D. D. provost of the University of Pennsylvania, 
born in Cecil county Maryland, 1746, died in Philadelphia. 

Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, from A. D. 1093, to 1109, 
flourished under William II. and Henry I. born at Aousta in 
Italy, 1034. 

Anson, George, eminent English admiral, and circumnavigator 
of the world, born 1697, died 1762. 

Anthony, St. first institutor of monastic life, born in A. D. 231, 
died 336, aged 105. 

Anthony, Mark, Roman general and triumviri, born B. C. 86. 
killed himself in Egypt after the battle of Actium, 30 B. C. 

Anthony, Francis, English physician, born 1550, died 1623; 
he was the inventor, and made a fortune by vending a pana- 
cea, called Jlurum potabile. 

Antoinette, commonly called Maria Antoinette, daughter of 
the Emperor, Francis of Germany, and the celebrated Maria 
Theresa, queen of Hungary, married Louis XVI. king of 
France, 1776; a queen of splendid accomplishments and beau- 
ty, beheaded in Paris, 1793. 

Appelles, celebrated ancient painter, born in the island of Cos, 
flourished in the 4th century B. C. under Philip and Alex- 
ander. 

Arbaces, founder of the Median monarchy, B. C. 820. 

Arc, Joan of, a much celebrated French woman, born in Lor- 
raine about A. D. 1400, ruined the English cause in France, 
was finally taken prisoner by them, and burned to death by 
the English at Rowen, 1431. 

Archimedes, the greatest mathematician of antiquity, born at 
Syracuse, B. C. 287, was slain <vhen the Roman army storm- 
ed that city, B. C. 208. 



284 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Ariosto, Ludovico, one of the greatest poets of modern Italy, 
born in Lombardy, 1474, died atTerara, 1534. He was au- 
thor of Orlando Furioso; Ackwright, sir Richard, a pennj 
barber in Derbyshire, inventor of the cotton spinning jenny, 
born in Lancashire, died August 3, 1792. 

Aristotle, born at Stagira in Thrace, C. C. 384, died at Chalcis, 
in Euboca, B. C 324. 

Arius, founder of the Arian sect, died A. D. 336. 

Arminius, James, founder of the Armenian sect, born in Hol- 
land, 1560, and died 1609. 

Armstrong, John, Scots physician and poet, born at Castleton, 
Scotland, 1709, died 1779. 

Arne, Thomas Augustus, musician, flourished from about 1736, 
to his death, 1778. 

Arnold, Samuel, musical composer of eminence, born 1739, 
died 1802. 

Arria, a Roman lady, wife of Caetina Poctus, who, when her 
husband was put to death, killed herself, A. D. 42. 

Arundel, earl of, who brought the Arundelian marbles, from 
Greece to England 1 , died 1645, 

Asaph, St. bishop of Llan-Elvy, in North Wales, to which he 
gave his own name, flourished A. D. 590. 

Aspasia, a Greek courtezan, one of those very rare examples of 
mental power and moral weakness, became the wife of Peri- 
cles, flourished at Athens, B. C. 430. 

Aspasia of Phocaea, successively wife to Cyrus the younger, 
and of his brother Artaxerxes Mnemon, has been confounded 
with Aspasia of Athens, though different in country and cha- 
racter. 

Athanasius, St. a very celebrated christian bishop, born it 
is supposed, about 296. He was the Catholic champion in 
the Arrian controversy; ordained bishop of Alexandria, A. D. 
327, which he held 46 years to his death, 373. 

Atticus, Pomponius, the friend of Cicero, and an example amid 
blood and violence, of the best effects of stoical philosophy, 
bornB. C. 100, died 33. 

Atterbury, Francis, eminent English prelate, born 1662, made 
bishop of Rochester, 1713; but in 1722 deprived and banished 
by act of parliament; died at Paris, 1731. 

Attilla, king of the Huns, and terribly marked in history. He 
reigned, conquered and murdered, from A. D. 432 to 454. 

Augustin, or St. Austin, first archbishop of Canterbury, flourish- 
ed about the close of the sixth century; came to England in 
A. D. 597, which may be regarded as the epoch at which 
Christianity was introduced into that kingdom. The mission- 
ary and his monks, landed on the island of Thanet, and were 
protected by Ethelbert, king of Kent. He died 604 . 



EMINENT PERSONS. 285 

jjacon, Francis, baron of Verulam, and high chancellor of 
England, born 1651, died April 9th, 1696. 

Bacon, Roger, English monk, born in Somersetshire, 1214, wrote 
the "Opius Majus," — died about 1292. 

Banks, sir Joseph, English philosopher, a most distinguished 
man in science and literature, and president of the royal so- 
ciety, born 1740. 

Baranzano Redemptus, deserves a place in history, as one of the 
founders of inductive science, was contemporary and corres- 
pondent of chancellor Bacon; born in Piedmont 1590, died at 
Montargis, 1622. 

Barberac, John, eminent jurisconsult, and writer on the laws of 
nations, born at Beziers, 1674, died 1747. 

Barclay, Robert, apologist for the quakers, born 1648, died 
1690, aged only 42. 

Baretti, Italian lexicographer, author of an esteemed English 
and Italian Dictionary, was born at Turin, 1716, came to 
England and became one of the companions of Johnson, 
Burke, &c. died 1789, aged 73. 

Barlow, Joel, an American poet, and ambassador to France, 
born 1757, and died in Europe, 1812, aged 55. 

Barneveldt, John Olden, grand pensionary of Holland, born 
1547, became one of the greatest diplomatists of his age, but 
by adopting the opinions of Arminius, was involved in the 
religious controversies which then distracted his country. By 
his influence in great part, Spain, in 1609, acknowledged the 
independence of the seven united provinces; under frivolous 
charges he was beheaded, 1619, aged 72. 

Barney, Joshua, a distinguished naval commander in the service 
of the United States, during the revolutionary war, born in 
Baltimore, July 6th, 1759, entered the naval service of the 
United States in 1775, and passed through the war in active 
and efficient service. Captain Barney was four years in the 
French service, from 1796 to 1800; in 1812, on the war be- 
tween the United States and England, he again entered the 
service of his country; in July 1800, he accepted the com- 
mand of a flotilla for the defence of the Chesapeake; unable to 
contend on the Avater with his powerful enemy, he landed his 
men, and on the 21st August, joined the army under general 
Winder, and on the 24th, supported all his former fame in the 
battle near Bladensburg, in which he was wounded and taken 
by the enemy. After an active and eventful life, this in- 
trepid seaman closed his career at Pittsburg, December 1st, 
1818, in his 60th year. 

Barrow, Isaac, eminent English divine and mathematician, born 
in London 1630, died 1677. 

Barry, John, born in Ireland 1745; came to Pennsylvania about 
1760, and in 1775 joined the cause of his adopted country, 
and was the first commodore in the United States navy, a most 



286 EMINENT PERSONS. 

distinguished officer— died in Philadelphia September 30th, 
1803, aged 58. 

Barthelemy, John James, eminent French writer, author of "the 
travels of the younger Anacharsis,' ' born at Cassis in Provence 
1716, died April 30th, 1795, in his 80th year. 

Bartram, John, eminent naturalist, who formed the first regular 
Botanic Garden, in the United States; born near Philadelphia, 
1701, died 1777. 

Bartlett, Josiah, one of the signers of the declaration of inde- 
pendence; many years a member of congress, and governor of 
New-Hampshire, died 19th May, 1795, in his 66lh year. 

Basil, St. bishop of Caesarea, whose writings are still extant, 
was bishop from A. D. 369 to 379. 

Basil, St. bishop of Ancyra, died 378, aged 51. 

Bass, Edward, first bishop of Massachusetts, born 1726, died 
1803, aged 77. 

Bassi, Laura, an Italian lady of great literary acquirements, 
flourished 1732, to her death at Bologna, 1778. 

Bassompierre, Francis de, mareshal of France, born 1579, died 
1646. His works are numerous, and still valuable. 

Baxter, Richard, eminent English non-conformist divine, and 
religious writer, born 1615, died 1691, aged 76. 

Bayard, Pierre du Terraille, a distinguished French military offi- 
cer, was killed in bsttle 1524, aged 48. 

Bayard, John, eminent patriot in our revolution, born in Mary- 
land, 1738, died 1807, aged 68 years. 

Bayard, James, born in Philadelphia, 1767 — an eloquent and 
distinguished statesman and lawyer; member of the house of 
representatives of the United States, and senator; distinguish- 
ed in both houses. He was an honor to the state of Delaware, 
which he represented; and after being one of the ambassadors 
to Ghent, in negociating a peace with England, he died upon 
his return to his country, 1815, at Wilmington, Delaware. 

Bayle, Peter, eminent French philosopher, critic and author of a 
Critical Dictionary, born 1647, died December 28, 1706, 
aged 57. 

Beattie, James, very eminent philosopher and poet, born in 
Scotland, November 5th, 1735, died August 18th, 1803, 
aged 67. 

Beatty, William, captain in the Marylandlinc under colonel How- 
ard; was particularly distinguished in the battle of the Cow- 
pens, and in other battles of the revolution, and fell in battle. 

Beaumont, Francis, a dramatic poet, usually connected thus, 
"Beaumont and Fletcher;'' was born in Leicestershire, Eng- 
land, 1585, died 1615, under 30 years of age. 

Beccaria, Caesar, marquis of Bonesana, author of the "Treatise 
on Crimes and Punishments," born 1720, died November, 
1794, aged 74. 

Becket, Thomas, English prelate, born in London, 1119; assassi- 
nated December 29th, 1170, aged 51. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 287 

Bede, a learned Saxon-English monk of the eighth century, and 
author of many works still read and esteemed, born A. D. 672, 
died May 26th, 735, aged 63. 

Beering, Vitus, Danish navigator, who discovered, and gave 
name to the strait between America and Asia; born in Den- 
mark, 1680, and died on an island in the sea of Kamschatka, 
8th December, 1741, aged about 60. 

Behmen, Jacob, called by his followers, "The German Theoso- 
phist;" born 1577, died 1624, aged 49. 

Belisarius, celebrated general in the armies of the Romano-Greek 
empire, in the reign of Justinian I. flourished from A. D. 530, 
to 565. 

Belknap, Jeremy, eminent United States' divine, and author of 
American biography, was born in Boston, June 4th, 1774, died 
June 20th, 1798, aged 54. 

Benbow, brave English admiral, died 1702. 

Benedict, St. founder of the Benedictines, died A. D. 546, 
aged 66. 

Bernard of Menthon, founderof two monasteries in the Alps 
on Mount-joux, since called from him, Great and Little St. 
Bernard. These mountain monasteries are hospitals, in which 
poor travellers are received, fed, lodged, and if sick or wound- 
ed, treated with the utmost care. Though subjected to the 
changes of nine hundred years, these hospitable institutions 
still subsist; their illustrious founder was born in the Genevois, 
A. D. 903, and died at Novara, 988, aged 85. 

Bernoulli, Daniel, a great mathematician, born at Groningen, 
February 9th, 1700, and died at Basil, March 17th, 1782, 
aged 82 years. 

Bertholdus, to whom the discovery of gun-powder has been as- 
scribed, died A. D. 1340. 

Beza, Theodore, eminent as a reformer, born 1519; received an 
excellent education; about 1548, adopted the doctrines of the 
reformers. He died 1605, in his 87th year. 

Biddle, Nicholas, captain in the United States' navy, during the 
revolutionary war, born in Philadelphia, in 1750. On the 
night of March 7th, 1778, he was blown up with his ship, the 
United States frigate Randolph, of 36 guns, and 315 men, in 
an action off Barbados, with the British ship Yarmouth, of 64 
guns, captain Vincent. 

Black, Joseph, Scots chemist and physician, died 1799, aged 71. 

Blacklock, Thomas, was born in Scotland, 1721; lost his sight at 
the age of six months, and yet as a poet, he was respectable; as 
preacher, amongst the first divines of his age; and as an au- 
thor his writings are still read with interest — died July, 1791, 
aged 70. 

Blackmore, sir Richard, English poet and physician, born 1650, 
and died October 8th, 1729, aged 79. 

Blackstone, sir William, eminent English lawyer, author of 
commentaries on the laws of England, born 1723, died Feb- 
ruary 14, 1780. 



288 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Blair, Dr. Hugh, eminent Scots critic, born 1718, died 1800, 
aged 82. 

Blair, James, a Scots Episcopalian divine, founder of the college 
of William and Mary, Virginia; Mr. Blair was born in Scot- 
land, about 1660; in 1683, he was sent out to America, as a 
missionary, by Dr. Compton, bishop of London; and by the 
same prelate, was appointed in 1685, his commissary in Vir- 
ginia. It was at tbe latter epoch, lhat he conceived the plan, 
and by unwearied exertions, succeeded in founding a college 
at Williamsburg. The patent for the college was granted by 
William and Mary, about 1693, and from its founders named 
"William and Mary College," of which Mr. Blair was first pre- 
sident; and having filled the ministry sixty, and the presidency 
of the college fifty years, died 1743, aged about 83 years. 

Bland, Theodoric, M, D. served as colonel in the revolutionary 
army, in the Virginia line, with much reputation; died a mem- 
ber of congress, from Virginia, June 1st, .1790, in his 49th 
year. 

Blount, sir Charles, born 1654, died 1693, aged 39. 

Boadicia, queen of the Britons, died A. D. 61. 

Boccacio, eminent Italian author. The Decameron secures his 
fame, born at tertaldo, in Tuscany, and died there, 1375, 
aged 62. 

Bodmer, "the Father of German Literature," was born at Zu- 
rich, 1698, died 1783, aged 85. 

Boerhaave, Dr. Harman, pre-eminent Dutch M. D. born at 
Voorhout, near Leyden, December 31st, 1668, died Septem- 
ber 23rd, 1738, in his 70th year. 

Boileau, Nicholas, sur-named Eeppreaux, French poet and cri- 
tic, born 1636, died 1711, aged 75. 

Bossuet, Jame<-. Benignus, bishop of Meaux, and eminent French 
historian, born 1621, died 1704, aged 83. 

Boswell, James, biographer of Samuel Johnson, died 1775, 
aged 85. 

Boudinot, Elias, born in Philadelphia, May 2d, 1740. Early in 
the revolutionary war, he was appointed commissary general 
of prisoners: in 1777, was chosen member of congress, and in 
1782, was made president, and as such had the honor of sign- 
ing the definitive treaty of peace . Was appointed by general 
Washington, president of the national mint, on the death of 
Rittenhouse, June 26th, 1796; died 24th October, 1821. 

Bowdoin, James, governor of Pvlassachusetts, born in Boston, 
1727, and in the early stages of the revolution was an efficient 
actor. He died in Boston, 6th November, 1790, in his 64th 
year. 

Boydell, John, patron of the arts and engraver by profession; 
born at Donington, England, January 19, 1719; came to Lon- 
don on foot, bound himself an apprentice to an engraver; be- 
gan to publish 174 5-6, and in 1790. had expended in the pro- 
motion of the arts in general, and the Shakespeare Gallery in 



EMINENT PERSONS. 289 

particular, £350,000 sterling, or 1,554,000 dollars. Died in 
London, December 7, 1804, having nearly reached the age of 
eighty-six years. 

Boyle, Robert, distinguished as an eminent scholar, and one of 
the most active promoters of literature and science of his age, 
was born 1626, died 1691, aged 65. 

Boyle, Charles, fourth earl of Orrery, generally supposed the in- 
ventor of the noble astrological insrument, which bears his 
title, born 1676, died 1731, aged 55. He patronised Rowley, 
the real inventor of the Planetarium, called the ORRERY. 

Bracton, Henry, eminent English law writer, flourished 1244. 

Bradford, William, eminent lawyer of Pennsylvania; born in 
Philadelphia, September 14th, 1755, died August 23rd, 1795, 
aged 40. 

Bradford, William, one of the first printers in English America, 
born 1658, died 1752, aged 94. 

Bradford, William, printer and editor of one of the first public 
papers in Philadelphia, called the Pennsylvania Journal, died 
1791, aged 73. 

Bradley, James, eminent English astronomer, born 1692; suc- 
ceeded Dr. John Keil, as Savillian professor of astronomy, at 
Oxford, in 1721; discovered the aberration of the fixed stars, 
and mutation of the earth's axis; was appointed astronomer 
royal, February, 1741-2, died July 13th, 1762, aged 70. 

Brako, Tvcho, eminent astronomer, born in Sweden, December 
19th, 1*646, died at Prague, October 22d, 1601, aged 55. 

IJraxter, Carter, one of the signers of the declaration of inde- 
pendence, born in Virginia, 10th September, 1736, died in 
Richmond, 10th October, 1797. 

Briggs, Henry, English mathematician, inventor of Logarithmic 
numbers, born 1556, died 1630, aged 74. 

Briggs, Isaac, eminent mathematician, died at Sandy Spring, 
Maryland, January, 1825, aged 62 years. 

Brindley, James, self taught English mechanician, and the very 
able coadjutor of the duke of Bridgewater, in the construc- 
tion of canals, locks, bridges, aqueducts, &c. born 1716, died 
September 27th, 1772, aged 55. 

Brooke, eminent English law writer, flourished 1550—58. 

Brooke, Henry, author of "The Fool of Quality," an excellent 
novel, born in Ireland, 1700, died October, 1803, aged 77. 

Brooke, Robert, born at London, June 3d, 1602; an early emi- 
grant to Maryland, arrived June 29th, 1650; "he was the first 
who did seat Patuxent, about twenty miles up the river, at 
Delia-Brooke." He died, July 20th, 1655. Battel creek, in 
Calvert county, Maryland, is so named, from the town of Bat- 
tel, in Sussex, whence Mr. Brooke removed, when he set out 
for America. 

Brown, John, Scots M. D. author of "The Elements of Medi- 
cine," born 1735, died 1783, aged 53. 
25 



290 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Bruce, James, the celebrated traveller into Abyssinia, was born 
in Scotland, 1730, died 1794, aged 64. 

Bruno, founder of the Carthusians, died A. D. 1101, aged 71. 

Brutus, Lucius Junius, founder of the Roman republic; slain in 
battle, or single combat with Aruns Tarquin, B. C. 509. 

Brutus, Marcus Junius, the principal actor in the murder of Ju- 
lius Caesar, killed himself B. C. 42. 

Buchan, Dr. William, author of "Domestic Medicine," &c. died 
February 25th, 1805, aged 76. 

Buchanan, George, Scots poet and historian, born 1506, died 
1582, aged 76. 

Buchanan, George, M. D. one of the founders and first commis- 
sioners engaged in 1729, to settle and purchase the land of 
the city of Baltimore, died 1745. 

Buchanan, Claudius, eminent missionary to the East Indies, died 
February 9th, 1815. 

Bunyan, John, author of the Pilgrim's Progress; was born in 
England, 162?, died 1688, aged 60. 

Burgh, James, author of "The Dignity of Human Nature," died 
1775, aged 61. 

Burrows, William, born October 6, 1785; a gallant officer in 
the United States navy, and fell a victim in the moment of his 
glory, 6th September, 1813, commanding the Enterprize, 
which engaged the Boxer; he received a mortal wound early in 
the action, and when the sword of the enemy was presented 
to him, he exclaimed "I am satisfied — I die content;" and 
soon after expired. Action 45 minutes. 

Burke, Edmund, eminent statesman and orator, born in Dublin, 
January 1st, 1730; was elected a member of the British parlia- 
ment, in 1765; advocated the cause of the English North 
American colonies; opposed the French revolution, both as a 
senator and writer. He died July 8th, 1797, aged 67. 

Burkilt, William, English divine, and author of "A Commenta- 
ry on the New Testament," born in England 1650, died 1703, 
aged 53. 

Burlamaqui, John-James, author of Principles of Natural Laws; 
born at Geneva, 1694, died there 1750, aged 56. 

Burleigh, lord Exeter, made minister of state to queen Eliza- 
beth, 1560, died 1598. 

Burnet, Gilbert, bishop of Salisbury, and author of "the His- 
tory of the Reformation of the Church of England;" "History 
of his own Time?," &.c. born in Scotland 1643; died March 
17th, 1715, ae;ed 72. 

Burns. Robert, distinguished Scotch poet, born in Ayrshire Jan- 
uary 29th, 1759, died July 1796, aged 37. 

Burton, Robert, author of "the Anatomy of Melancholy," died 
1639, aged 63. 

Butler, Joseph, bishop of Durham, and author of "the Analogy 
of Religion," &e. born in England 1692, died 1752, aged 60. 

Butler, Samuel, English poet, author of Hudibras, born in 1600, 
died 1680, aged 80. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 291 

Butler, Richard, officer of the revolutionary war, colonel of Mor- 
gan's rifle corps, and shared at Saratoga, and many other pla- 
ces, the renown of that admirable body. After a life of honor, 
colonel Butler fell, in the defeat of St. Clair's army, by the In- 
dians, November 4, 179 1. 

Butler, Thomas, brother of Richard, and a brave United States' 
officer, joined the army in 1776; was at Brandyvvine battle on 
the 11th of September of that year; served through the war, 
and was very severely wounded in the war with the Indians at 
the battle where his brother fell. His latter years were em- 
bittered by disputes with general Wilkinson, which was closed 
by death, September 7, 1805, aged 51. He would not yield to 
the general order, which required officers and soldiers to cut 
the hair close to the head. 

Butler, Zebulon, was born at Lyme in Massachusetts, 1731; en- 
tered into military service early in life, and served through the 
French war, from 1755 to 1763. When the revolutionary war 
commenced, he was appointed colonel in the Connecticut 
line. Died July 28th, 1795, in his 64th year. 

Byng, John, English admiral, tried for alleged misbehaviour off 
Minorca, May, 1756, was condemned and shot at Portsmouth, 
March 14, 1757. 

Byron, Lord, eminent English poet, died April 19, 1824. 



VyABOT, Sebastian, Anglo-Italian, son of John Cabot a Floren- 
tine, was born at Bristol, 1477, entered the naval service of 
England, and discovered Baccalaos, now Newfoundland, June 
24th, 1497. He died 1557, in his 80th year. 

Cadmus, first king of Thebes, brought the Phoenician letters in- 
to Greece. The name signifies "a yuan from the east." The 
important epoch of the arrival of Cadmus in Europe, was B. 
C. 1519, according to the Arundelian Marbles; in 1380 ac- 
cording to Sir Isaac Newton, and following Dr. Blair, 1492. 

Cadwallader, John, an early patriot of the American revolution, 
was born in Philadelphia, 1743; appointed brigadier general, 
and had a share in the operations at Trenton and Princeton 
in the winter of 1776—7; died February 10th, 1786, in his 
44th year. 

Caesar, Caius Julius, first emperor of Rome, born at Rome, July 
12th, B. C. 100; killed in the senate house, March 15th, B. 
C. 44. 

Calderon, de la Bana, Don Pedro, the Spanish Shakspeare, flour- 
ished 1640. 

Caligula, fourth Roman emperor, was the son of Germanicus, 
born A. D. 12, made emperor 37, and put to death, 41 . 



292 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Calmet, a learned Benedictine, died in France October 25, 
1757, aged 86. 

Calvert, George, baron of Baltimore, founder of Maryland, was 
of Flemish descent, born at Kipling, in Yorkshire, England, 
1582, and educated at Oxford; in 1619, he was made by 
Charles I. king of England, one of the principal secretaries of 
state; resigned that office, 1624, made baron of Baltimore 
1625, obtained a patent for Maryland, June 20lh, 1632, and 
died at London the same year. 

Calvin, John, eminent early reformer, born in Picardy, 1509; 
died May 1564, aged 55. 

Camoens, eminent Portuguese epic poet, author of the Louisiad, 
died in an hospital in Lisbon, in 1579, aged 50. 

Camper, Adrian Gilles, revived Craniology, and was eminent as 
a comparative anatomist, flourished 1789. 

Canning, George, eminent English statesman, and late premier 
of England, died August 8th, 1827, aged 57. 

Cassini de Thury, Caesar Francois, 2d son of James, director of 
the royal observatory after his father, born at Paris, June 17, 
1714, died September 4th, 1784, aged 70. The family having 
been at the head of the royal observatory, at Paris, 113 year3. 

Cato, the Censor, born B. C. 235, died 149, aged 86. 

Cato of Utica, born B. C. 94, killed himself 46, aged 48. 

Catullus, Latin poet, died B. C . 16, aged 71. 

Cave, Edward, editor of the first periodical magazine in England 
born 1691, died 1754, aged 63. 

Caverly, sir Hugh, the first who used gunpowder in the service of 
England, died 1389. 

Caxton, William, the first who introduced printing into England, 
born 1412, died 1491, aged 79. 

Cervantes de Saavedra, Miguel, author of Don Quixotte, born in 
Spain, 1549, died 1617, aged 68. 

Chaise, Francis dela, French Jesuit, and confessor to Louis XIV. 
kingof France, from 1675, to his death, 1709. Itissupposed 
with every rational probability, that father de la Chaise, insti- 
gated the revocation of the edict of Nantz. 

Chambers, Ephraim, the first person, who in England, undertook 
a work in the form now known as a Cyclopcedia, or Encyclopae- 
dia; his dictionary was the origin of what is now termed Rees' 
Cyclopcedia. He was born about 1680, died May 15th, 1740. 

Champe, John, an American sergeant-major, who became fa- 
mous in the revolutionary war, from being employed by gene- 
ral Washington, as a pretended deserter to the British, to seize 
and bring general Arnold a prisoner to the American head- 
quarters. The attempt was made and failed, but Champe re- 
mained unsuspected by the British, and subsequently made his 
escape from them and returned to the American army, and di- 
ed in the western states. 

Charlemagne, or Charles I. king of France, son of Pepin the 
short, was born A. D. 1742, died 814, in the 74th year of his 
age, and the 46th of his reign. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 293 

Chastellux, marquis of, French general in the revolutionary 
war, and who published travels in America, born 1734. 

Chatterton, Thomas, English poet, died 1770, aged 18 years, in 
extreme poverty. 

Chase, Samuel, one of the signers of the declaration of indepen- 
dence, born April 12, 1741; agent for the state of Maryland 
in England, after the war; chief justice of Maryland, and ap- 
pointed by Washington one of the judges of the supreme court 
of the United States; died 19th June, 1811, in his 71st year. 

Chaucer, Geoffory, earliest English classic poet, died A. D. 
1400, aged 72. 

Chew, Benjamin, born in Maryland, November 29, 1722; emi- 
nent lawyer, member of congress, 1776, who preferred reform 
rather than revolution, and retired from public concerns; di- 
ed 20th January, 1810. 

Christiana, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, queen of Sweden, 
born 1G27, succeeded to the crown 1632, abdicated, 1654, 
died 1689, aged 62. 

Chrysostom, one of the most eminent fathers of the christian 
church, died A. D. 407, aged 60. 

Churchill, John, duke of Marlborough, celebrated English gene- 
ral, born in Devonshire, 1750, died at Windsor Lodge, 1722, 
aged 72. 

Gibber, Colley, born 1671, died 1758, aged 87. 

Cicero, born B. C. 107, put to death 43, aged 64. 

Cincinnatus, famous Roman patriot, flourished B. C. 430. 

Clarendon, Hyde, earl of, English historian, died 1764, aged 97. 

Clarke, George Rogers, a distinguished general in the service 
of the United States. When a colonel in xhe service of the 
colony of Virginia, he subdued Vincennes, and the adjacent 
country; conducted the first colony of settlers to the Falls of 
Ohio, in 1778. In 1781, he was raised to the rank of a gene- 
ral, and given the chief command in Kentucky, in which he 
spent the residue of his days, and where he died on the 13th 
February, in his 66th year. 

Clark, Abraham, one of the signers of the declaration of inde- 
pendence, born in New-Jersey, 15th February, 1726; died by 
a stroke of the sun, 1794, in the 69 th year of his age. 

Clayton, John, eminent English botanist, author of "The Flora 
Virginica," was born in England, about 1685; came an infant 
with his father to America, and in 1722, became clerk of the 
county of Gloucester, Virginia, whieh office he held 51 years, 
to his death, 1773, aged 88. 

Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, 50 B. C. killed herself 20, aged 41. 

Clerke, Charles, able English naval commander, the companion, 
friend and successor of captain James Cook, died on the 
coast of Kamschatka, August 22d, 1779, aged 39. 

Clifton, William, son of a very respectable mechanic of Phila- 
delphia, born 1772; died December, 1799. He was a diatin- 
25* 



394 EMINENT PERSONS. 

guished poet, and without a clasical education, possessed un- 
common literary acquirements. f 

Clinton, James, general in the American army, in the revolu- 
tionary war, born in Ulster county, New-York, August 9th, 
1736; served in the war of 1756-63; made colonel of the third 
New-York regiment, June 30th, 1775; August 9th, 1776, a 
brigadier in the United States army, in which latter capacity, 
he served through the residue of the war. He died December 
2d, 1812, aged 76. 

Clinton, George, brother of general James, governor of New- 
York, and vice-president of the United States, born in Ulster 
county, New-York, July 26th, 1739; in 1805 was chosen vice- 
president, and re-elected until death; died April 20th, 1812, 
when he had nearly reached the age of 73. 

Clinton, Charles, the father of the two preceding, was born in 
the countv of Longford, Ireland, 1690; came to America, 
1729; died"l773, aged nearly 83. 

Clinton, De Witt, eminent statesman, governor of New-York, 
died lllh February, 1828. 

Cloriviere, Joseph Peter Picot, director of the monastery of the 
Visitation in George-Town, D. C. born at Broons, in Britany, 
France, 4th November, 1768. In the French revolution, he 
sided with the royal party; reputed inventor of the famous in- 
fernal machine, and in consequence was compelled to leave his 
country; became subsequently a priest in Baltimore and 
Charleston, South Carolina, in the former of which places he 
took orders from archbishop Carroll, in 1812; and in 1819, 
was appointed over the monastery in George-Town, where 
he closed his life, on September 30th, 1826, aged 57; a distin- 
guished and respectable man. 

Clymer, George> one of the signers of the declaration of inde- 
pendence; born in Philadelphia, 1739, died 23d January, 1813, 
in the 74th year of his age. 

Clum, Mrs. near Litchfield, England, ^died January 28th, 1772, 
aged 138, and had lived 103 years in one house. 

Coke, sir Edward, pre-eminent English lawyer, born 1550, died 
September 3d, 1634, aged 84. 

Colden, Cadwallader, mathematician and philosopher, torn at 
Demse in Scotland, February 17th, 1688; came to America, 
1708, and to which he removed his family 1716, settled in 
New-York. He died, September 28th, 1776, on the day of 
the conflagration of New-York, aged 88. 

Cole, William, a great botanist, born in England, 1626, died 
1662, aged 36. 

Coligni, Gaspard de, a distinguished French leader amongst the 
Huguenots, born 1517, and murdered in the massacre of St. 
Bartholomew, 1572, aged 55. 

Collins, William, English poet, died 1756, aged 36. 

Columbus, Christopher, discoverer of America, born in or near 
Genoa, 1447; entered the naval service at the age of 14; on 



EMINENT PERSONS. 295 

August 3d, 1492, set sail on that expedition, which on the 12th 
of the following October, brought him to America. After a 
most eventful life, he died at Valladolid, May 20th, 1506, 
aged 59. 

Conde, prince of, the great, died 1686. 

Condillac, Stephen Bonnet de, French metaphysician, died 1780. 

Confucius, Chinese philosopher, born, B. C. 555. 

Congreve, William, English dramatic writer, died 1729, aged 57. 

Constantine, the Great, and the first christian emperor of Rome, 
born A. D. 274, died 337. 

Cook, James, eminent English navigator, born October 27th, 
1728, killed February 14th, 1779, aged 50. 

Cooper, Anthony Astley, first earl of Shaftsbury, author of "The 
Characteristics." Died 1713, aged 91. 

Copernicus Nicholas, restorer of the Pythagorean, or true sys- 
tem of the universe, born at Thorn, in Prussia, February 19. 
1473; he completed his astronomical system, in 1530; not 
published until 1543, and then only under the authority, and 
at the expense of cardinal Nicholas Schoenburg. A copy of 
this treatise, the "Aslronomla Instaurata, she de Revolutionibus 
Orbium Celestrum,'" reached the hand of its illustrious author, 
only a few hours before his death, May 22d, 1543, in his 71st 
year. 

Corneille, French dramatic poet, died 1684, aged 78. 

Corneille, Thomas, French dramatist and historian, died 1709. 

Cornwallis, marquis, British general in the American revolu- 
tionary war, died 1805, in India. 

Correa, de Serra Abbe, eminent Portuguese naturalist and 
statesman, was born at Serpa in Portugal, 1754, several 
years ambassador from Portugal to the United States, return- 
ed to his native country, about 1818, and died. 

Corelli, signora, received the triumph of a coronation at Rome, 
July, 1776. 

Cortes, Fernando, Spanish general and conqueror of Mexico, 
born at Medellin, in Spain, 1485, died 1547, aged 62. 

Cosmo de Medicis, died 1464, aged 75. 

Cowley, Abraham, English poet, died 1667, aged 49. 

Cowper, William, English poet, died 1800, aged 69. 

Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, burnt March 21st, 
1556, aged 67. 

Crassus, a celebrated Roman general, perished with nearly his 
whole army, in battle against the Persians at Charae, B. C. 53. 

Crebillon, the elder, French tragic poet, died, 1762, aged 88. 

Cromwell, Oliver, born April 24, 1599, usurped the supreme 
power, December 6th, 1653, died September 3d, 1658, 
aged 59. 

Cropper, John, a gallant officer in the revolutionary war, and 
personally distinguished by general Washington, died Janua- 
rj 15th, 1822, aged 66. 



896 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Cruden, Alexander, author of a Concordance to the Bible, born 
in Scotland, 1701, died in London, 1770, aged 69. 

Ctebius, supposed inventor of the pump, flourished B. C. 120. 

Cudworth, Ralph, author of "The Intellectual System," died 
1688, aged 71. 

Cullen, Dr. William of Edinburgh, died February 5, 1790, 
aged 80. 

Cumberland, Richard, English dramatic writer, died 1811, 
aged 78. 

Cyrus, founder of the first Persian empire, born B. C. 599; found- 
ed the Persian empire, 536, died 529. 



IJacier, Andrew French, classical translator, died 1722, 
aged 71. 

Dacier, Madame, wife of Andrew, and also a classical transla- 
tor, died 1728, aged 69. 

Dalton, John, English M. D. who adapted Milton's Mask of 
Comus to the stage, and gave the benefit to the grand daughter 
of the poel; died 1763, aged 54. 

Dampier, William, English navigator, died 1699, aged 47. 

Dante, Aligheri, eminent and early Italian poet, died 1321, 
aged 56. 

Darke, William, usually called major Darke, a brave veteran 
officer, born in Philadelphia county, 1736, served in the war 
of 1755-63; again in the revolutionary war, and finally in the 
Indian war under general St. Clair, on November 4tb, 1791, 
died November 26th, 1801, aged 66. 

Darnley, lord, king of Scotland, and father of James VI. mur- 
dered February 10, 1567. 

Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, English physician and poet, died 1802, 
aged 69. 

Davenant, Charles, English statistical writer, and amongst the 
first of that class in that kingdom, died 1714, aged 58. 

Davie, Richardson, William, was born in England, 1756, but 
was by his father removed to America an infant, and bred up 
in North Carolina; he joined the army early in the revolu- 
tionary war, and continued in service to its close; he was a 
member of the convention which framed the federal consti- 
tution, 1787; and was in succession governor of North Car- 
olina, envoy to France, and the dignified private gentleman. 

Davidson, William, a native of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 
born 1746, and in 1750, removed by his parents to Mecklen- 
burg, North Carolina. At the opening of the revolutionary 
war, he entered the army, in which he rose to the rank of 



EMINENT PERSONS. 297 

general, and fell defending the passage of Catawba river 
agaiist lord Cornwallis, February 1st, 1781. 

Davis, John, English navigator, who gave name to the wide 
strait leading into Baffins' bay, 1585-1605. 

Daun, Leopold count, marshal of the German empire, and dur- 
ing the seven years war, the most successful opponent of 
Frederick the great, died 1766, aged 61. 

Day, John, printer, the first who introduced the Greek and 
Saxon characters into England, died 1584. 

Deane, Silas, member of congress, died in extreme poverty in 

■ England, 1781. 

Defoe, Daniel, author of Robinson Crusoe, died 1731. 

De Plsle, Joseph Nicholas, French astronomer, died 1772. 

William, French geographer, died 1726. 

De Lima, John Taverra, a native of Portugal, died 1 738, aged 198. 

Demosthenes, the Grecian orator, poisoned himself B. C. 322, 
aged 59. 

Denhara, sir John, poet, born in Dublin 1615, died 1668, 
aged 53. 

Derham, William, English divine and mathematician, died 1735, 
aged 78. 

Des Castes, eminent French philosopher, died 1650. 

De Witt, John, grand pensioner of Holland, and eminent states- 
man, murdered 1672, aged 47. 

Dickenson, John, distinguished American statesman and pa- 
triot, entered public office 1764, died 1808. 

Didot, Francis-Ambrose, eminent French printer, died July 10, 
1804, aged 74. 

Digges, Dudley, English statesman, died 1639, aged 56. 

Diogenes the cynic, died B. C. 324. 

Dion of Syracuse, philosopher and statesman, flourished B. C. 
360. 

Dionysius, I. or the tyrant, king of Syracuse, B. C. 404-336. 

Dionysius the Areopagite, flourished A. D. 36. 

Dodd, Rev. Dr. executed for forgery, June 27, 1777. 

Doddridge, Philips, eminent English divine, died 1751, aged 49. 

Dodsley, James, author of the Preceptor, died 1764, aged 61. 

Domat, John, eminent French judge and jurist, born 1625, died 
at Paris 1696, aged 71. 

Draco, the law-giver, flourished B. C. 624. 

Drake, sir Francis, b@rn 1545; set sail on his voyage round the 
world 1577, died 1595, aged 50. 

Drayton, Michael, English poet, died 1631, aged 58. 

Drayton, William Henry, an American patriot and political 
writer, author of "Freeman," born 1742, died a member of 
Congress, 1779, aged 37. 

Drelincourt, Charles, French protestant divine, died 1669, 
aged 74. 

Drummond, William, poet, died 1649, aged 63. 

Dryden, John, eminent English poet, died 1700, aged 69. 



298 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Duclos, Charles Dineau, French historian and didactic wri- 
ter, died 1772, aged 57. 

Dudley, John, duke of Northumberland, father-in-law to lady 
Jane Grey, and cause of her destruction and that of his son, 
and of himself, was beheaded 1553, aged 51. 

Duncan, king of Scotland, murdered by Macbeth, A. D. 1054. 

Duncan, William, author of "Logic," died 1760, aged 43. 

Dunstan, St. archbishop of Canterbury, from 959 to 988, w* 
one of the violent apostles of clerical celibacy. 

Dyer, John, English poet, born 1700, died 1758, aged 58. 



JCiDWARD, the black prince, English hero, son of Edward III. 
died in France, 1376, aged 46. 

Egbert, the first sole monarch of England, by uniting the sepa- 
rate petty states of the Heptarchy in A. D. 828; he died 838. 

Ellery, William, one of the signers of the declaration, born at 
Newport, 22d December, 1727, died 15th February, 1820. 

Elliot, John, came to New-England, 1632; published his Indian 
translation of the bible 1664, died 1689, aged 85. 

Elliot, George Augustus, lord Heathfield, eminent English gene- 
ral, and successful defender of Gibraltar, from April 12th, 
1781, to February 3rd, 1783, died 1790, in his 73rd year. 

'Elizabeth Petrowna, youngest daughter of Peter the great, born 
1709; dethroned her cousin Iwan in 1741, and became em- 
press of Russia; died 1761, aged 58. 

Ellsworth, Oliver, Chief Justice of the United States, was born 
at Windsor in Connecticut, April 29th, 1745; a patriot in the 
revolution, he had a mind of superior order, he filled the seat 
of the United States senator from 1789 to 1796; in the latter 
year he was appointed to the seat of chief justice of the Uni- 
ted States, which he resigned in 1800; in 1799, he Ind acted 
as Envoy to France, the last of his public employment. He 
died November 26, 1807, in his 63rd year. 

Ellwood, Thomas, an eminent member of the society of friends; 
at 21 he joined the society, and became as a preacher and 
writer, one of their most efficient members to his death, 1713, 
in his 74 th year. 

Elstol, William, a Saxon scholar, died 1714. 

Emmet, Thomas Addis, was born at Cork, April 24th, 1764, em- 
inent lawyer, died in New-York, 1827. 

Epaminondas, the Theban hero, slain B. C. 363. 

Epictetus, stoic philosopher, flourished A. D. 66-120. 

Epicurus, founder of the sect which bore his name; born at 
Athens, B. C. 342, died 271, aged 71. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 299 

Epimenides, a Cretan philosopher, contemporary with Solon, 
said to have lived 157 years. 

Erastothenes, one of the greatest mathematicians, of antiquity; 
the first in Europe who measured a degree of the meridian, 
and the first who accurately determined the inclination of tho 
earth's axis to the plane of the ecliptic, died B. C. 195, 
aged 80. 

Euclid of Alexandria, pre-eminent mathematician, born B. C. 
356, died 280, aged 74. 

Eugene, prince, eminent French general, but who )e f t his own 
country earlier in life, and entering the imperial service, be- 
came a most foamidabled foe to France. He died at Vienna, 
April 10, 1735, aged 73. 

Euler, Leonard, pre-eminent mathematician, born at Basil, 1707, 
died 1783, aged 76. 

Eumenes of Pergamos, one of the generals of Alexander the 
great, put to death B. C. 315. 

Euripides, one of the most ancient and greatest Greek tragio 
poets, died B. C. 405, aged 75. 

Eusebius, Pamphylus bishop of Caesarea, flourished A. D. 
270-340. 

Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, an Arian, °ourished 338-41. 

bishop of Emessa, theological writer, flourished 

340-60. 

Eusebius, bishop of Verceil, theological writer, flourished 
354-70. 

These bishops of the same name and age are almost inva- 
riably confounded. 

Eutropius, latin historian, flourished under Julian II, about A. 
D. 360. 

Evelyn, John, English historian and poet, died 1698, aged 44. 

John, English natural philosopher, died 1706, aged 77. 

Evremont, Saint, died September 9, 1703, aged 90. 



JC abins Maximus, Roman general successfully adopted the 
cautious plan of operations in the second Punic war. This 
method now bears his name, being called the Fabian. 

Farenheit, Gabriel Daniel, inventor of the Thermometer which 
bears his name, born, born at Hamburg, flourished 1720. 

Fancourt, Samuel, the first who opened a circulating library in 
London; he came to that city about 1740, and set up his li- 
brary; died in poverty 1768, aged 90. 

Farinello, eminent Italian opera singer, died in England, about 
1780. 



300 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Farquhar, George, dramatic writer, died 1707, aged 29. 

Falstolf, Sir John, celebrated English general, flourished under 
the Henries IV, V and VI, and died about 1460. 

Faust, or Faustus, John, of Mentz, one of the claimants of the 
invention of printing, died 1466. See Coster, Guttemburg 
and Scsefer. 

Fayette, Mary Magdalen Proche de la Vergne, countess of, dra- 
matic, historical and biographical writer, flourished at the 
court of Louis XIV. 1670-93. 

Fenelon, Francis de Salignac de la Motte, archbishop of Cam- 
bray, and author of "Telemachus,"' died 1715, aged 63. 

Ferdinando, Marc de Paleotti, hanged in England for murder, 
February 28, 171.8; he was brother to the duches of shrews- 
bury. 

Ferguson, James, eminent astronomer, born at Keith, Scotland, 
1710, died 1776, aged 66. 

Ferarr, Lawrence, Earl, committed to the tower of London 
for murdering his steward, February 13, 1760; tried, found 
guilty April 18, and hanged at Tyburn May 5, 1760. 

Fingal, the hero of Ossian, supposed to 'have been born about 
A. D. 282. 

Fisher, John, born at Beverly, England, 1459; in 1504, raised to 
the see of Rochester; opposed the divorce of Catharine of 
Aragon from Henry VIII; attainted of treason, and his see 
declared vacant, 1534; beheaded June 22nd, 1535, aged 76. 
Of all the legal murders committed by Henry VIII. that of 
bishop Fisher was perhaps the most atrocious. 

Fletcher, John, brother of Gilles, and a dramatic writer, died 
1625, aged 50. 

Fletcher, Andrew, commonly called Fletcher of Salton, Scots 
political writer, died 1716, aged 63. 

Fleury, Andrew Hercules, cardinal and bishop of Frejus, born 
1653; made prime minister of France, 1623; died 1742, 
aged 90. 

Fleury, Claude, French ecclesiastical writer, and coadjutor of 
Fenelon, as preceptors, died 1723, aged 83. 

Floyd, William, one of the signers of the declaration of inde- 
pendence born on Long-Island, New- York, 17th December, 
1734; was a delegate to the continental congress, in 1775, 
and continued to the era of general peace. Died August 4tb, 
1821, aged 87. 

Fontaine, John de la, author of Tales and Fables, died 1695, 
aged 74. 

Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, author of Plurality of Worlds, 
born 1657, and lived to January, 1757, or to nearly 100 
years. 

Foote, Samuel, English dramatic writer, died, October 21, 1777, 
aged 60. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 301 

Fordyce, James, brother of David, eminent Scots divine, and 
author of Sermons to Young Women, died 1796, aged 76. 

Forrest, Uriah, a brave officer of the Maryland line, in the 
American revolutionary war, born in St. Mary's county, 1756; 
losing a leg in the battle of Germantown, was forced to re- 
tire from service. 

Forster, John Reinhold, author of Northern Voyages, born in 
Polish Prussia 1729; circumnavigated the earth with captain 
Cook; died January 9, 1779, aged 70. 

Fortescue, sir John, English law writer, flourished about 1460. 

Foster, sir Michael, eminent English crown lawyer, died 1763, 
aged 74. 

Fothergill, Dr. John, born in Yorkshire, England, 1712, in 1748, 
published his treatise on putrid sore throat; died 1780, aged 68. 

Fox, Richard, bishop of Exeter, eminent English statesman, 
died 1528, aged 68. 

Fox, George, founder of the society of friends, or quakers, born 
1624, died 1690, aged 66. 

Fox. Charles James, English statesman of the first order, born 
1749, died 1806, aged 57. 

Franklin, Benjamin, one of the signers of the declaration of in- 
dependence, philosopher and statesman, born in Boston, 
1706; in 1726, settled in Philadelphia; discovered the indentity 
of lightning, and the electric fluid, about 1749, subsequently 
engaged deeply in the colonial struggle, and efficaciously 
aided the revolution; went ambassador to France, and was, 
finally one of the commissioners who signed the definitive ar- 
ticles of peace, 1783. He was a member of the convention 
which framed the federal constitution; he died April 17th, 
1790, in his 84th year. 

Frederick II. king of Prussia, usually called Frederick the great, 
succeeded his father on the throne, May 1740, died August 
17th, 1786, in his 75th year. 

Frith, John, an early martyr to the reformation in England, was 
burned about 1533; Frith's work on the Eucharist, is sup- 
posed to have been the first English treatise on the side of the 
reformed doctrines. 

Froisart, John, early French historian, died 1402, aged 69. 

Fromage, Peter, eminent French Catholic missionary, born at 
Laon, 1678, died 1740, aged 62. 

Fuller, Rev'd Dr. Thomas, eminent English divine and ecclesias- 
tical writer, born 1608, died 1661, aged 53. 

Fust, or Faustus of Mentz, one of the earliest printers in Europe, 
died about 1466. 
26 



302 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Cjt adson, Christopher, governor of South Carolina, patriot of 
the Revolution, died September 1805, aged 81. 

Gallilei, Gallileo, one of the greatest revivers of modern sci- 
ence, born at Pisa, 1564; made professor of mathematics in 
the university of Pisa, 1590; removed to Venice 1592, where 
he exercised the duties of a similar office, till 1611; in 1609, 
he had made the first Telescope, died 1642, in his 78th year. 

Ganesvoort, Genl. Peter, was born in Albany, N. Y. July 16th, 
1749; joined the American army as a major, 1775, but raised 
to the rank of colonel the ensuing year; on August 2d, 1777, 
he was besieged with his command in fort Stanwix, where 
Rome in Oneida county now stands, by Col. St. Leger, with 
a body of British tories and Indians, who after a most gallant 
defence, were repelled and forced to retreat, on August 22d. 
He continued in the army to the close of the war, though 
from March 1782 in the immediate service of New York; he 
was appointed by president Madison, a brigadier general, 
in which service he continued to his death, July 2nd, 1812, 
aged 63. 

Garden, Alexander, eminent botanist, born in Scotland, 1730, 
removed to Charleston, South Carolina, 1752, died in Lon- 
don 1791, aged 61. 

Garrick, David, the English Roscius, born at Hereford, 1716, 
died January 20th, 1779, in his 63d year. 

Garth, Dr. Samuel, English poet, flourished 1691-1719. 

Gascoigne, sir William, eminent English lawyer and judge, born 
1350, died 1413, aged 63. 

Gassendi, Peter, eminent French astronomer and philosopher, 
one of the great restorers of inductive philosophy, died 
1655, aged 63. 

Gates, Genl. Horatio, was born in England 1728, entered into 
the British army, and was stationed at Halifax, in Nova Sco- 
tia as early as 1748; he was an actor as a major under Genl. 
Braddock, and was one of the few officers who escaped with 
life from the battle near Pittsburg; made adjutant general at 
the opening of the revolutionary war; commanded the army 
when Burgoyne was captured; was appointed to the southern 
army in 1780, and defeated by lord Cornwallis at Camden 
same year, August 16th, and on October 5th, superseded by 
Genl. Greene; died 10th April, 1806, aged 78. 

Gay, John, eminent English poet, died 1732, aged 44. 

Gebbard, reverend John G. born February 2d, 1750, at Waldorf 
in Germany) educated at the university of Heidelberg, emi- 
grated to America, 1771, died in the state of New York, 
August 17th, 1826, in the 77th year of his age, and the 55th 
of his ministry. 

Gebee, Claude, usually called Claude de Lorraine, eminent 
landscape painter, died 1682, aged 82. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 303 

Gerard, French nobleman, and first grand master of the knights 
of St. John of Jerusalem, flourished A. D. 1100. 

Gessner, JohnMathias, eminent German philologist, died 1761, 
aged 70. 

Gessner, Solomon, German philologist, died 1605, aged 46. 

John, eminent Swiss naturalist, born at Zurich 1709, died 1790, 
aged 81. 

Gibbon, Edward, Eng. historian, born at Putney in Surry, April 
27th, 1737, died Jan. 16th, 1794, aged 57. 

Gibson, Col. John, an officer of the revolutionary war, born at 
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 23d of May, 1740, served under 
genl. Forbes when that officer took Fort du f^uesne ; entered 
the army as a col. early in the war, and continued through it: 
died at Braddock's Field, near Pittsburg, 10th of April 1822, 
aged nearly 82. 

Gibson, Col. George, an officer of the revolutionary army, a na- 
tive of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, settled early in life at Pitts- 
burg, joined the army as a col. and served to the end of 
1778. In the war with the Indian tribes, col. Gibson again 
commanded a regiment, and shared the fatal dangers of St. 
Clair's campaign and defeat, in the latter of which he received 
a mortal wound, which terminated an honourable and event- 
ful life at Fort Jefferson, Dec. llth, 1794. 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, half brother to Sir Walter Raleigh, 
and one of the earliest English adventurers, who attempted to 
forma colony in America, born 1539; in 1576, published 
"A treatise to prove a passage by the north-west to the East 
Indies." In 1578, he obtained a patent to make a settlement 
in North America, and in that year made a voyage to New- 
foundland, returned to Europe, and in 1583, on his home- 
ward bound voyage, from another trip to America, was lost 
with all his crew. 

Gill, Dr. John, eminent Scriptural Commentator, died 1771, 
aged 74. 

'Glanvil, Joseph, eminent Eng. philosopher, died 1680, aged 44. 

Glauber, John Rodolph, from whom the well known salt takes 
its name, flourished 1640 — 60. 

Glisson, Francis, eminent Eng. M. D. President of the College 
of Physicians, London, died 1677, aged 80. The man who 
was one of the founders of the Royal Society, and eulogised 
by Boerhaave and Haller. 

Glover, Richard, Eng. poet, died 1785, aged 73. 
Gluck, le Chevalier Christopher, eminent German musical com- 
poser, died at Vienna, 1787, aged 71. 
Godfrey, Thomas, inventor of the Quadrant commonly called 
Hadley's. By the latter he was cheated out of the credit of 
the invention; born in Philadelphia, where he died in Dec. 
1749. 
Godfrey, of Boulogne, first general of the Crusaders, died A. D. 
1100. 



304 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Godeau, eminent French ecclesiastical historian, died 1672, 
aged 67. 

Goldsmith, Oliver, elegant poet, essayist, &c. &c. &c. died 1774, 
aged 43. 

Gordon, Lord George, died in Newgate, Nov. 1, 1793. 

Gore, capt. John, the friend and companion of captain Cook, 
was born in Virginia, 1735; early in life he entered the British 
navy, and made his first voyage round the world with Com- 
modore Byron. In 1768, he was appointed second lieutenant 
of the Endeavour, under captain Cook, and again circumnav- 
igated the Earth. In 1776, he was appointed first lieutenant 
of the Resolution, and by the successive deaths of captains 
Cook andClerke, returned to Europe, Oct. 1780, commander 
of the squadron. Ended his days as one of the captains of 
Greenwich Hospital, Aug. 10th, 1790, aged 55. 

Granville, George, Eng. poet, died 1735, aged 68. 

Gray, Thos. Eng. poet, died 1771, aged 55. 

Greene, Nathaniel, a major general in the armies, and second 
to Washington in the war of the Revolution, born in War- 
wick, Rhode Island, in 1741. He was bred in the Society of 
Friends. Early in 1775, he was raised by Rhode Island to 
the rank of brigadier general, and on Aug. 26, 1776, by Con- 
gress was promoted to that of major general in the conti- 
nental service. Having for four years shared to the north 
the dangers of the war, Greene was in 1780, sent to command 
the southern army, where in conjunction with Morgan and 
Marion, and many more brave and intelligent officers, after 
two arduous campaigns the fortune of war changed in favor 
of the United States. With the military operations in the 
southern states, closed the military life of general Greene. 
In Oct. 1785, he removed to Georgia, where he died 19th of 
June, 1786. 

Greene, Col. Christopher, a relation of gen. Nathl. Greene, 
and a native of the same town, was born 1737, and in May 
1775, entered the service as a lieutenant. He was with 
Montgomery at Quebec, where he became a prisoner. Soon 
after his exchange, he joined his regiment, to the com- 
mand of which he rose in 1777. He fell May 22d, 1781, in 
an action with some tories near New- York. 

Greenville, Sir Richard, commander of the first English col- 
ony sent to North America, was born 1540; in June 1558, 
landed on the shores of the Roanoke, and left a small colony 
which was subsequently, it is probable, destroyed by the sava- 
ges, as no trace of them could be ever afterwards discovered. 
Greenville shared with Howard, Drake, Raleigh, Hawkins 
and Frobigher, the renown of defeating the Spanish Arma- 
da. In 1591, he was made Vice Admiral of a squadron sent 
out to the West Indies. In this expedition he fell in with a 
superior force, and in the action his ship was taken and him- 
self mortally wounded. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 305 

Greenville, Sir Bevil, grandson of Admiral Greenville, was born 
1596, and slain in the battle of Lansdown, near Bath, 1643. 

Grey, Lady Jane, for a few days Queen of England, beheaded 
Feb. 12th, 1554, aged about 17. 

Grimston, Sir Harbottle, Eng. law writer, died 1683. 

Grotius, Hugo, pre-eminent Dutch civilian, died 1645, aged 62. 

Guido of Arezzo, musical composer of the 11th century. 

Guise, Francis de Lorraine, duke of, celebrated French gener- 
al, murdered at Orleans 1563, aged 44. 

Guise, Henry de Lorraine, duke of, son of Francis, who with 
his brother Cardinal de Lorraine, was murdered 1588, at the 
instigation of Henry III. king of France. 

GuHter, Edmund, eminent English mathematician, author of the 
scale and chain which bears his name, died 1626, aged 45. 

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, killed in battle near Lut- 
zen, Nov. 6, 1632. 

Gustavus III. king of Sweden, killed at a masquerade, March 
16, 1792. 

Gwinnett Button, one of the signers of the Declaration of In- 
dependence, born in England 1732; killed in a duel 27th May 
1777, in his 45th year. 



Hale, Sir Matthew, eminent Eng. Judge, died 1676, aged 67. 

Hale, Nathan, a native of Connecticut, was sent by gen. Wash- 
ington in August 1776, to examine the British position on 
Long Island, was taken and hanged as a spy,with circumstances 
of brutal ferocity, a complete contrast to the conduct of the 
Americans to Major Andre. 

Hall, Lyman, M. D« one of the signers of the Declaration of 
Independence, born in Connecticut about 1731, settled in 
Georgia, elected governor of that state,- died about 60 years 
of age. 

Hampden, John, a celebrated patriot, killed in the battle of 
Chalglove, June 24th, 1643, aged 49. 

Hamilton, Alexander, a very distinguished hero of the American 
revolutionary war, and statesman in the formation of the 
United States government, was born in the island of St. 
Croix, 1757. He was with his mother removed to New- 
York in his 16th year, and educated there, in Columbia Col- 
lege. Though a youth he was amongst the first who took up 
arms, and had attained the rank of lieutenant colonel in 1777, 
and served through the war with increasing reputation. As 
a member of congress, and of the Federal convention, the 
genius of Hamilton was felt as an animating spirit, which 
suggested the best measures, and pointed out the best means 
of their consummation. As first secretary of the treasury, 
2G* 



306 EMINENT PERSONS. 

all of system in that department that has since been done, 
was in great part, either accomplished, attempted, or recom- 
mended by this statesman. This transcendent man fell a 
sacrifice to the most destructive ,and least excusable remain 
of barbarism in either our institutions or opinions, on the 12th 
July, 1804. 

Hammond, James, eminent Eng. elegiac poet, died 1740, 
aged 30. 

Hancock, John, President of the first Congress, and one of the 
signers of the Declaration of Independence, born in Massa- 
chusetts 1737, graduated at Harvard college in 1754. His 
oration on the Boston massacre, March 5th, 1770, and his 
subsequent exertions in favor of his country, rendered him a 
peculiar object of vengeance with the British government, 
and he had, with Samuel Adams, the honor to be excepted in 
the amnesty published by the Eng. governor at Boston, after 
the battle of Lexington. In Oct. 1774, he had been elect- 
ed president of the provincial congress of Massachusetts, and 
in 1775 was again elected president of the continental con- 
gress at Philadelphia, and remained so until 1779. He was 
at the head of that body, on July 4th, 1776; chosen a mem- 
ber of the convention which framed the Constitution of 
Massachusetts. Mr. Hjncock resigned his seat at the head of 
the congress of the United Colonies, in 1779, was governor of 
Massachusetts, and spent the remainder of his days in the ser- 
vice of his native state. He died Oct. 8th, 1793, in his 
55th year. 

Handel, George Frederick, the greatest musical composer, 
born at Halle, in Germany, 1684; came to England 1710, 
where he died 1759, aged 75. 

Hannibal, son of Hamilcar, great military genius, born at Car- 
thage B. C. 252; poisoned himself 181, in his 70th year. 

Harper, Robert Goodloe, one of the most distinguished states- 
men of his country, and one of the brightest ornaments of the 
bar, was born in Virginia; was many years a representative in 
congress from the state of South-Carolina; afterwards a sena- 
tor of the United States from the state of Maryland, died sud- 
denly in Baltimore, 15th January, 1824, in the 61st year of 
his age. 

Harris, John, the first compiler of a Dictionary of Arts and 
Sciences in England, died a beggar, 1719, aged 49. 

Hart, John, one of the signers of the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence, member of congress from N. Jersey, died at an ad- 
vanced age, 1780. 

Hartley, David, eminent English metaphysician, died 1757, 
aged 53. 

Harvey, Dr. William, who discovered the circulation of the 
blood, died 3d June 1658, aged 80. 

Hayne, Isaac, was an inhabitant of Charleston, South Carolina, 
when that place was invested by the British army, 1780, 



EMINENT PERSONS. 307 

and, after the surrender of the city to the British officers was, 
from their promises, and the unprotected state of his family, 
induced to subscribe to an acknowledgment of allegiance to 
the British crown. Subsequently, however, the repeated in- 
fringements of the terms of his submission, provoked him to 
take up arms in defence of the American cause, was taken 
prisoner in arms, sent to Charleston, and executed as a trai- 
tor, almost in the arms of his family. 

Heath, gen. William, born at Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1737, 
and died in his native place, Jan. 24th, 1814, aged 77. 
Amongst the first to take up arms in favor of his insulted 
country, was appointed by the provincial congress of Mas- 
sachusetts, in 1775, a brigadier general; was by the continent- 
al congress, in 1776, raised to the rank of major general, and 
served through the war. 

Hedwig, John, eminent botanist, died 1797, aged 67. 

Heloise, born A. D. 1101, and died in 1163, aged 62, survived 
Abelard about 20 years. 

Henry, Patrick, famous orator and patriot of the American rev- 
olution, was born in Virginia, the 29th of May 1736, and died 
the 6th of June 1799, aged 67. 

Herodotus, the father of history, born at Halicarnassus in Caria, 
B. C. 484, flourished B. C. 440; time of his death unknown. 
His history includes a period of 234 years, from B. C. 713 
to 479. 

Hervey, James, Eng. divine and poet, author of "Meditations, 
&c. died 1758, aged 44. 

Hay ward, Thomas, one of the signers of the Declaration of In- 
dependence, born in South Carolina 1746; died March .1809. 

Hill, Aaron, dramatic Eng. poet, died 1750, aged 65. 

Hoadley, Benjamin, eminent Eng. divine and bishop of Winches- 
ter, died 1761, aged 85. 

Hobbes, Thos. celebrated Eng. writer, died 1079, aged 91. 

Hogarth, Wm. eminent Eng. painter, died 1764, aged 67. 

Holbein, Hans, eminent Swiss painter, died 1554, aged 56. 

Holt, Sir John, eminent Eng. lawyer and judge, died 1709, 
aged 67. 

Holwell,John Zephaniah, commander, and one of the few sur- 
vivors of a party of 146 English, who were confined by the 
Nabob of Bengal in 1756, in what was called, "The Black 
Hole" 11 at Calcutta. Mr. Holwell wrote an account of this 
dreadful affair, which he survived 42 years, dying in 1798, 
aged 89. 

Home, Henry, Lord Eaimes, eminent critic, born in Scotland 
1696, died 1782, aged 86. 

Homer, flourished about at. C. 900. 

Hood, Robin and little John, noted highwaymen, 1189. 

Hooker, Revd. Richard, author of Ecclesiastical Polity, died 
1600, aged 47. 



308 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Hoole, John, Eng. poet, translator of the Orlando Furioso, and 
Jerusalem Delivered, died 1803, aged 76. 

Hopkins, Stephen, and one of the signers of the Declaration of 
Independence, was born in Rhode Island, March 1707; in 
1754, was one of the commissioners who assembled at Alba- 
ny, to digest a plan of union for the colonies; died 20th July, 
1785, aged 78. 

Hopkinson, Francis, one of the signers of the Declaration of 
Independence, and greatly contributed to promote the cause 
he espoused, by his inimitable humour and satire. In 1775 
he wrote the then important political tract, entitled the Pret- 
ty Story; after that the Battle of the Kegs, and many 
other pieces of political interest; born in Philadelphia 
1738. He was at once an active and an intelligent 
statesman, and found worthy as a lawyer, to be the first dis- 
trict judge of the United States He died 9th of May, 1791, 
in his 53d year. It may be added, that Judge Hopkinson was 
a poet in his early days of great merit. A musician who first 
published in this country, musical compositions with his name 
affixed to the publication. He was devoted to the mechanic- 
al arts connected with science, and was the first who produced 
music from glass; an interesting discovery, which his grand- 
son, Mr. Francis H. Smith, has lately brought to great per- 
fection, without knowing that his distinguished grandfather 
had been engaged on the same subject. 

Horace, Roman poet, died B. C. 8, aged 57. 

Hoicard, John, known brother of "The Benevolent Howard." 
His life, in the language of Burke, " was a voyage of discov- 
ery; a circumnavigation of charity." Born at Hackney, 
England, 1727, and fell a victim to his noble exertions at 
Chesson, 1790, aged 63— "The noblest of all the Howards." 

Howard, John Eager, a brave and distinguished officer, in the 
American revolution, governor of Maryland, Senator of the 
United States, born in Baltimore 4tk June 1752, died 12th 
October 1827. 

Hudson, Henry, eminent naval commander and discoverer in 
North America, flourished from 1607 to 1610. In the latter 
year, whilst navigating the bay which now bears his name, 
his crew mutinied, and put him, his son, and seven others on 
shore, where they no doubt perished. 

Hume, David, philosopher and historian, died August 25th, 
1776, aged 65. 

Humphrey, Col. David, patriot of the American revolution, 
born in Connecticut, 1752; in 1780 was appointed one of the 
aids to gen. Washington, with whom he remained through 
the residue of the war, and at its termination accompanied 
him to Virginia. Col. Humphrey was distinguished for his 
gallantry and military skill at the siege of York. He remain- 
ed with gen. Washington, until 1790, with the exception of 
two years residence in France. In 1790, he was appointed 



EMINENT PERSONS. 309 

minister to Portugal, and for the residue of his life was alter- 
nately in public and private life. He died, Feb. 21st, 1818, 
aged 66. 

Hunter, John, eminent surgeon, died very suddenly in St. 
George's Hospital, 1793, aged 65. 

Huntingdon, Samuel, one of the signers of the Declaration of 
Independence, born at Windham in Connecticut 1732; elect* 
ed a member of congress 1775. In 1779, he was elected pre- 
sident of congress, and re-elected in 1780, but his declining 
health compelled him to resign, July 6th, 1781. In 1786, he 
was elected governor of Connecticut, and re-elected annually 
to his death on the 5th Jan. 1796, aged 64. 

Huss, John, one of the first open dissenters from the Church of 
Rome, was born in Bohemia, 1376. In contempt of all law, 
he was seized, condemned, and on the 6th July, 1415, burned 
to death. 

Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon, grandfather to Queens Ma- 
ry II. and Anne, and author of a history of the grand rebel- 
lion, died at Rouen 1674, aged 66. About 1763, having de- 
throned his sovereign and rose to great power, he spent the 
residue of his life principally in opposition to the British arms 
in India. He died 1782, leaving his throne to his son Tip- 
poo Saib. 



J ackson, James, a native of Devon, Eng.; removed to Georgia 
1772; became an officer in the revolutionary war; died at 
Washington City, 19th Jan. 1806; then a senator of the Uni- 
ted States. 

Jane, the insane, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, became 
mother of the emperors Charles V. and Ferdinand I. The 
death of her husband affected her reason; she became insane 
in 1506, and remained so to her death, 1555, 49 years. 

Jasper, sergeant, distinguished for gallantry in the revolutiona- 
ry war; June 28th, 1776, in the celebrated attack of Sir Pe- 
ter Parker, on Fort Moultrie, he replaced the American Flag 
after it was shot away by a cannon ball. He with the aid of 
sergeant Newton, waylaid, surprised and captured, a British 
guard of 10 men, releasing an American of the name of Jones, 
whom they were conducting to certain death at Savannah. 
This extraordinary exploit was performed within about two 
miles from the British lines; killed in the attack on Savannah 
Oct. 9, 1779. 

Jay, John, illustrious patriot and statesman of the American re- 
volution; member of congress September 1774, elected pres- 
ident of congress Dec. 10th, 1778; first chief justice of the 
United States, May 4th, 1789; and as minister plenipotentia- 



310 EMINENT PERSONS. 

ry, concluded a treaty between the United States and Great 
Britain, Nov. 19th, 1794. He is still living, the only survivor 
of the first congress of America, which met September 1774. 

Jefferson, Thomas, one of the signers of the Declaration of 
Independence, and chairman of the committee who reported 
that memorable document to congress, which was adopted 4th 
July, 1776; born 2d April 1743; active member of the Virgi- 
nia Legislature 1773; author, lawyer and statesman, governor 
of Virginia, during the American Revolution; ambassador to 
France; first secretary of State of the United States; 2d vice 
president of the United States; third president of the United 
States; died 4th July 1826, just 50 years after he had reported 
the Declaration of Independence. On the same day died 
John Adams, his predecessor, as President of the United 
States, and one of his co-patriots of the committee who re- 
ported the declaration. 

Jerome, St. died A. D. 420, aged 80. 

Jerome, of Prague, eminent Bohemian, D. D. and friend of 
John Huss, adopted the opinions of Wickliffe, and like Huss, 
appeared before the Council of Constance, was there seized, 
condemned, and on the 30th May 1416, burned to death. 

Joan D'Arc, or the Maid of Orleans, burned 1431, aged 24. 

Johnson, Samuel, eminent English writer, poet, and lexicogra- 
pher, died 1784, aged 78. 

Jones, Sir William, English poet, statesman, and oriental schol- 
ar, born in London 1746, died in Indostan, April 27th, 1794, 
aged 47. 

Jones, Paul, a brave and skilful naval commander in the service 
of the United States in the revolutionary war; born in Galway 
county, Scotland, 1747; died in Paris 1792, aged 45. 

JosephusFlavius, born A. D. 37, died 93, aged 56. 

Julius Ca3sar, much celebrated Roman general, born B. C. July 
10th, 100; murdered March 15th, 44, aged 56. 

Justin, a Latin historian, flourished it is supposed under Anton- 
inus Pius. 

Justinian I. Romano-Greek emperor, born A. D. 483; succeeded 
Justin in 527; died 565, in the 39th year of his reign, and the 
83d of his age. His Code and Pandects have preserved Ro- 
man Jurisprudence. 

Juvenal, Latin satiric poet, died A. D. 127, aged 82. 



K 



alb, Baron de, one of those generous Europeans, who espous- 
ed the American cause, came to this country with the marquis 
de la Fayette, offered his services to congress, was accepted, 
and appointed a brigadier general in 1777. He served with 



EMINENT PERSONS. 311 

great reputation, until in the battle of Camden, August 16th, 
1780, he fell pierced with 11 wounds; died the 19th, aged 48. 

Kaufman, Angelica, eminent female poet, died 1807, aged 67. 

Kenrick, William, dramatic writer, died 1777. 

Klopstock, Frederick Theophil us, eminent German poet, born 
1724, died 1S03, aged 79. 

Kneller, sir Godfrey, Theophilus, eminent German poet, born 
aged 75. 

Knox, John, born in Scotland, died 1572, aged 67. 

Knox, Henry, major-general in the armies of the United States 
in the revolutionary war, born in Boston, the 25th of July, 
1750; put at the head of the American artillery in 1775. He 
was the first secretary of war of the United States; retired 
to private life in 1794, died 25th October, 1806, aged 56. 

Kosciusko, Thaddeus, a native of Sleswick. As a volunteer in 
the American army, he gained great esteem; and after the 
peace of 1783, returned to Poland to make an unavailing at- 
tempt to save his country's independence. After two years 
of exertion, he was, on Oct. 10th, 1794, defeated, wounded, 
and made prisoner by the Russians. He came to the United 
States again in 1797; returned to Europe, and settled in Swit- 
zerland, where ho terminated his days. 



.Liatimer, bishop of Worcester, burnt at Oxford, 1755. 

Laud, Archbishop, beheaded, 1645, aged 71. 

Lavater, the physiognomist, died in his native city, Zurich. 

Lee, Charles, major general in the American Revolutionary 
War, born in Wales, an eccentric but distinguished officer, 
died in Philadelphia 2d October 1782. 

Lee, Richard Henry, one of the signers of the Declaration of 
Independence, born 20th January 1732, received a classical 
education in England; was one of the most eminent members 
of congress during the Revolution; he first moved a resolution 
7th June 1776, declaring the United States free and independ- 
ent, died 19th June 1794, in his 64th year. 

Lee, Francis Lightfoot, one of the signers of the Declaration of 
Independence, born 14th October, 1734. 

Lenox, Earl of, Regent of Scotland, murdered 1571. 

Leo IX. the first Pope, who kept an army, 1054. 

Lever, Sir Ashton, collector of a Museum, died 1788. 

L'Enclos, Ninon de, died 1706, aged 80. 

Lewis, Francis, one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, born in Wales 1713, died 30th December 1803, in 
his 90th year. 



312 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Linnaeus, Charles Von, eminent botanist, died at Upsal in Swe- 
den, January 10, 1778, aged 71. 

Liverpool, Lord, distinguished premier of England, born 17th 
June 1769, died 18th December 1828. 

Livius, Titus, eminent Roman # historian, died A. D. 18, aged 76. 

Livingston, Philip, one of the signers of the Declaration of In- 
dependence, born at Albany, 15th January 1716, graduated 
at Yale College 1737; died 11th June 1778. 

Long, Gabriel, the last of Gen. Morgan's captains, died at his 
residence Culpepper county, Virginia, February 3d, 1827. It 
is said that this intrepid soldier fought in 18 battles. 

Longinus, eminent critic, put to death by the Roman emperor 
Aurelian, A. D. 273. 

Loyala Ignatius founder of the Jesuits, died 1556, aged 65. 

Lucan, Latin epic poet, born at Corduba, in Spain, A. D. 37; 
put to death by Nero, 64, aged 27. 

Lucius, the first christian king of Britain, reigned 77 years, 
founded the first church in London, which was made the 
see of an archbishop, afterwards removed to Canterbury, A. 
D.179. 

Lucretius, Latin poet, born at Rome B. C. 95, died 52, aged 43. 

Luther, Martin, eminent German reformer, born at Eislebcn in 
Saxony, 1483; began the reformation 1517; died in his native 
town 1547, aged 64. 

Lycurgus, the great Spartan lawgiver, born B. C. 926; estab- 
lished his laws, 884, died in Crete 872. 

Lynch, Thomas, jr. one of the signers of the Declaration of In- 
dependence, born in South Carolina 5th August, 1649; lost at 
sea 1779. 

Lysimachus, one of Alexander the Great's generals, died B.C. 
281, aged 80. 

Lyttleton,Lord, Eng. poet, died 1773, aged 73. 



JVIachiavel, eminent Italian historian and politician, died 
1530. 

Macklin, Mr. Charles, famous comedian, died July 11th, 1797, 
aged 97. 

McPherson, translator of Ossian, died 1797. 

Madison, James, born in Virginia, March 5, 1750, (old style;) 
where he now resides; educated at Princeton College N. J- 
member of the Virginia Legislature 1775; one of the council 
of Virginia 1776; elected a member of the congress of the 
revolution; prominent member of the convention whieh 
framed the constitution of the United States. With Alexan- 
der Hamilton and John Jay, wrote the Federalist, being an 



EMINENT PERSONS. 313 

able defence of the constitution; elected a member of the first 
congress under the constitution, and remained many years a 
distinguished member of that body; became secretary of 
state March 5, 1801, and President of the United States 4th 
March, 1809; remained in that office eight years. 

Magellan, Ferdinand, whose ship was the first which was navi- 
gated round the world; killed on the voyage, 1520. 

Mahomet, the celebrated Arabian founder of that religious sys- 
tem which bears his name, born at Mecca A. D. 569; announ- 
ced himself a prophet G09; fled from Mecca to Medina, July 
22; died 632, aged 63. 

Maintenon, Francis d'Aubigne, Madame de, eminent French la- 
dy, died at St. Cyr, 1719, aged 84. 

Malbone, Edward G. an eminent miniature painter, died 1807. 

Malebranche, Nicholas, philosopher, born at Paris 1G38, died 
1715, aged 77. 

Malesherbes, Christian William, born at Paris 1721; at the age 
of 72 he was the voluntary advocate of Louis XVI. in 1793, 
and himself fell under the guillotine April 1794. 

Malherbe, Francis, French poet and critic, died 1628, aged 72. 

Manlius, Marcus, celebrated Roman general, thrown from the 
Tarpeian rock, B. C. 384. 

Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, mother of king 
Henry VII. died June 29th, 1509. 

Margaret, countess of Salisbury, daughter of the duke of Cla- 
rence, brother of Edward IV.; beheaded May 27th, 1541, 
aged 70. 

Marechal, Ambrose, Catholic archbishop of Baltimore, born at 
Orleans, France. 1763; died in Baltimore January 29th, 1828, 
aged 60. 

Maria Theresa, empress of Germany, mother of the unfortunate 
Maria Antoinette, queen of France, born 1717; married the 
duke of Lorraine 1736; succeeded her father 1740; died 1780, 
aged 63. 

Marion, General Francis, a brave and active officer in the 
Southern war of the Revolution, died in South Carolina, 1795. 

Marius Caius, celebrated Roman general, died B. C. 86, aged 70. 

Marlborough, John Churchill, duke of, celebrated English gen- 
eral, born at Ashe in Devonshire, 1650; died 1723, aged 73. 

Marmontel, John Francis, distinguished French writer, died 1799. 

Martial, Marcus Valerius, Latin satiric poet, died A. D. 104, 
aged 75. 

Martin, Luther, eminent lawyer, first attorney general of Mary- 
land, which office he held during the war, and nearly forty 
years; became a chief justice of the city court of Baltimore; 
died 10th July, 1826, in his 82dyear. He was one of the Con- 
vention that formed the constitution of the United States. 

Mary I. queen of England, daughter of Henry VIII. and Catha- 
rine of Aragon, born 1516; succeeded her brother Edward VI. 



314 EMINENT PERSONS. 

1553; died November 1558, aged 42, leaving the dreadful 
character of "The Bloody Mary. 9 ' 
Mary, of Medicis, queen of Henry IV. of France, died 1642, 

aged C9. 
Mary, Stuart, queen of Scotland, daughter of James V.; born 
1542; succeeded her father a few days afterwards; mar- 
ried the Dauphin, afterwards Francis II. king of France, 
1558; lost her first husband 1560; and after a most unequalled 
series of vicissitudes, was beheaded in England, February 8, 
1587. 
Mason, George, member of the convention which framed the 
constitution, which he refused to sign; member of congress 
from Virginia, died 1792, aged 67. 
Massinger, Philip, English dramatic writer, died 1640, aged 56. 
Mather, Increase, eminent American divine, born at Dorches- 
ter, Massachusetts, 1635; died 1723, aged 84. 
Mather, Cotton, son of Increase Mather, also eminent divine 

and writer, born 1662; died 1727, aged 65. 
Maurice, elector of Saxony, and successful supporter of the Pro- 
testant cause in Germany, killed in the battle of Sievenhaus- 
en, 1553, aged 32. 
Maurice, of Nassau, prince of Orange, and grandson by his moth- 
er, to Maurice of Saxony, pre-eminent Dutch general, died 
1625, aged 58. 
McKean, Thomas, one of the signers of the Declaration of Amer- 
ican independence; colonel in the army of the revolution; he 
prepared the constitution of the state of Delaware, which was 
adopted unanimously, 23th July, 1777; he received from the 
executive council of Pennsylvania his commission as chief 
justice, which office he held 22 years, and at the time of this 
appointment, he was speaker of the house of assembly in 
Pennsylvania, president of Delaware, and a member of the 
congress, and soon after was elected president of that distin- 
guished body; 23d October, 1781, he addressed a letter to 
congress resigning his office of President; congress next day 
unanimously resolved that Thomas McKean be requested to 
resume the chair, and act as President. To this he acceded 
He was governor of Pennsylvania nine years; born 19th of 
March 1734, died 24th June, 1817, in his 84th year, being one 
of four survivors of the signers of the declaration of independ- 
ence. 
Mazarine, Cardinal, celebrated minister of state, born 1602; 
came to France as the Pope's Nuncio, in 1634, where he re- 
mained most part of his future life, and where he died 1661, 
aged 59. 
Medici, Cosmo de, founder of the great fortunes of his family, 
born at Florence 1389; acquired immense wealth, and the ti- 
tle of Father oj his people, and liberator of his country : died 1464. 
ased 75. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 315 

Medici, John de, pope LeoX. born at Florence 1475, died 1521 
a lover and patron of learned men. 

Medici, Lorenzo, grandson of Cosmo, and the most eminent of 
his family, born 1448, died 1492, aged 44. 

Melancthon, Philip, illustrious reformer, and coadjutor of Lu- 
ther, born 1495; died 1560, aged 65. 

Melmoth, William, eminent English lawyer and religious wri- 
ter, died 1743, aged 77. 

Melmoth, William, son of the preceding, elegant English writer, 
born 1710, died 1799, aged 89. 

Menasseh, Ben Israel, a very learned and eminent Jewish rabbi, 
and writer, flourished 1720 — 59. 

Mercator, Gerard, improver of a method of projecting maps 
which bears his name, died 1594, aged 82. 

Mercer, Hugh, General, a most respectable and valuable officer, 
in the revolutionary war; killed in the battle of Princeton, 
January 1777. He was a native of Scotland. 

Metastasio, 1'Abate Pietro, eminent Italian poet, born 1C9S, 
died at Vienna 1782. 

Metius, James, died 1612, inventor of Telescopes. 

Meton, astronomer of Athens, inventor of the Cycle which bears 
his name, flourished B. C. 432—10. 

Mickle, William Julius, Scotch poet, and translator of the Lu- 
siad, born 1734, died 1769, aged 55. 

Mifflin, Thomas, major general in the revolutionary war; presi- 
dent of congress; and in that character received the resigna- 
tion of Washington in a public audience at Annapolis; was 
nine years governor of Pennsylvania, died 20th January, 1800, 
in the 57th year of his age. 

Middleton, Arthur, one of the signers of the declaration of inde- 
pendence, born 1743, in South Carolina, died 1st January, 
1787. 

Milton, John, was born in London 9th December, 1608, died 
8th November, 1674. 

Mirabau, Honore Gabriel Riquetti, count of, celebrated orator 
in the early part of the French revolution, died 1791, aged 42. 

Moliere, John Baptist, much celebrated French dramatic wri- 
ter, born at Paris 1620, died 1673, aged 53. 

Monk, George, duke of Albemarle, much celebrated English 
general, born 160S, died K570, aged 62. 

Monro, Dr. Alexander, entitled the father of the medical school 
of Edinburgh, died 1767, aged 70. 

Monroe, James, late President of the United States, was born 
in Virginia in the year 1759, where he now resides, (1829.) 
In 1776, he became an officer in the Third Virginia Regiment; 
he bore a part in a number of distinguished actions in the 
revolution; in 1777, was aid-de-camp to major general, Lord 
Stirling; in 1782, he was a member of Legislature of Virgin- 
ia; afterwards a member of the executive council; a member 
of the convention which formed the constitution of the Uni- 



316 EMINENT PERSONS. 

ted States. From 1790 to 1794, a senator of the United 
States. In 1794, he was appointed Minister to France. In 
1799, he was elected governor of Virginia; in 1802, he was 
appointed with chancellor Livingston, envoy extraordinary 
and minister plenipotentiary to France; in concert with Mr. 
Charles Pinckney, in the same character to Spain; in 1803 he 
was appointed minister to succeed Mr. King, who desired to 
return home; in 1804, he left England for Spain, to call at 
Faris on a mission on his way to Madrid; after six months re- 
turned to England, where he remained several years minister; 
in 1806, in conjunction with Mr. William Pinkney, negotia- 
ted a treaty with England, which Mr. Jefferson declined lay- 
ing before the senate of the United States; in 1810, again 
elected governor of Virginia, and while in the exercise of this 
office, in April 1811, he was appointed secretary of state; and 
during a part of the war, acted at the head of both the state 
and war department; was President of the United States eight 
years, from March 4, 1817. 

Montague, Michael de, French essayist, died 1592, aged 59. 

Mortague, lady Mary Wortley, writer, born 1690, died 1762, 
aged 72. 

Montcalm, Louis Joseph D. killed on the plains of Abraham 
1759; he was commander of the French army. 

Montecuculi, Raymond de, great Italian general, died 1681, 
aged 73. 

Montesquieu, author of the Spirit of Laws, born 1689, died 1755. 

Montgolfier, inventor of air balloons, born 1747, died 1799. 

Montgomery, Richard, born in Ireland 1737, fought in Canada 
under general Wolfe; major general in the American revo- 
lution; fell in the attack on Quebec 31st December, 1775, 
aged 37. Congress erected a monument to his memory in 
the city of New York. 

Moore, Dr. John, author, born 1730, died 1802. 

. sir John, born 1761, killed January 16, 1809, having 

achieved a great victory at Coruna. 

Moore, sir Thomas, chancellor of England under Henry VIII. 
born 1480; beheaded by order of Henry, July 5, 1535. 

Moreau, famous French general, born 1761; banished in 1803 by 
Bonaparte, and visited the United States, afterwards joined 
the enemies of Bonaparte, and at the battle of Dresden killed, 
22d September, 1813. 

Morgan, Daniel, general, was in Braddock's expedition; entered 
early an officer in the revolutioary army, where he was 
greatly distinguished for his active and bold daring conduct; 
congress caused a gold medal to be presented to him; he was 
elected to congress, died in Virginia, 1799. 

Morgan, John, M. D. F. R. S. a learned physician, born in 1735. 
In prosecuting his professional studies, he visited many of 
the most eminent universities of Europe, and while there, 
though very young, was so distinguished as to be elected a 



EMINENT PERSONS. 317 

Fellow of the Royal Society. Before his return home, he 
projected the plan of the medical school of Philadelphia to be 
connected with the college which was effected, (himself the 
first professor,) and the first commencement was held in 1769; 
he was active in establishing the American Philosophical So- 
ciety in 17G9; was director general of hospitals in the army of 
the United States; he published several scientific tracts, died 
October 15, 1789, in the 54th year of his age. 

Morris, Robert, born in January 1733-4 0. S. in Lancashire, 
arrived in this country at the age of 13 years; one of the 
signers of the declaration of independence, and during the 
war of the revolution, supported the credit of the United 
States; established the first bank in Philadelphia, the bank of 
North America, 1781, which lent for the public service of 
the government within the first six months after its organiza- 
tion, $480,000; without the financial talents and services of 
this distinguished man, it is probable all the physical force of 
the country would have proved unavailing to establish the 
independence of the United States; when the paper of the 
congress of United America was worth nothing, the paper of 
Robert Morris supplied the deficiency; his personal credit 
was decidedly better than the credit of the United States 
government; he was one of the convention which framed the 
constitution of the United States; a member of the first senate 
of the United States; his most intimate friends were Washing- 
ton, Ham'lton, and Governeur Morris. When offered the ap- 
pointment of first secretary of the treasury by Washington, 
he declined, but recommended his friend Alexander Hamil- 
ton. His unfortunate land speculations embittered his old 
age, which ought to have been surrounded with all the ease 
and happiness that earthly gratitude could bestow; died 8th 
May, 1806. 

Morris, Lewis, one of the signers of the declaration of inde- 
pendence, born at Morrisania, 1726; had three brothers, 
all distinguished; Staats, a member of parliament; Richard, 
judge of the admiralty, and chief justice of New York, and 
Governeur, an orator, statesman and member of congress, 
died January 179?, in the 72d year of his age. 

Morris, Governeur, a very distinguished orator and statesman, 
member of congress in 1777;m3mber of the convention which 
framed the constitution of the United States; ambassador to 
France in the beginning of the French revolution; member of 
the senate of the United States many years from the state of 
New York; died in 1816. 

Morton, John, member of congress from Pennsylvania, and one 
of the signers of the declaration of independence, died in 
1776. 

Moultrie, William, governor of South Carolina, and major gen- 
eral in the American army; was in the Cherokee war of 1760; 
entered a colonel in the army in 1776; served with great 
27* 



313 EMINENT PERSONS. 

distinction throughout the war, and died September 27, 1805, 
in the 76th year of his age. 

Mozart, musical composer, born January 27, 1756, died Decem- 
ber 1792. 

Murray, William Vans, born in Maryland 1761, died 1803, aged 
42; he was a distinguished and eloquent member of congress; 
minister to the Batavian Republic, and with Chief Justice 
Ellsworth, and Mr. Davie, as envoy extraordinary, he assisted 
in negociating the treaty of Paris, of 1800. 

Murray, William, earl of Mansfield, born in 1705, died in 1793, 
chief justice of the king's bench of England, which he held 
with great reputation upwards of 30 years. 



N, 



apieu, John, inventor of logarithms for the use of naviga- 
tors, born in 1550, died in 1617. 

Nash, Francis, brigadier general in the American revolution, 
killed at the battle of Germantown, in 1777. 

Nayler, James, enthusiastic convert to quakerism, born in 1616; 
sentenced to be whipped and imprisoned for life, by parlia- 
ment, for blasphemy, but in two years was liberated, and died 
in 1666. 

Neekcr, James, French financier, died in 1804, aged 72, a na- 
tive of Geneva. 

Nelson, Robert, author of "The Companion for the Festival 
and Fasts," born in 1656, and died in 1715. 

Nelson, Horatio, Lord, illustrious English seaman, killed in an 
engagement with the French and Spanish fleets off Trafalgar, 
on 21st October, 1805. 

Nelson, Thomas, distinguished patriot of the revolution, gover- 
nor of Virginia, died 1789. 

Nepos, Cornelius, a Latin historian, who flourished in the time 
of Julius Caesar. 

Newton, sir Isaac, born in 1652, and died in 1727. 

Newton, sir Thomas, author of "Dissertations on the Prophe- 
cies," born 1703, and died in 1782. 

Nisbet, Charles, D. D. of Scotland, president of the College of 
Carlisle in Pennsylvania, held that office with reputation un- 
til his death in 1804. 

Nonius, inventor of the angles of 45 degrees in every meri- 
dian, died 1577. 

Norwood, Richard, measured a degree in England 1632, which 
was the first accurate measure. 

Norris, John, of Salem, Mass. benefactor of the Theological In- 
stitution at Andover, died in 1808; his widow left 30,000 dol- 
lars to the same institution, and a like sum to other religious 
purposes. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 319 

North, earl of Guilford, known as lord North, under whose 
administration England lost her American colonies, born in 
1732, and died in 1792. 

Nugeut, Thomas, L. L. D. author of a French Dictionary, died 
May 27, 1779. 



Crates, Titus, an infamous character in English history, born in 
1619, and died in 1705. 

Occum Sampson, A. Monegan Indian, converted to Christianity; 
a missionary among the Western Indians; died 1792. 

Octavia, sister to Augustus Caesar, distinguished for her wisdom 
and virtues; died 11 B. C. 

Oglethorpe, James, an able British general, and distinguished 
philanthropist, served under Prince Eugene, founder of the 
state of Georgia, and died in 1785, aged 97. 

O'Leary, Arthur, of Ireland, distinguished by his writings, reli- 
gious and political; a friend to freedom and toleration, died in 
1802, aged 73. 

Origen, born at Alexandria, and died in 254. 

Orleans, Duke of, son of Charles 5th, murdered by his uncle the 
Duke of Burgundy in 1407. 

Orleans, Philip, Lewis Joseph, Duke of — styled if the infamous," 
voted for the death of his cousin Louis 16th, and was soon af- 
ter himself accused by his own party, and led to the scaffold 
in November, 1793. 

Orono, chief of the Penobscot tribe, labored to promote Chris- 
tianity, died in 1801, aged 113 years; his wife died in 1809, 
aged 115. 

Orpheus, ancient Greek poet, flourished before Homer, a distin- 
guished musician, poet and physician. 

Ossian, a Gaelic poet, supposed to have flourished in the third 
century. 

Otis, James, a zealous defender of the rights of the American 
colonies in Massachusetts, died in 1798. 

Otway, Thomas, poet, and dramatic writer, born in 1651, and 
died in 1685. 



. aca, William, born in Maryland, one of the signers of the dec- 
laration of independence, afterwards governor of that state, 
first judge of the district court of the United Stales, died in 
1799. 



320 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Page, John, governor of the colony of Virginia, an ardent patri- 
ot, member of congress after the adoption of the federal con- 
stitution, and governor of the state of Virginia, died in 1808. 

Paine, Thomas, a political and deistical writer, born in 1737, 
died in 1809. 

Paine, Robert Treat, L. L. D. one of the signers of the declara- 
tion of independence, and judge of the supreme court of Mas- 
sachusetts, died in 1814. 

Paine, Robert Treat, son of the preceding, a distinguished poet, 
born in 1773, died in 1811. 

Paley, Dr. William, elegant writer on Ethics, born in 1743, died 
in 1805. 

Parr, Thomas, died in 1G75, aged 152 years, and lived in ten 
reigns. 

Parhurst, John, a learned divine, born in 1728, and died 1797, 
author of a Hebrew and English Lexicon. 

Parnell, Thomas, poet, born 1679, died 1717, author of the, 
"Hermit" 

Parsons, Theophilus, L. L. D. chief justice of Massachusetts, in 
1806, and retained the office until his death, in 1813. 

Pascal, Blaizc, author of ''Provincial Letters," born in 1623, 
died in 1662. 

Patrick, Saint, apostle and saint of Ireland, supposed a native of 
Wales, died in 460. 

Patterson, William, senator of the United States, governor of 
New Jersey, and afterwards judge of the supreme court of 
the United States, died in 1806. 

Paul, Saint, of Tarsus, put to death by Nero, A. D. 6^). 

Pendleton, Edmund, eminent lawyer and statesman of Virginia, 
member of congress in 1774, died in 1803. 

Penn, William, a distinguished quaker, founder and legislator of 
the colony of Pennsylvania, born in London in 1644; at the 
age of 24, became a preacher among the Quakers. In 1681, 
Charles II. granted Penn and his heirs the province of Penn- 
sylvania, making them absolute proprietors; he died in Eng- 
land in 1718. 

Penn, John, one of the signers of the declaration of independ- 
ence, born in Virginia May 7, 1741, died October 26, 1803, in 
the 83d year of his age, a great and distinguished man. 

Pennant, Thomas, wrote a number of valuable books, and died 
in 1798, aged 72. 

Percival, Spencer, born in 1762, prime minister of England, as- 
sassinated in the lobby of the House of Commons, May 
11th, 1812. 

Perouse, De La, celebrated French navigator, lost in 1788. 

Perrault, Charles, died in 1783, aged 77. 

Perry, Oliver Hazard, a distinguished captain in the American 
Navy, gained a signal victory over the British naval forces on 
Lake Erie in 1813, died in 1820. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 321 

Peter, Saint, chief of the apostles, son of John and brother of 
Andrew, a bold and powerful preacher. Nero caused him to 
be crucified, with his head down, A. D. 66. 
Peter the great, of Russia, born 1672, died 1725. 
Petrarch, Francis, father of modern poetry, died in 1374. 

Petronius, Arbiter, writer of antiquity, bled to death by order 
of Nero, A. D. 65. 

Philip, Indian chief, distinguished by the bloody wars he waged 
with the early settlers of New England, killed in 1676, and 
his forces destroyed. 
Pichegru, a distinguished French general; subjugated Holland; 
exiled to Cayenne; escaped to England; returned to Paris in 
1804, where he was imprisoned, and supposed to have died by 
poison on 6th April, 1804. 

Pickering, Timothy, L. L. D. born in Salem 17th July, 1746, 
and died in Salem 29th Jan. 1829, in the 84th year of his 
age, graduated at Harvard University 1763; a distinguished 
patriot in the earliest stage of the American revolution, and 
served with great reputation throughout the war; was adju- 
tant general of the armies of the United States in 1776; ap- 
pointed postmaster general 1791; secretary of war 1794; 
secretary of state 1795; senator of the United States 1803 
to 1811; from 1814 to March 1817, he was a member of the 
house of representatives. 

Pike,Zebulon Montgomery, brigadier general United States, kill- 
ed at York in Upper Canada, 1813. 

Pilate, Pontius, Roman governor of Judea, hanged himself 
A. D. 37. 

Piles, Roger de, eminent painter, born 1635, and died in 1709. 

Pindar, poet, died 435 before Christ, aged 80 years. 

Pinkney, William, L. L. D. a distinguished orator and lawyer 
of Maryland, born in 1765; minister of the United States to 
England; attorney general of the United States; representa- 
tive in congress; minister to St. Petersburg, and to Naples, 
and a member of the senate of the United States from Mary- 
land. In all these offices he acquitted himself with distin- 
guished ability; he died in 1822. 

Piron, Alexis, French poet and satirist, died in 1773, aged 84. 

Pitt, William, earl of Chatham, illustrious English statesman, 
born in 1708, died in 1778. 

Pitt, William, celebrated statesman, 2d son of the preceding, 
born 1759; at the age of 22, he became chancellor of the 
exchequer, and under his administration the American war 
was concluded; he died in 1806. 

Plato, died at Athens 347 before Christ. 

Playfair, John, D. D. of Scotland, born 1749, professor of mathe- 
matics at Edenburgh, and died 1819. 

Pliny, the elder, the most learned of ancient writers, died in 
79, A. D. 

Pliny, the younger, born 62, died 116. 



322 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Plutarch, philosopher and historian, born in Greece, died A. D. 
140. 

Pocahontas, an Indian princess, celebrated in the annals of Vir- 
ginia, married Mr. Rolfe, and from them descended families 
in Virginia, died in England in 1616. 

Polignac, a great statesman of France under Louis XIV. and a 
cardinal, died 1741, aged 79. 

Pompadour, marchioness, the beloved mistress of Louis XV. died 
1764, aged 44. 

Pompey, the great, renowned rival of Julius Caesar, assassina- 
ted 48, A. C. 

Pope Alexander, celebrated English poet, born in 1688 and died 
in 1744. 

Porson, Richard, professor of the Greek language, in the uni- 
versity of Cambridge, had the reputation of being the best 
Greek scholar in England, yet his learning scarcely produced 
him a living; born in 1759, and died in 1808. 

Porta, John Baptist, invented the Camera Obscura, died in 1515. 

Portuguese, ambassador's brother, beheaded in England for 
murder, in 1654. 

Powhatan, a powerful Indian chief in Virginia, hostile to the 
English; he was the father of Pocahontas, and on her marriage 
became reconciled to the whites, and died in 1618. 

Pratt, Charles, earl of Camden, eminent English lawyer and 
statesman, born in 1713, died 1794. 

Pratt, Ephraim, of Plymouth, Mass. died in 1804, aged 116 
years; he could then number nearly 1500 descendants. 

Preble, Edward, in United States navy, distinguished for his 
services against the Bey of Tripoli in 1803-4, died in 1807. 

Price, Dr. Richard, cHvine and politician, died in 1791, aged 68. 

Priestly, Dr. Joseph, a very celebrated dissenting clergyman 
and philosopher; he died in 1804 in Pennsylvania, aged 71. 

Prior, Matthew, English poet and statesman, born 1664, and 
died in 1731. 

Prynne, William, eminent English lawyer and writer, under 
Charles I. born in 1600, tried by the star chamber 1633, stood 
in the pillory, May 1634; again 1637; took his seat in the long 
parliament, November 28, 1640; died October 24, 1669. 

PufFendorf, Samuel, German civilian, born 1631, died 1694. 

Pulaski, count, a noble and distinguished pole, who after making 
great efforts for the freedom of his own country, offered his 
services to the United States during the revolution; was a 
brigadier general, wounded at Savannah, and died soon after 
in 1779. 

Putnam, Israel, major general during the revolution, distin- 
guished for daring intrepidity, died in 1790. 

Pythagoras, died 407, A. C. aged 71. 






EMINENT PERSONS. S23 

W,uarles, Francis, author of "Emblems," born in 1592, died 
1644. 

Quevido, an eminent Spanish author, born in 1570, died in 1645. 

Quin, James, famous English comedian, born in 1693, died 1766. 

Quincey, Edmund, a judge of the supreme court of Massachu- 
setts, and agent for the colony at the court of St. James; died 
in October, 1738. 

Quincey, Josiah, an eminent lawyer of Massachusetts, distin- 
guished for his exertions in support of the rights of the colo- 
ny; he died in 1775. 

Quintus, Curtius, Roman historian; lived A. D. 380. 



JlI/Abeleis, Francis, a celebrated French physician and satirist. 

Racine, French dramatic writer, died 1699, aged 60. 

Ratclifie, Dr. John, an English physician of uncommon emi- 
nence, born in 1650, and died in 1714. 

Reikes, Robert, born in 1735, in 1781 he planned the institution 
of Sunday schools; died at Gloucester, his native place, in 
1811. 

Raleigh, sir Walter, navigator and historian, born in 1552; dis- 
coverer of Virginia; served in the defeat of the Spanish Arma- 
da; he was beheaded in the reign of James I. in 1618. 

Ramsay, Alien, Scots poet, born 1606, died 1763. 

David, M. D. eminent physician, historian and states- 
man of South Carolina, died 1815. 

Ramsay, Martha L. wife of the preceding; daughter of Henry 
Laurence, president of congress, died in 1811. 

Randolph, Peyton, of Virginia, first president of the American 
congress in 1774; died in 1775. 

Randolph, Edmund, eminent lawyer of Virginia, member of 
congress in 1779, afterwards governor of Virginia; first attor- 
ney general of the United States; second secretary of state of 
the United States, died in 1813. 

Raphael, Sanzio. an illustrious painter, often styled the "divine 
Raphael," born in 1483, died in 1520. 

Rapin, an eminent historian, born in Languedoc, in 1661, died 
in 1725. 

Raveillac, the deliberate murderer of Henry IV. in 1610, killed 
him at the altar. 

Raynal, historian, diedMarch 1796, aged 84. 

Read, George, one of the signers of the declaration of indepen- 
dence; a senator of the United States; died in 1798. 
Redman, first president of the college of physicians in Philadel- 
phia, died in 1808. 



324 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Reed, adjutant general of the army of the revolution; president 

of the state of Pennsylvania; died in 1781. 
Reid, Dr. Thomas, distinguished metaphysician, born in 1709, 

died in 1796. 
Rembrandt, famous Flemish painter, born in 1606, died in 1668. 
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, President of the Royal Academy, died 

in 1792. 
Richardson, Samuel, eminent English writer, born in 1689, died 

in 1761. 
Richlieu, cardinal, died 1642, aged 57. 
Ridley, bishop of London, burned at Oxford, in the reign of 

Queen Mary, in 1555, aged 55. 
Rittenhouse, David, of Pennsylvania, eminent and self-taught 

philosopher, invented an orrery, died 1796, aged 65. 
Rizzio, David, an Italian musician, favorite of Mary, Queen of 

Scots in 1506, murdered in the Queen's presence. 
Robertson, Doctor William, historiographer of Scotland, born 

in 1721, died 1793. 
Robespierre, a revolutionary monster, born in 1759, and execu- 
ted in July, 1794. 
Robin Hood, famous robber, died in 1247. 
Rochefoucault, duke of, French writer, born in 1613, and died 

in 1680. 
Rochester, licentious wit and poet, died 1680, aged 32. 
Rodney, Caesar, one of the signers of the declaration of inde- 
pendence, born at Dover, in Delaware, about the year 1730; 
for some years a distinguished member of commerce, presi- 
dent of the state of Delaware, died in 1783. 
Rollin, French author, born in 1661, died 1741. 
Romayn, John B. D. D. of New-York, died in 1825. 
Romilly, Sir Samuel, distinguished lawyer, born in 1757, des- 
troyed himself in 1818. 
Ross, George, signer of the declaration of independence, born in 
1730; a distinguished lawyer and learned judge; died Ju- 
ly 1779. 
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, born in Geneva in 1711, died in 1778. 
Rowe, Nicholas, dramatic poet, died in 1718. 
Rowe, Elizabeth, authoress in verse and prose, born in 1664, 

and died in 1737. 
Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, famous Flemish painter, born in 1577, 

and died in 1640. 
Rumford, Count, real name Benjamin Thompson, born in the 
state of New-Hampshire, was a colonel in the British army; 
a lieutenant genera) in the Bavarian service; member of ma- 
ny scientific institutions; author upon mechanical and philo- 
sophical subjects; died near Paris in 1814. 
Rumsey, an ingenious mechanic of Virginia, original inventor of 
the mode of propelling boats by steam, in 1782; he died in 
London suddenly, in 1790. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 325 

Rush, Benjamin, M. D. distinguished physician, professor and 
statesman, member of congress, and one of the signers of the 
declaration of independence, born 24th Dec. 1745; died 17th 
April 1813, in the 68th year of his age. 

Rushvvorth, editor of "Historical Collections," died in 1690, 
aged 83. 

Russell, Lord, famous patriot, beheaded in 1683. 

Rutledge, John, member of congress in 1774, governor of South 
Carolina, died in 1800. 

Rutledge, Edward, eminent lawyer, member of congress in 1774, 
and 1776; one of the signers of the declaration of independ- 
ence; died in 1800. 



<5t. CLAin, Arthur, served under General Wolfe, major general 

in the army of the revolution, served with great reputation, 

was president of congress; died in great poverty in 1818; he 

was a native of Scotland, and came to America in 1755. 
St. Pierre, author of "Studies of Nature," died in 1814, aged 77. 
Sallust, Roman historian, born 85 B. C. and died at the age 

of 50. 
Sancho, Ignatius, the African, born in 1729, and died in 1780; 

intimate with Garrick and Sterne. 
Sappho, famous poetess, born at Myttelene, in the island 

of Lesbos, 610 B. C. 
Saurin, James, eminent divine, died in 1730. 
Savage, Richard, English poet, died in jail in 1743; son of the 

countess of Macclesfield, by the earl of Rivers. 
Schrevelius, lexicographer, from Holland, died 1667, aged 52. 
Schuyler, major general in the revolutionary army, member of 

congress, and senator of the United States, died in 1804. 
Scipio, Africanus, Roman general, died 180 B. C. 
Scott, Thomas, commentator on the bible, died 1821. 
Seabury, Samuel, the first bishop in the United States, died 1796. 
Seeker, Thomas, Archbishop, born in 1693, died in 1768. 
Seneca, philosopher, born A. D. 12; preceptor to Nero, by whom 

he was put to death A. D. 65. 
Sewall, LL. P. eminent lawyer, member of congress, and chief 

justice of Massachusetts. 
Shakespeare, died in 1616, aged 52. 
Sharp, Granville, advocate for the abolition of slavery; died in 

1813. 
Shenstone, William, died in 1763, aged 49. 
Sheridan, Richard, dramatist, wit, and orator, died in 1816, 

aged 65. 
Sherman, Roger, born in Connecticut, 19th April 1721, died in 
28 



326 EMINENT PERSONS. 

1793; one of the signers of, and one of the committee that 
drew up the declaration of independence; judge of the su- 
preme court of the state, and senator in congress. 

6hippen, William, professor of anatomy in the Pennsylvania 
University, from the establishment of the medical school un- 
til his death, in 1808. 

Sidney, Sir Philip, statesman, general, and poet, born in 1554, 
and died in 158G, of a wound received in battle. 

Sidney, Algernon, an English palriot, beheaded in 1683, 
aged 66. 

6imonides, Greek poet, flourished about 500 years, B. C. 

Simpson, Robert, writer and professor cf mathematics; he died 
in 1765. 

61oane, Sir Hance, eminent physician and naturalist, born in 
Ireland, in 1660; died in 1752. 

Smith, Adam, author of "Wealth of Nations," died 1790, aged67. 

Smith, John, one of the first settlers of Virginia; his life saved 
by Pocahontas; died in 1631. 

Smith, Isaac, patriot officer of the revolution, member of con- 
gress; judge of supreme court of New Jersey, and died in 
1807, aged 68. 

Smith, William, D. D. eminent for eloquence and the advance- 
ment of literature; for many years provost of the college of 
Philadelphia, and died in 1803. 

Smith, Samuel Stanhope, D. D. L. L. D. an eminent Presbyteri- 
an clergyman, and president of Princeton College; he died in 
1819. 

Smith, James, one of the signers of the declaration of independ- 
ence, born in Ireland in 1713; practised law about 60 years; 
died on the lllhJuly, 1806, in York, Pennsylvania, in the 93d 
year of his age. 

Smollet, Doctor, physician, historian, naturalist, and poet, born 
in 1720; died in 1791. 

Socinus, founder of the Socinian sect, bom 1525; died in 1562. 

Socrates, born 467 B. C; put to death 400 B. C. 

Solon, born at Athens, died in Cyprus, 558 B. C. aged 80 years. 

Sophocles, Greek tragic poet, died 410 B. C. 

Stael, Baroness de, famous authoress, daughter of Necker, born 
in Paris, in 1766, and died in 1817. 

Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, eminent statesman, &c. &e. 
died 1773, aged 79. 

Statius, Roman poet, died about 102, A. D. aged 91. 

Steele, Sir Richard, English writer, died in 1729. 

Sterne, Lawrence, born in 1713; died 1768. 

Steuben, Baron, distinguished foreigner; he volunteered his ser- 
vices to aid in the American revolution; he was a major gen- 
eral in the army; died at Steubcnville,N. Y. 1794, aged 61. 

Stockton, Richard, one of the signers of the declaration of in- 
dependence, born 1st October, 1130, and died in 1781;hewa# 
an eminent lawyer. 






EMINENT PERSONS. 32T 

Stone, Thomas, one of the signers of the declaration of inde- 
pendence; born in Maryland, in 1743; eminent lawyer; died 
1787. 

Strong, Caleb, LL. D. born in Massachusetts in 1744; distin- 
guished as a senator of the United States, and governor of 
the state of Massachusetts, died in 1820. 

Stuart, Robert, Lord Castlereagh, marquis of Londonderry, en> 
inent statesman and minister, died by suicide in 1822. 

Suetonius, born at Rome, and flourished A. D. 110. 

Sullivan, John, LL. D. a distinguished patriot and soldier of 
the revolution; major general in the army; judge of United 
States district court of New Hampshire; died in 1795, 
aged 54. 

Sullivan, James, LL. D. brother of the preceding, eminent law- 
yer, member of congress, and governor of Massachusetts, died 
in 1808. 

Sully, duke of, died 1641, aged 82. 

Summerfield, John, a very popular preacher of the Methodist 
church, died at New- York, in 1825, aged 27 years. 

Suwaroff, famous Russian general, born in 1730, and died in 1800. 

Swedenborg, Emanuel, an eminent mathematical, philosophi- 
cal, and mystical writer, died in 1772, aged 84. 

Swift, Doctor Jonathan, died in 1745, aged 78. 



A acitus, born A. D. 56. 

Tasso, an Italian poet, died in 1595, aged 51. 

Taylor, Doctor Jeremy, eminent theological writer, died in 
1667, aged 54. 

Taylor, George, one of the signers of the declaration of inde- 
pendence from Pennsylvania, born in Ireland in 1716; signed 
the declaration of independence on the 2d of August 1776, 
before which time no member of congress had affixed his 
name to that instrument; died February 23d, 1781, aged 65 
years. 

Tell, William, a distinguished Swiss patriot; he died in 1354. 

Teniers, Flemish painter, died in 1619. 

Terence, born at Carthage, a slave in Rome; his master Ter- 
rentius Nucanus gave him a good education and his liberty, in 
the year of Rome 560; he was drowned 159 B. C. 

Themistocles, a famous Athenian general, born 530 B. C; slew 
himself 465 B.C. 

Theocritus, G eek pastoral poet, flourished 260 B. C. 

Thespis, famous Greek tragic poet, and first representer of tra- 
gedy at Atnens; carried his company in a waggon, from 
which he performed his pieces; flourished 536 before Christ. 

Tkompson, James, English pastoral poet, born in 1700; died 1748. 



328 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Thornton, Matthew, one of the signers of the declaration of 
independence, from New Hampshire, born in Ireland about 
the year 1714; educated a physician, and practised medicine 
in Londonderry, New Hampshire; he died in Massachusetts, 
24th June, 1303, in the 89th year of his age. 

Thucydides, historian, died 391 B. C. 

Thurlow, Lord, eminent chancellor of England, died in 1806. 

Tilghman, William, a great and good man, an eminent and 
learned lawyer, was born in Talbot county, on the eastern 
shore of Maryland, about a mile from Easton, on the 12th 
August, 1756. His great grandfather, Richard Tilghman, 
emigrated tj Maryland from England about the year 1602. 
William Tilghman, was a number of years a member of the 
house of delegates of Maryland; March 3, 1801, appointed 
chief justice of the circuit court of the United States for the 
district of Pennsylvania-, after the abolition of that court, Mr. 
Tilghman resumed the practice of the law until July 30, 
1805, when he was appointed president of the court of com- 
mon pleas, for the first district in Pennsylvania; and on the 
25lh February, 1806, appointed chief justice of the state by 
Governor McKean, himself a great lawyer and judge, and in- 
terested, as a father, of the court, which he had led on to dis- 
tinguished reputation. Chief Justice Tilghman, died in Phil- 
adelphia, April 30, 1827. 

Tibullus, poet, died A. D. 17. 

Tillotson, archbishop of Canterbury, died in 1694. 

Titian, died in 1576. 

Tooke, Thomas, a learned English writer, author of the "Pan* 
Ifeeon," died in 1721. 

Toussaint, Louverture, a mulatto of St. Domingo, rose to the 
command of the blacks of that island, formed a constitution, 
adopted the wisest and most humane regulations; treacher- 
ously betrayed and imprisoned by the French, and died in 
Paris, not without suspicion of violence, in 1803. 

Trenck, Baron, after his imprisonment, published his memoirs; 
he was guillotined in Paris about 1794. 

Trumbull, Jonathan, eminent lawyer of Connecticut, patriot of 
the revolution, chief justice of the supreme court of Connec- 
ticut, and governor of that state, died in 1785. 

Trumbull, Jonathan, his son, aid to Washington at the com- 
mencement of the revolution, speaker of the house of repre- 
sentatives of the United States; senator of the United States, 
and lieutenant governor of Connecticut, died in 1809. 

Truxton, Thomas, distinguished American naval officer, born in 
New-York in 1755, died in 1822. 



EMINENT PERSONS. 329 

V and yck, Sir Anthony, illustrious painter, born at Antwerp 

in 1599; died in England in 1641. 
Varro,born 23 B. C; he was 80 years old, when he wrote hit 

"De Re Rustica." 
Vattel, native of Switzerland, author of valuable writings on 

jurisprudence, and on natural law, died in 1770. 
Viner, Charles, author of the "Abridgement of English Law," 

died 1757. 
Volney, a distinguished French writer, died in 1802. 
Voltaire, died at an advanced age, in 17S8. 



VV alker, John, writer of a pronouncing dictionary of the Eng- 
lish language, died in 1807. 

Wallace, Sir William, famous Scotch general, executed by the 
Eng ish in 1303. 

Waller, English poet, died in 1687. 

Walpole, Sir Robert, earl of Oxford, premier under Georges L 
and II. He died in 1745. 

Walpole, Horace, earl of Oxford, author of numerous publica- 
tions, died in 1797. 

Walton Izaak, author of the "Complete Angler," died in 1683. 

Walton, George, one of the signers of the declaration of inde- 
pendence from Georgia, chief justice of that state, senator of 
United States, and governor of that state, born in Virginia 
1741, and died in 1804. 

Warren, Joseph, an eminent physician of Boston, major general 
in the American army, killed at the battle of Bunker Hill, 
June 17, 1795, in the 35th year of his age. 

WASHINGTON, GEORGE, born 22d February, 1732, died 14th 
December, 1799, aged nearly 68 years. 

Washington, William, a distinguished officer of the revolution, 
died in 1810. 

Watts, Isaac, poet and author, died 1748. 

Wayne, Anthony., distinguished major general during the revo- 
lution, and afterwards in a contest with the Indians, gained a 
great victory; died in 1796. 

Wesley, Samuel, an English divine and poet, author of a folio 
volume entitled the Life of Christ, an heroic poem, printed 
in 1697, embellished with 60 handsome engravings; he died 
1735. 

Wesley, John, son of the preceding, founder of the sect called 
Methodists, died 1791, at a very advanced age. 

West, Benja nin, a very eminent painter, born in Pennsylvania, 
in 1738, of the Quaker society; went to Rome, thence to En- 
gland, where he became successor to Sir Joshua Reynolds, th© 
President of the Royal Academy: he died in 1820. 



330 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Whipple, William, one of the signers of the declaration of inde- 
pendence, from New-Hampshire, born in 1730; died in 1785. 

While, Henry Kirke, born in Nottingham, March 21st, 1785, 
died October 19th, 1806, aged 21. His parents were in hum- 
ble life. In early childhood he gave promise of great genius. 
His first distinguished composition, a tale of a Swiss emigrant, 
was written at seven years of age; and at eleven, he in one 
day wrote twelve separate themes, one for each boy in his 
class; at the age of fourteen, he was placed at a stocking 
loom, but his souring genius could not be happy there; to all 
kinds of trade he had an extreme aversion. His temper and 
tone of mind at this period, are displayed in an address to 
Contemplation. About a year after this, he entered upon the 
study of the law. He applied himself to the study of Latin 
during his leisure hours, in which language he received only 
some trifling instruction, yet in ten months he enabled himself 
to read Horace with facility, and had made some progress in 
Greek, studying at the same time the Italian, Spanish, and 
Portuguese languages, in all which he became a tolerable 
proficient. Chemistry, astronomy, and electricity, were 
among his studies; he paid some attention to drawing and mu- 
sic, and had a turn for mechanics; close application to study, 
and the stridings of a Herculean intellect, wore out a consti- 
tution naturally feeble. Rigidly correct in morals, and amia- 
ble in all the relations of life, his feelings inclined towards 
deism; but an enquiring mind, open to conviction, could not 
resist the sublime truths of the holy scriptures; he read, and 
believed, and from this moment religion engaged all his anxi- 
ety, as of all concerns the most important. The proofs of his 
indefatigable industry, which his papers evinced, was aston- 
ishing; law, electricity, chemistry, the Latin and Greek lan- 
guages, to the highest branches of critical knowledge, 
history, chronology, divinity, the Fathers, poetry, tra- 
gedies, &c. &c. had been studied, understood, and commented 
upon, by a youth, who died at the age of 21 years, though 
borne down by poverty and ill health. 

Whitfield, George, a native of England, a famous popular preach- 
er, died in 1770. 

Wilkes, .John, famous English politician, member of parliament, 
died in 1797. 

Williams, Otho Holland, distinguished officer of the American 
army of the revolution, of the rank of brigadier general, died 
in Baltimore, 1794. 

Wilson, Thomas, LL. D. Bishop of Sodor and MaDn, a most 
excellent prelate, and an eminent writer in theology; he died 
in 1755. 

Wilson, Alexander, a distinguished naturalist; author of tha 
"American Ornithology;** "re died in 181 3, aged about 40. 

Wilson, James, an eminent la\v)er of Pennsylvania, one of tha 
signers of the declaration of independence; ona of the first 



EMINENT PERSONS. 331 

judges of the supreme court of the United States, under the 
federal constitution, appointed by Washington; died August 
28, 1798, at Edenion, N.C. in the 56th year of his age. 

Windham, William, celebrated English orator and statesman; 
secretary of war, member of parliament, died in 1810. 

Winder, VVilliam H. eminent lawyer of Maryland, brigadier gen- 
eral in the army of the United States during the second war 
with Great Britain, died in 1824. 

Winthrop, John, first governor of Massachusetts, emigrated 
with the first colonists, and died in 1649. 

Winthrop, John, F. R. S. son of the preceding, governor of the 
colony of Connecticut, died in 1676; a man of great learning 
and talents. 

Winthrop, Fitz John, F. R. S. son of the preceding, and distin- 
guished, like his father, for learning and piety; governor of 
Connecticut; died in 1707. 

Winthrop, John, LL- D. F. R. S. professor of mathematics and 
natural philosophy in the Harvard college, died 1779. 

Winthrop, James, LL. D. son of the preceding, distinguished 
for his devotion to literary pursuits; died in 1821. 

Wister, Caspar, M. D, an eminent physician, and professor of 
anatomy and surgery in the University at Philadelphia, died 
in 1818. 

Witherspoon, John, D. D. LL. D. distinguished Scotch clergy- 
man, one of the signers of the declaration of independence; 
for many years president of Princeton college, both before and 
after the revolution, which he retained until his death in 
1784; born 5th February, 1722. 

Wolcott, Oliver, LL. D. one of the signers of the declaration 
of independence, from Connecticut; born 26th November, 
1726; died 1797; governor of Connecticut. 

Wolfe, James, famous English officer, killed at the conquest of 
Quebec, 1759, aged 34. 

Wolsey, Thomas, premier to Henry VIII. a son of a butcher, be- 
came archbishop of York, chancellor of England, cardinal, 
and Pope's legate: died in 1530. 

Woollett, William, a most eminent engraver, the first in his 
profession, died in 1785. 

Wooster, David, major general in the American revolutionary 
army; killed in 1777. 

Wooverman, Dutch landscape painter, died in 1688, aged 68. 

Wren, Sir Christopher, illustrious English architect, and builder 
of the Cathedral of St. Pauls, died 1723, aged 91. 

Wythe, George, eminent lawyer, statesman, patriot, and one of 
the signers of the declaration of independence, from Virgin- 
ia; chancellor of that state, and died 8th June, 1806, in the 81st 
year of his age, by poison. 

Xenophon, Athenian philosopher, soldier and historian, died in 
the 105th Olympiad. 



332 EMINENT PERSONS. 

Yorke, Philip, Earl of Hardwick, chancellor of England, died in 

1764, aged 74. 
Yorke, Charles, son of the preceding, chancellor of England, 

and died suddenly Thursday after, in 1770; he was an elegant 

and profound scholar. 
Young, Edward, an English poet and divine, author of "Night 

Thoughts," died in 1765. 
Zeno, stoic philosopher, strangled himself 364 B. C. aged 98. 
Zimmerman, eminent physician and philosopher, author of a 

work on Solitude, died 1795. 



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